Terminalia elliptica - Revision history

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	'''''Terminalia elliptica''''' is a species of ''[[Terminalia (plant)\|Terminalia]]'' native to southern and southeast [[Asia]] in [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], [[Cambodia]], and [[Vietnam]].<ref name=grin>{{GRIN \| accessdate = 21 December 2017}}</ref><ref name=Saaj>Sal and Saaj Deforestation in West Nepal: [http://www.ekantipur.com/2012/02/07/top-story/ciaa-unearths-massive-deforestation-in-far-west/348506.html "Terminalia Tomentosa"]</ref> It is a prominent part of both dry and moist deciduous forests in southern India up to 1000 m.		'''''Terminalia elliptica''''' (sin. ''Terminalia tormentosa'') is a species of ''[[Terminalia (plant)\|Terminalia]]'' native to southern and southeast [[Asia]] in [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], [[Cambodia]], and [[Vietnam]].<ref name=grin>{{GRIN \| accessdate = 21 December 2017}}</ref><ref name=Saaj>Sal and Saaj Deforestation in West Nepal: [http://www.ekantipur.com/2012/02/07/top-story/ciaa-unearths-massive-deforestation-in-far-west/348506.html "Terminalia Tomentosa"]</ref> It is a prominent part of both dry and moist [[deciduous]] forests in southern India up to {{convert\|1000\|m\|abbr=off}}.

	Common names are '''asna'''; '''saj''' or '''saaj'''; '''Indian laurel'''; '''''marutham''''' (Tamil); '''''matti''''' (Kannada); '''ain''' (Marathi); '''taukkyan''' (Burma); '''sadar''', '''matti''' or '''marda''' (India); ''asana'' (Sri Lanka); and casually ''crocodile bark'' due to the characteristic bark pattern.		Common names are '''asna'''; '''saj''' or '''saaj'''; '''Indian laurel'''; '''''marutham''''' (Tamil); '''''matti''''' (Kannada); '''ain''' (Marathi); '''taukkyan''' (Burma); '''sadar''', '''matti''' or '''marda''' (India); ''asana'' (Sri Lanka); and casually ''crocodile bark'' due to the characteristic bark pattern.

	It is a [[tree]] growing to 30 m tall, with a trunk diameter of 1 m. The [[fruit]] is ovoid, 3~~ ~~cm long, with five wings not extending beyond the fruit apex.<ref name=foc>Flora of China: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=132477 ''Terminalia'']</ref> The [[Bark (botany)\|bark]] is fire-resistant. The [[wood]] is coarse, fairly straight grained, dull to somewhat lustrous and without any smell or taste. The hardwood varies from light brown with few markings to dark brown or brownish black and figured with darker streaks. The [[sapwood (wood)\|sapwood]] is reddish white and sharply differentiated. The [[heartwood]] is moderately durable and the sapwood is liable to powder-post beetle attack.<ref>Wood Technical Fact Sheet: [http://www2.fpl.fs.fed.us/TechSheets/Chudnoff/SEAsian_Oceanic/htmlDocs_seasian/Terminaliatomentosa.html Terminalia tomentosa complex] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317215309/http://www2.fpl.fs.fed.us/TechSheets/Chudnoff/SEAsian_Oceanic/htmlDocs_seasian/Terminaliatomentosa.html \|date=2007-03-17 }}</ref>		It is a tree growing to {{convert\|30\|m\|abbr=on}} tall, with a trunk diameter of 1 m. The [[fruit]] is ovoid, {{convert\|3\|cm\|abbr=on}} long, with five wings not extending beyond the fruit apex.<ref name=foc>Flora of China: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=132477 ''Terminalia'']</ref> The [[Bark (botany)\|bark]] is fire-resistant. The [[wood]] is coarse, fairly straight grained, dull to somewhat lustrous and without any smell or taste. The hardwood varies from light brown with few markings to dark brown or brownish black and figured with darker streaks. The [[sapwood (wood)\|sapwood]] is reddish white and sharply differentiated. The [[heartwood]] is moderately durable and the sapwood is liable to powder-post beetle attack.<ref>Wood Technical Fact Sheet: [http://www2.fpl.fs.fed.us/TechSheets/Chudnoff/SEAsian_Oceanic/htmlDocs_seasian/Terminaliatomentosa.html Terminalia tomentosa complex] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317215309/http://www2.fpl.fs.fed.us/TechSheets/Chudnoff/SEAsian_Oceanic/htmlDocs_seasian/Terminaliatomentosa.html \|date=2007-03-17 }}</ref>

	''Terminalia tomentosa'' has a remarkable attribute: some members of the species store water in the dry season. A survey conducted at [[Bandipur National Park]], India showed that a proportion of trees store water and there is a girth dependent increase in the frequency and amount of water storage. The mechanism and [[Ecophysiology\|ecophysiological]] significance of this water storage is not known.<ref>''Current Science'', [http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_087_04_0416_0417_0.pdf "Water Storage in ''Terminalia tomentosa''"]</ref>		''Terminalia tomentosa'' has a remarkable attribute: some members of the species store water in the dry season. A survey conducted at [[Bandipur National Park]], India showed that a proportion of trees store water and there is a girth dependent increase in the frequency and amount of water storage. The mechanism and [[Ecophysiology\|ecophysiological]] significance of this water storage is not known.<ref>''Current Science'', [http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_087_04_0416_0417_0.pdf "Water Storage in ''Terminalia tomentosa''"]</ref>
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	== In culture ==		== In culture ==

	In [[Theravada Buddhism]], a tree of this kind is said to have been used as the tree for achieving [[Enlightenment ~~(spiritual)~~\|enlightenment]] (''[[Bodhi]]'') by the twentieth [[Tissa Buddha]]. (Other text books identify the ''[[Azadirachta indica]]'' as the [[Bodhi tree]] of Tissa Buddha.)		In [[Theravada Buddhism]], a tree of this kind is said to have been used as the tree for achieving [[Enlightenment in Buddhism\|enlightenment]] (''[[Bodhi]]'') by the twentieth [[Tissa Buddha]]. (Other text books identify the ''[[Azadirachta indica]]'' as the [[Bodhi tree]] of Tissa Buddha.)

	==See also==		==See also==

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article

2023-08-28T15:11:39Z

Created a new article

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{{short description|Species of Terminalia}}
{{speciesbox
|image = Terminalia elliptica NP.JPG
|image_caption =
|genus = Terminalia
|species = elliptica
|authority = [[Carl Ludwig Willdenow|Willd.]]
|synonyms_ref=<ref>{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:171100-1 |title=''Terminalia elliptica'' Willd. |author= |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=6 September 2020 }}</ref>
|synonyms={{collapsible list|
*''Pentaptera coriacea'' Roxb.
*''Pentaptera crenulata'' (Roth) DC.
*''Pentaptera cuneata'' DC.
*''Pentaptera macrocarpa'' Wall.
*''Pentaptera maradu'' G.Don
*''Pentaptera tomentosa'' Roxb. ex DC.
*''Terminalia alata'' Roth
*''Terminalia arjuna'' var. ''angustifolia'' C.B.Clarke
*''Terminalia coriacea'' (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.
*''Terminalia coriacea'' Spreng.
*''Terminalia crenulata'' Roth
*''Terminalia macrocarpa'' Steud. ex Kurz
*''Terminalia ovata'' Rottler ex C.B.Clarke
*''Terminalia ovata'' var. ''angustifolia'' (Clarke) S.Yadav & M.R.Almeida
*''Terminalia tomentosa'' Wight & Arn.
}}
}}

'''''Terminalia elliptica''''' is a species of ''[[Terminalia (plant)|Terminalia]]'' native to southern and southeast [[Asia]] in [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], [[Cambodia]], and [[Vietnam]].<ref name=grin>{{GRIN | accessdate = 21 December 2017}}</ref><ref name=Saaj>Sal and Saaj Deforestation in West Nepal: [http://www.ekantipur.com/2012/02/07/top-story/ciaa-unearths-massive-deforestation-in-far-west/348506.html "Terminalia Tomentosa"]</ref> It is a prominent part of both dry and moist deciduous forests in southern India up to 1000 m.

Common names are '''asna'''; '''saj''' or '''saaj'''; '''Indian laurel'''; '''''marutham''''' (Tamil); '''''matti''''' (Kannada); '''ain''' (Marathi); '''taukkyan''' (Burma); '''sadar''', '''matti''' or '''marda''' (India); ''asana'' (Sri Lanka); and casually ''crocodile bark'' due to the characteristic bark pattern.

It is a [[tree]] growing to 30 m tall, with a trunk diameter of 1 m. The [[fruit]] is ovoid, 3 cm long, with five wings not extending beyond the fruit apex.<ref name=foc>Flora of China: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=132477 ''Terminalia'']</ref> The [[Bark (botany)|bark]] is fire-resistant. The [[wood]] is coarse, fairly straight grained, dull to somewhat lustrous and without any smell or taste. The hardwood varies from light brown with few markings to dark brown or brownish black and figured with darker streaks. The [[sapwood (wood)|sapwood]] is reddish white and sharply differentiated. The [[heartwood]] is moderately durable and the sapwood is liable to powder-post beetle attack.<ref>Wood Technical Fact Sheet: [http://www2.fpl.fs.fed.us/TechSheets/Chudnoff/SEAsian_Oceanic/htmlDocs_seasian/Terminaliatomentosa.html Terminalia tomentosa complex] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317215309/http://www2.fpl.fs.fed.us/TechSheets/Chudnoff/SEAsian_Oceanic/htmlDocs_seasian/Terminaliatomentosa.html |date=2007-03-17 }}</ref>

''Terminalia tomentosa'' has a remarkable attribute: some members of the species store water in the dry season. A survey conducted at [[Bandipur National Park]], India showed that a proportion of trees store water and there is a girth dependent increase in the frequency and amount of water storage. The mechanism and [[Ecophysiology|ecophysiological]] significance of this water storage is not known.<ref>''Current Science'', [http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_087_04_0416_0417_0.pdf "Water Storage in ''Terminalia tomentosa''"]</ref>
[[Image:Water storage in terminalia tomentosa.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Water storage in ''T. elliptica'']]

==Uses==
The wood is used for [[furniture]], cabinetwork, [[Woodworking joints|joinery]], paneling, specialty items, boat-building, railroad cross-ties (treated), decorative veneers and for musical instruments (e.g. for guitar fretboard).

The leaves are used as food by ''Antheraea paphia'' ([[silkworm]]s) which produce the tassar silk ([[Tussah]]), a form of commercially important [[wild silk]].<ref name=grin/><ref>{{cite web|title=Animals and Animal Projects|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ab598e/AB598E13.htm|website=fao.org|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|accessdate=14 November 2017}}</ref> The bark is used medicinally against [[diarrhoea]]. [[Oxalic acid]] can be extracted from it. The bark and especially the fruit yield [[pyrogallol]] and [[catechol]] to [[dye]] and [[tannin|tan]] [[leather]].

Water stored in the stem is often tapped and used as a source of potable water in the summer by forest folk. It is also thought to have curative value for stomach pain.

Outside of its native range, it is cultivated in southern [[China]].<ref name=foc/>

== In culture ==

In [[Theravada Buddhism]], a tree of this kind is said to have been used as the tree for achieving [[Enlightenment (spiritual)|enlightenment]] (''[[Bodhi]]'') by the twentieth [[Tissa Buddha]]. (Other text books identify the ''[[Azadirachta indica]]'' as the [[Bodhi tree]] of Tissa Buddha.)

==See also==
* [[List of Indian timber trees]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons cat inline}}
* {{Wikispecies inline}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3595750}}

[[Category:Terminalia (plant)|elliptica]]
[[Category:Flora of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Flora of Indo-China]]