ImportMaster at 09:26, 10 May 2022

2022-05-10T09:26:09Z

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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{speciesbox
|image = Harra (Terminalia chebula) leafless tree at 23 Mile, Duars, WB W IMG 5905.jpg
|image_caption = A leafless ''T. chebula'' tree
|genus = Terminalia
|species = chebula
|authority = [[Anders Jahan Retzius|Retz.]]
|synonyms =
{{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
*''Buceras chebula'' (Retz.) Lyons
*''Combretum argyrophyllum'' K.Schum.
*''Myrobalanus chebula'' (Retz.) Gaertn.
*''Myrobalanus gangetica'' (Roxb.) Kostel.
*''Myrobalanus tomentella'' Kuntze
*''Terminalia acutae''
'' Walp.
*''Terminalia argyrophylla'' King & Prain
*''Terminalia gangetica'' Roxb.
*''Terminalia parviflora'' Thwaites
*''Terminalia reticulata'' Roth
*''Terminalia tomentella'' Kurz
*''Terminalia zeylanica'' Van Heurck & Müll. Arg.
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2431324
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|access-date=7 August 2015}}</ref>
}}

'''''Terminalia chebula''''', commonly known as '''black-''' or '''chebulic myrobalan''',<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Terminalia chebula'' Retz. | 36335 | access-date = 6 Aug 2016 }}</ref> is a species of ''[[Terminalia (plant)|Terminalia]]'', native to [[South Asia]] from [[India]] and [[Nepal]] east to [[southwest China]] ([[Yunnan]]), and south to [[Sri Lanka]], [[Malaysia]], and [[Vietnam]].<ref name=GRIN/><ref name=foc>Flora of China: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200014747 ''Terminalia chebula'']</ref>

In India, it is known as "Harad" in Hindi and Urdu, "Kadukkai" in Tamil, "Hirada" in Marathi, "Hilikha" in Assamese and "Horitoky" in Bengali.

==Taxonomy==
Swedish naturalist [[Anders Jahan Retzius]] described the species.

Many [[variety (botany)|varieties]] are known, such as:<ref name=foc/>
*''T. c.'' var. ''chebula'' – leaves and shoots hairless, or only hairy when very young
*''T. c.'' var. ''tomentella''  – leaves and shoots silvery to orange hairy

== Description==
[[File:Haritaki (Terminalia chebula) fruits.jpg|thumb|left|Haritaki (Terminalia chebula) fruits]]
''Terminalia chebula'' is a medium to large [[deciduous]] [[tree]] growing to {{convert|30|m|abbr=on}} tall, with a trunk up to {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} in diameter. The [[leaf|leaves]] are alternate to subopposite in arrangement, oval, {{convert|7|-|8|cm|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|4.5|-|10|cm|abbr=on}} broad with a {{convert|1|-|3|cm|adj=on|abbr=on}} petiole.<ref name=foc/> They have an acute tip, cordate at the base, margins entire, glabrous above with a yellowish pubescence below.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} The [[fruit]] is [[drupe]]-like, {{convert|2|-|4.5|cm|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1.2|-|2.5|cm|abbr=on}} broad, blackish, with five longitudinal ridges.<ref name=foc/> The dull white to yellow flowers are [[monoecious]], and have a strong, unpleasant odour. They are borne in terminal spikes or short panicles. The fruits are smooth ellipsoid to ovoid [[drupe]]s, yellow to orange-brown in colour, with a single angled stone.

==Distribution and habitat==
''Terminalia chebula'' Is found throughout South and Southeast Asia including in India, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan and Thailand. In China, it is native in W Yunnan and cultivated in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi (Nanning), and Taiwan (Nantou).<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Terminalia+chebula | title = Terminalia chebula }}</ref><ref name=efloras>{{cite web | url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200014747 | title = Terminalia chebula | publisher = efloras.org}}</ref>

In India, it is found in the Sub Himalayan region from Ravi eastwards to West Bengal and Assam, ascending up to the altitude of {{convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=on}} in the Himalayas. This tree is wild in forests of Northern India, central provinces and Bengal, common in Madras, Mysore and in the southern part of the Bombay presidency.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60059-3| pmid = 23620847| title = The development of Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) in clinical research| journal = Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine| volume = 3| issue = 3| pages = 244–252| year = 2013| last1 = Bag| first1 = Anwesa| last2 = Bhattacharyya| first2 = Subir Kumar| last3 = Chattopadhyay| first3 = Rabi Ranjan| pmc=3631759}}</ref>

Its habitat includes dry slopes up to {{convert|900|m|ft|abbr=on}} in elevation.<ref name='toddcaldecott'>{{cite web |url=http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/361-haritaki |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-05-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001654/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/361-haritaki |archive-date=2013-12-03 }} </ref>

==Cultivation and uses==
[[File:Terminalia chebola Bra29.png|thumb|left|''T. chebula'']]
This tree yields smallish, ribbed and nut-like fruits which are picked when still green and then [[Pickling|pickled]], boiled with a little added [[sugar]] in their own [[syrup]] or used in [[Fruit preserves|preserves]]. The seed of the [[fruit]], which has an elliptical shape, is an abrasive seed enveloped by a fleshy and firm pulp. Seven types of fruit are recognized (vijaya, rohini, putana, amrita, abhaya, jivanti, and chetaki), based on the region where the fruit is harvested, as well as the colour and shape of the fruit. Generally speaking, the'' vijaya'' variety is preferred, which is traditionally grown in the [[Vindhya Range]] of west-central India, and has a roundish as opposed to a more angular shape.<ref name='toddcaldecott' /> The fruit also provides material for tanning [[leather]] and dyeing cloth.<ref name=efloras/>

''Terminalia chebula'' is a main ingredient in the [[Ayurvedic]] formulation ''[[Triphala]]'' which is used for kidney and liver dysfunctions.<ref name=Tewari>{{cite journal | pmc = 5554347| year = 2017| last1 = Tewari| first1 = D| title = Ethnopharmacological Approaches for Therapy of Jaundice: Part II. Highly Used Plant Species from Acanthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae, Combretaceae, and Fabaceae Families| journal = Frontiers in Pharmacology| volume = 8| pages = 519| last2 = Mocan| first2 = A| last3 = Parvanov| first3 = E. D| last4 = Sah| first4 = A. N| last5 = Nabavi| first5 = S. M| last6 = Huminiecki| first6 = L| last7 = Ma| first7 = Z. F| last8 = Lee| first8 = Y. Y| last9 = Horbańczuk| first9 = J. O| last10 = Atanasov| first10 = A. G| doi = 10.3389/fphar.2017.00519| pmid = 28848436| doi-access = free}}</ref> The dried fruit is also used in Ayurveda as a purported antitussive, cardiotonic, homeostatic, diuretic, and laxative.

==Chemical composition==
A number of [[glycosides]] have been isolated from ''haritaki'', including the triterpenes [[arjunglucoside I]], [[arjungenin]], and the [[chebuloside I|chebulosides I]] and [[chebuloside II|II]]. Other constituents include a [[coumarin]] conjugated with gallic acids called [[chebulin]], as well as other phenolic compounds including [[ellagic acid]], [[2,4-chebulyl-β-D-glucopyranose]], [[chebulinic acid]], [[gallic acid]], [[ethyl gallate]], [[punicalagin]], [[terflavin A]], [[terchebin]], [[luteolin]], and [[tannic acid]].<ref name='toddcaldecott' /><ref name=Saleem>{{Cite journal | last1 = Saleem | first1 = A. | last2 = Husheem | first2 = M. | last3 = Härkönen | first3 = P. | last4 = Pihlaja | first4 = K. | title = Inhibition of cancer cell growth by crude extract and the phenolics of Terminalia chebula retz. Fruit | doi = 10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00099-5 | journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology | volume = 81 | issue = 3 | pages = 327–336 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12127233}}</ref> [[Chebulic acid]] is a phenolic acid compound isolated from the ripe fruits.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Lee | first1 = H. S. | last2 = Jung | first2 = S. H. | last3 = Yun | first3 = B. S. | last4 = Lee | first4 = K. W. | title = Isolation of chebulic acid from Terminalia chebula Retz. And its antioxidant effect in isolated rat hepatocytes | doi = 10.1007/s00204-006-0139-4 | journal = Archives of Toxicology | volume = 81 | issue = 3 | pages = 211–218 | year = 2007 | pmid = 16932919| s2cid = 25751621 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Lee | first1 = H. S. | last2 = Koo | first2 = Y. C. | last3 = Suh | first3 = H. J. | last4 = Kim | first4 = K. Y. | last5 = Lee | first5 = K. W. | title = Preventive effects of chebulic acid isolated from Terminalia chebula on advanced glycation endproduct-induced endothelial cell dysfunction | doi = 10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.039 | journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology | volume = 131 | issue = 3 | pages = 567–574 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20659546}}</ref> [[Luteic acid]] can be isolated from the bark.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Nierenstein | first1 = M. | last2 = Potter | first2 = J. | title = The distribution of myrobalanitannin | journal = The Biochemical Journal
| volume = 39 | issue = 5 | pages = 390–392 | year = 1945 | pmid = 16747927 | pmc = 1258254 | doi=10.1042/bj0390390}}</ref>

''Terminalia chebula'' also contains [[terflavin B]], a type of tannin, while chebulinic acid is found in the fruits.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Han | first1 = Quanbin | last2 = Song | first2 = Jingzheng | last3 = Qiao | first3 = Chunfeng | last4 = Wong | first4 = Lina | last5 = Xu | first5 = Hongxi | year = 2006 | title = Preparative isolation of hydrolysable tannins chebulagic acid and chebulinic acid from Terminalia chebula by high-speed counter-current chromatography | url = http://www.tautobiotech.com/download/%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8D%AF%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F/%E5%85%B6%E4%BB%96/%E8%BF%90%E7%94%A8%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F%E9%80%86%E6%B5%81%E8%89%B2%E8%B0%B1%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%8E%E8%AF%83%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%AD%E5%88%86%E7%A6%BB%E5%8F%AF%E6%B0%B4%E8%A7%A3%E9%9E%A3%E8%B4%A8%E8%AF%83%E5%AD%90%E9%85%B8%E5%92%8C%E8%AF%83%E5%B0%BC%E9%85%B8.pdf | journal = J. Sep. Sci. | volume = 29 | issue = 11| pages = 1653–1657 | doi=10.1002/jssc.200600089| pmid = 16922284 }}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
A green Terminalia Chebula 1.jpeg|A green fruit
File:Terminalia Chebula in Bangladesh 2.jpeg|A dried ''T. chebula'' by the side of a scale
Terminalia chebula - flowers.JPG|Flowers
Harado (Prakrit- हरडओ) (3309176804).jpg|Trunk
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Terminalia chebula}}
* {{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life|publisher=Elsevier/Mosby |isbn=0-7234-3410-7 }} Contains a detailed monograph on ''Terminalia chebula''(Haritaki; Abhaya) as well as a discussion of health benefits and usage in clinical practice. Available online at https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001654/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/361-haritak
{{Wikispecies}}

{{Tannin source}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3595915}}

[[Category:Terminalia (plant)|chebula]]
[[Category:Flora of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Flora of Indo-China]]
[[Category:Indian spices]]
[[Category:Plants used in Ayurveda]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Anders Jahan Retzius]]
[[Category:Plant dyes]]

Terminalia chebula - Revision history

ImportMaster at 09:26, 10 May 2022