Terminalia bellirica - Revision history

Svetlhdm: cleanup content further and corrected details for consistency

2025-11-15T22:58:38Z

cleanup content further and corrected details for consistency

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:28, 16 November 2025
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	{{Short description\|Species of flowering plant}}		{{Short description\|Species of flowering plant}}
	{{Distinguish\|Bahera\|text=[[Bahera]], a town in the state of [[Bihar]], India}}		{{Distinguish\|Bahera\|text=[[Bahera]], a town in the state of [[Bihar]], India}}
	{{~~speciesbox~~		{{Speciesbox
	\|image = Terminalia bellirica.jpg		\|image = Terminalia bellirica.jpg
	\|status = LC		\|status = LC
	\|status_system = IUCN3.1		\|status_system = IUCN3.1
	\|status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn \| author = Plummer, J. \| title = ''Terminalia bellirica'' \| ~~page~~ = e.T61989645A61989649 \| year = 2021 \| access-date = 6 February 2023}}</ref>		\|status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn \| author = Plummer, J. \| title = ''Terminalia bellirica'' \| article-number = e.T61989645A61989649 \| doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T61989645A61989649.en \| year = 2021 \| access-date = 6 February 2023}}</ref>
	\|genus = Terminalia		\|genus = Terminalia
	\|species = bellirica		\|species = bellirica
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	}}		}}

	'''''Terminalia bellirica''''', known as ~~'''baheda''',~~ '''bahera~~''', '''behada~~''', '''beleric''' or '''bastard myrobalan''' ~~(Arabic: beliledj بليلج~~,<ref>{{cite ~~book\|last1=Raymond\|first1=Arveiller~~\|title=~~Addenda au FEW XIX (Orientalia)\|date=1999\|publisher=Max Niemeyer Verlag Tübingen\|isbn=9783110927719~~\|url=https://~~books~~.~~google~~.~~com~~/~~books?id~~=~~8p7yCQAAQBAJ&q=belleric+mot+arabe&pg=PA32}}</ref> borrowed from~~ [[~~Middle Persian~~]] ~~Balilag), Persian بلیله~~ (~~Balileh~~),<ref>Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar, and Muḥammad Muʻīn. 1946. Loghat-nama (Dictionnaire encyclopédique). Téhéran: Université de Téhéran, Faculté des lettres, Institut Loghat-Nama: بلیله</ref> Sanskrit: Vibhītaka बिभीतक,<ref>Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries - Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary page 978 [http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0978-vibhASA.jpg]</ref> Aksha {{nowrap\|~~अक्ष<ref>Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries~~ - ~~Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary page 3 [http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/serveimg.pl?file~~=~~/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0003-akriya.jpg]~~</ref>~~)}}~~ is a large deciduous tree in the Combretaceae ~~family~~. It is common on the plains and lower hills in [[South Asia\|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]], where it is also grown as an [[street tree\|avenue tree]]. The [[basionym]] is ''Myrobalanus bellirica'' Gaertn. (Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 90, t. 97. 1791). [[William Roxburgh]] transferred ''M. bellirica'' to ''Terminalia'' as "''T. bellerica'' (Gaertn.) Roxb.". This spelling error is now widely used, causing confusion. The correct name is ''Terminalia bellirica'' (Gaertn.) Roxb.<ref>[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=170982-1 IPNI database]</ref>		'''''Terminalia bellirica''''', known as '''bahera''', '''beleric''' or '''bastard myrobalan''',<ref name=EPPO>{{cite web \|title=''Terminalia bellirica'' \|url=https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/TEMBL \|publisher=[[European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization]] (EPPO) \|access-date=17 July 2025}}</ref> is a large deciduous tree in the family [[Combretaceae]]. It is common on the plains and lower hills in [[South Asia\|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]], where it is also grown as an [[street tree\|avenue tree]]. The [[basionym]] is ''Myrobalanus bellirica'' Gaertn. (Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 90, t. 97. 1791). [[William Roxburgh]] transferred ''M. bellirica'' to ''Terminalia'' as "''T. bellerica'' (Gaertn.) Roxb.". This spelling error is now widely used, causing confusion. The correct name is ''Terminalia bellirica'' (Gaertn.) Roxb.<ref>[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=170982-1 IPNI database]</ref>

	== Leaves and seeds ==		== Leaves and seeds ==
	[[File:Bahera (Terminalia bellirica) fruits.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Bahera (''Terminalia bellirica'') fruits]]		[[File:Bahera (Terminalia bellirica) fruits.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Bahera (''Terminalia bellirica'') fruits]]
	The [[Leaf\|leaves]] are about 15 cm long and crowded toward the ends of the branches. It is considered a good fodder for cattle. ''Terminalia bellirica'' seeds have an oil content of 40%, whose [[fatty-acid]] [[methyl]] [[ester]] meets all of the major [[biodiesel]] requirements in the US (ASTM D 6751-02, ASTM PS 121-99), Germany (DIN V 51606) and European Union (EN 14214).<ref>{{cite journal \| doi=10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.05.001 \| volume=29 \| title=Prospects and potential of fatty acid methyl esters of some non-traditional seed oils for use as biodiesel in India \| journal=Biomass and Bioenergy \| year=2005 \| pages=293–302\| last1=Mohibbeazam \| first1=M. \| last2=Waris \| first2=A. \| last3=Nahar \| first3=N. \| issue=4 }}</ref> The seeds are called '''bedda nuts'''.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.cabicompendium.org/NamesLists/FC/Full/TEM_BE.htm \|title=Terminalia bellirica \|website=www.cabicompendium.org ~~\|url-status=dead~~ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222105413/http://www.cabicompendium.org/NamesLists/FC/Full/TEM_BE.htm \|archive-date=2007-12-22}} </ref>		The [[Leaf\|leaves]] are about 15 cm long and crowded toward the ends of the branches. It is considered a good fodder for cattle. ''Terminalia bellirica'' seeds have an oil content of 40%, whose [[fatty acid]] [[methyl]] [[ester]] meets all of the major [[biodiesel]] requirements in the US (ASTM D 6751-02, ASTM PS 121-99), Germany (DIN V 51606) and European Union (EN 14214).<ref>{{cite journal \| doi=10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.05.001 \| volume=29 \| title=Prospects and potential of fatty acid methyl esters of some non-traditional seed oils for use as biodiesel in India \| journal=Biomass and Bioenergy \| year=2005 \| pages=293–302\| last1=Mohibbeazam \| first1=M. \| last2=Waris \| first2=A. \| last3=Nahar \| first3=N. \| issue=4 \| bibcode=2005BmBe...29..293M }}</ref> The seeds are called '''bedda nuts'''.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.cabicompendium.org/NamesLists/FC/Full/TEM_BE.htm \|title=Terminalia bellirica \|website=www.cabicompendium.org \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222105413/http://www.cabicompendium.org/NamesLists/FC/Full/TEM_BE.htm \|archive-date=2007-12-22}}</ref>
	[[File:Terminalia bellirica 2.jpg\|thumb\|''Terminalia bellirica'' saplings]]		[[File:Terminalia bellirica 2.jpg\|thumb\|''Terminalia bellirica'' saplings]]

	The [[seed\|kernels]] are eaten by the [[Lodha people]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]] for their [[Psychoactive drug\|mind-altering]] qualities.<ref>D. C. Pal, S. K. Jain, "Notes on Lodha medicine in Midnapur District, West Bengal, India", Economic Botany, October–December 1989, Volume 43, Issue 4, pp 464-470</ref>		The [[seed\|kernels]] are eaten by the [[Lodha people]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]] for their [[Psychoactive drug\|mind-altering]] qualities.<ref>D. C. Pal, S. K. Jain, "Notes on Lodha medicine in Midnapur District, West Bengal, India", Economic Botany, October–December 1989, Volume 43, Issue 4, pp 464-470</ref>

	The nuts of the tree are rounded but with five flatter sides. It seems that are used as dice in the epic poem [[Mahabharata]] and in [[Rigveda]] book 10 hymn 34. A handful of nuts would be cast on a gaming board and the players would have to call whether an odd or even number of nuts had been thrown.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Bennett\|first=Deborah\|title=Randomness\|year=1999\|publisher=Harvard University Press\|location=Boston\|isbn=0-674-10746-2\|~~pages~~=24\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CdgPEhJh5tUC&q=editions:CdgPEhJh5tUC}}</ref> In the [[Nala]], King Rituparna demonstrates his ability to count large numbers instantaneously by counting the number of nuts on an entire bough of a tree.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Nala & Damayanti 5: Nala learns the science of numbers\|url=http://mathormagic.com/nala_learns_the_science_of_numbers_from_king_rituparna\|work=Math or Magic\|access-date=12 February 2011}}</ref>		The nuts of the tree are rounded but with five flatter sides. It seems that are used as dice in the epic poem [[Mahabharata]] and in [[Rigveda]] book 10 hymn 34. A handful of nuts would be cast on a gaming board and the players would have to call whether an odd or even number of nuts had been thrown.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Bennett\|first=Deborah\|title=Randomness\|year=1999\|publisher=Harvard University Press\|location=Boston\|isbn=0-674-10746-2\|page=24\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CdgPEhJh5tUC&q=editions:CdgPEhJh5tUC}}</ref> In the [[Nala]], King Rituparna demonstrates his ability to count large numbers instantaneously by counting the number of nuts on an entire bough of a tree.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Nala & Damayanti 5: Nala learns the science of numbers\|url=http://mathormagic.com/nala_learns_the_science_of_numbers_from_king_rituparna\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112073539/http://mathormagic.com/nala_learns_the_science_of_numbers_from_king_rituparna\|url-status=usurped\|archive-date=January 12, 2011\|work=Math or Magic\|access-date=12 February 2011}}</ref>

	== Medicinal use ==		== Medicinal use ==
	In traditional Indian [[Ayurveda\|Ayurvedic]] medicine, ~~Beleric~~ is known as "~~Bibhitaki~~" ([[Marathi language\|Marathi]]: "~~Behada~~ or ~~Bhenda~~") (''Terminalia bellirica''). Its fruit is used in the popular Indian herbal [[rasayana]] treatment [[triphala]]. In [[Sanskrit]] it is called ''bibhītaka'' बिभीतक. In India, [[Neemuch]]; a town in Malwa ~~Region~~ of [[Madhya Pradesh]] is a major trading centre of skinless baheda and entire fruits of ''T. bellirica''. The fruits are widely collected in the wild in the Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh.{{citation needed\|date=January 2022}}		In traditional Indian [[Ayurveda\|Ayurvedic]] medicine, beleric is known as "bibhitaki" ([[Marathi language\|Marathi]]: "behada" or "bhenda") (''Terminalia bellirica''). Its fruit is used in the popular Indian herbal [[rasayana]] treatment [[triphala]]. In [[Sanskrit]] it is called ''bibhītaka'' बिभीतक. In India, [[Neemuch]], a town in the Malwa region of [[Madhya Pradesh]] is a major trading centre of skinless baheda and entire fruits of ''T. bellirica''. The fruits are widely collected in the wild in the Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh.{{citation needed\|date=January 2022}}

	According to Dymock, Warden, Hooper: Pharmacographia Indica (1890):		According to Dymock, Warden, Hooper: ''Pharmacographia Indica'' (1890):
	<blockquote>"This tree, in Sanskrit Bibhita and Bibhitaka (fearless), is avoided by the Hindus of Northern India, who will not sit in its shade, as it is supposed to be inhabited by demons. Two varieties of ''T. belerica'' are found in India, one with nearly globular fruit, 1/2 to 3/4 inch in diameter, the other with ovate and much larger fruit. The pulp of the fruit (Beleric myrobalan) is considered by ayurvedic physicians to be astringent and laxative, and is prescribed with salt and long pepper in infections of the throat and chest. As a constituent of the triphala (three fruits), i.e., emblic, beleric and chebulic myrobalans, it is employed in a great number of diseases, and the kernel is sometimes used as an external application to inflamed parts. On account of its medicinal properties the tree bears the Sanskrit synonym of Anila-ghnaka, or "wind-killing." According to the [[Nighantu]]s the kernels are narcotic."<ref>Pharmacographia Indica. History of the Principal Drugs of Vegetable Origin, Met with in British India, by William Dymock, 1890. ~~page~~ 5 &6 [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/36339#16]</ref></blockquote>		<blockquote>This tree, in Sanskrit Bibhita and Bibhitaka (fearless), is avoided by the Hindus of Northern India, who will not sit in its shade, as it is supposed to be inhabited by demons. Two varieties of ''T. belerica'' are found in India, one with nearly globular fruit, 1/2 to 3/4 inch in diameter, the other with ovate and much larger fruit. The pulp of the fruit (Beleric myrobalan) is considered by ayurvedic physicians to be astringent and laxative, and is prescribed with salt and long pepper in infections of the throat and chest. As a constituent of the triphala (three fruits), i.e., emblic, beleric and chebulic myrobalans, it is employed in a great number of diseases, and the kernel is sometimes used as an external application to inflamed parts. On account of its medicinal properties the tree bears the Sanskrit synonym of Anila-ghnaka, or "wind-killing." According to the [[Nighantu]]s the kernels are narcotic.<ref>''Pharmacographia Indica. History of the Principal Drugs of Vegetable Origin, Met with in British India'', by William Dymock, 1890. pp. 5, 6 [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/36339#16]</ref></blockquote>

	In the [[Charaka Samhita]], the ancient Ayurvedic text, ~~Bibhitaki~~ fruits are mentioned as having qualities to alleviate disease, and bestow longevity, intellectual prowess and strength. There are several "rasaayan" described in the Charaka Samhita, that use ~~Bibhitaki~~.		In the [[Charaka Samhita]], the ancient Ayurvedic text, bibhitaki fruits are mentioned as having qualities to alleviate disease, and bestow longevity, intellectual prowess and strength. There are several "rasaayan" described in the Charaka Samhita, that use bibhitaki.

	~~Description~~ of Fourth Amalaka Rasaayan, which includes ~~Bibhitaki~~ as one of the fruits:		A description of the Fourth Amalaka Rasaayan, which includes bibhitaki as one of the fruits: "By this treatment, the sages regained youthfulness and attained disease-free life of many hundred years, and endowed with the strength of physique, intellect and senses, practiced penance with utmost devotion."<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Caraka Samhita\|last=Sharma\|first=P. V.\|publisher=Chaukhamba Orientalia\|year=1998\|isbn=81-7637-011-8}}</ref>

	By this treatment, the sages regained youthfulness and attained disease-free life of many hundred years, and endowed with the strength of physique, intellect and senses, practiced penance with utmost devotion.<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Caraka Samhita\|last=Sharma\|first=P. V.\|publisher=Chaukhamba Orientalia\|year=1998\|isbn=81-7637-011-8}}</ref>

	~~{{Commons category\|Terminalia bellirica}}~~

	== Gallery ==		== Gallery ==
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	==External links==		==External links==
			{{Commons category\|Terminalia bellirica}}
	*{{cite book \|last=Caldecott \|first=Todd \|year=2006 \|title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life \|publisher=Elsevier/Mosby \|isbn=0-7234-3410-7 }} Contains a detailed monograph on Terminalia belerica (Bibhitaki) as well as a discussion of health benefits and usage in clinical practice. Available online at https://web.archive.org/web/20110515075816/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/389-bibhitaki		*{{cite book \|last=Caldecott \|first=Todd \|year=2006 \|title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life \|publisher=Elsevier/Mosby \|isbn=0-7234-3410-7 }} Contains a detailed monograph on Terminalia belerica (Bibhitaki) as well as a discussion of health benefits and usage in clinical practice. Available online at https://web.archive.org/web/20110515075816/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/389-bibhitaki

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article

2023-08-28T15:07:19Z

Created a new article

New page

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Distinguish|Bahera|text=[[Bahera]], a town in the state of [[Bihar]], India}}
{{speciesbox
|image = Terminalia bellirica.jpg
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn | author = Plummer, J. | title = ''Terminalia bellirica'' | page = e.T61989645A61989649 | year = 2021 | access-date = 6 February 2023}}</ref>
|genus = Terminalia
|species = bellirica
|authority = ([[Joseph Gaertner|Gaertn.]]) [[Roxb.]]
}}

'''''Terminalia bellirica''''', known as '''baheda''', '''bahera''', '''behada''', '''beleric''' or '''bastard myrobalan''' (Arabic: beliledj بليلج,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Raymond|first1=Arveiller|title=Addenda au FEW XIX (Orientalia)|date=1999|publisher=Max Niemeyer Verlag Tübingen|isbn=9783110927719|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8p7yCQAAQBAJ&q=belleric+mot+arabe&pg=PA32}}</ref> borrowed from [[Middle Persian]] Balilag), Persian بلیله (Balileh),<ref>Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar, and Muḥammad Muʻīn. 1946. Loghat-nama (Dictionnaire encyclopédique). Téhéran: Université de Téhéran, Faculté des lettres, Institut Loghat-Nama: بلیله</ref> Sanskrit: Vibhītaka बिभीतक,<ref>Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries - Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary page 978 [http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0978-vibhASA.jpg]</ref> Aksha {{nowrap|अक्ष<ref>Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries - Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary page 3 [http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0003-akriya.jpg]</ref>)}} is a large deciduous tree in the Combretaceae family. It is common on the plains and lower hills in [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]], where it is also grown as an [[street tree|avenue tree]]. The [[basionym]] is ''Myrobalanus bellirica'' Gaertn. (Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 90, t. 97. 1791). [[William Roxburgh]] transferred ''M. bellirica'' to ''Terminalia'' as "''T. bellerica'' (Gaertn.) Roxb.". This spelling error is now widely used, causing confusion. The correct name is ''Terminalia bellirica'' (Gaertn.) Roxb.<ref>[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=170982-1 IPNI database]</ref>

== Leaves and seeds ==
[[File:Bahera (Terminalia bellirica) fruits.jpg|thumb|left|Bahera (''Terminalia bellirica'') fruits]]
The [[Leaf|leaves]] are about 15 cm long and crowded toward the ends of the branches. It is considered a good fodder for cattle. ''Terminalia bellirica'' seeds have an oil content of 40%, whose [[fatty-acid]] [[methyl]] [[ester]] meets all of the major [[biodiesel]] requirements in the US (ASTM D 6751-02, ASTM PS 121-99), Germany (DIN V 51606) and European Union (EN 14214).<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.05.001 | volume=29 | title=Prospects and potential of fatty acid methyl esters of some non-traditional seed oils for use as biodiesel in India | journal=Biomass and Bioenergy | year=2005 | pages=293–302| last1=Mohibbeazam | first1=M. | last2=Waris | first2=A. | last3=Nahar | first3=N. | issue=4 }}</ref> The seeds are called '''bedda nuts'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cabicompendium.org/NamesLists/FC/Full/TEM_BE.htm |title=Terminalia bellirica |website=www.cabicompendium.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222105413/http://www.cabicompendium.org/NamesLists/FC/Full/TEM_BE.htm |archive-date=2007-12-22}} </ref>
[[File:Terminalia bellirica 2.jpg|thumb|''Terminalia bellirica'' saplings]]

The [[seed|kernels]] are eaten by the [[Lodha people]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]] for their [[Psychoactive drug|mind-altering]] qualities.<ref>D. C. Pal, S. K. Jain, "Notes on Lodha medicine in Midnapur District, West Bengal, India", Economic Botany, October–December 1989, Volume 43, Issue 4, pp 464-470</ref>

The nuts of the tree are rounded but with five flatter sides. It seems that are used as dice in the epic poem [[Mahabharata]] and in [[Rigveda]] book 10 hymn 34. A handful of nuts would be cast on a gaming board and the players would have to call whether an odd or even number of nuts had been thrown.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bennett|first=Deborah|title=Randomness|year=1999|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Boston|isbn=0-674-10746-2|pages=24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CdgPEhJh5tUC&q=editions:CdgPEhJh5tUC}}</ref> In the [[Nala]], King Rituparna demonstrates his ability to count large numbers instantaneously by counting the number of nuts on an entire bough of a tree.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nala & Damayanti 5: Nala learns the science of numbers|url=http://mathormagic.com/nala_learns_the_science_of_numbers_from_king_rituparna|work=Math or Magic|access-date=12 February 2011}}</ref>

== Medicinal use ==
In traditional Indian [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] medicine, Beleric is known as "Bibhitaki" ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: "Behada or Bhenda") (''Terminalia bellirica''). Its fruit is used in the popular Indian herbal [[rasayana]] treatment [[triphala]]. In [[Sanskrit]] it is called ''bibhītaka'' बिभीतक. In India, [[Neemuch]]; a town in Malwa Region of [[Madhya Pradesh]] is a major trading centre of skinless baheda and entire fruits of ''T. bellirica''. The fruits are widely collected in the wild in the Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

According to Dymock, Warden, Hooper: Pharmacographia Indica (1890):
<blockquote>"This tree, in Sanskrit Bibhita and Bibhitaka (fearless), is avoided by the Hindus of Northern India, who will not sit in its shade, as it is supposed to be inhabited by demons. Two varieties of ''T. belerica'' are found in India, one with nearly globular fruit, 1/2 to 3/4 inch in diameter, the other with ovate and much larger fruit. The pulp of the fruit (Beleric myrobalan) is considered by ayurvedic physicians to be astringent and laxative, and is prescribed with salt and long pepper in infections of the throat and chest. As a constituent of the triphala (three fruits), i.e., emblic, beleric and chebulic myrobalans, it is employed in a great number of diseases, and the kernel is sometimes used as an external application to inflamed parts. On account of its medicinal properties the tree bears the Sanskrit synonym of Anila-ghnaka, or "wind-killing." According to the [[Nighantu]]s the kernels are narcotic."<ref>Pharmacographia Indica. History of the Principal Drugs of Vegetable Origin, Met with in British India, by William Dymock, 1890. page 5 &6 [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/36339#16]</ref></blockquote>

In the [[Charaka Samhita]], the ancient Ayurvedic text, Bibhitaki fruits are mentioned as having qualities to alleviate disease, and bestow longevity, intellectual prowess and strength. There are several "rasaayan" described in the Charaka Samhita, that use Bibhitaki.

Description of Fourth Amalaka Rasaayan, which includes Bibhitaki as one of the fruits:

By this treatment, the sages regained youthfulness and attained disease-free life of many hundred years, and endowed with the strength of physique, intellect and senses, practiced penance with utmost devotion.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Caraka Samhita|last=Sharma|first=P. V.|publisher=Chaukhamba Orientalia|year=1998|isbn=81-7637-011-8}}</ref>

{{Commons category|Terminalia bellirica}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Harra (Terminalia chebula) trunk at 23 Mile, Duars, WB W IMG 59023.jpg|Trunk of ''T. bellirica''
File:Harra (Terminalia chebula) hanging fruit at 23 Mile, Duars, WB W IMG 5902.jpg|Fruit of ''T. bellirica''
File:Harra (Terminalia chebula) fallen fruit at 23 Mile, Duars, WB W IMG 5900.jpg|A fallen fruit
File:Terminalia bellirica 1z .jpg|''T. bellirica'' tree
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite book |last=Caldecott |first=Todd |year=2006 |title=Ayurveda: The Divine Science of Life |publisher=Elsevier/Mosby |isbn=0-7234-3410-7 }} Contains a detailed monograph on Terminalia belerica (Bibhitaki) as well as a discussion of health benefits and usage in clinical practice. Available online at https://web.archive.org/web/20110515075816/http://www.toddcaldecott.com/index.php/herbs/learning-herbs/389-bibhitaki

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1983629}}

[[Category:Terminalia (plant)|bellirica]]
[[Category:Flora of tropical Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of Yunnan]]