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{{short description|Forests found in areas with warm summers and cool winters}}
[[File:Biome_map_05.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.8|Extent of Temperate coniferous forest]]
'''Temperate coniferous forest''' is a [[terrestrial ecoregion|terrestrial]] [[biome]] defined by the [[World Wide Fund for Nature]]. Temperate [[conifer]]ous forests are found predominantly in areas with warm summers and cool winters, and vary in their kinds of plant life. In some, needleleaf trees dominate, while others are home primarily to [[Broad-leaved tree|broadleaf]] [[evergreen]] trees or a mix of both tree types.<ref name=wwf>{{CC-notice|bysa3}} {{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102145156/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/about/habitat_types/selecting_terrestrial_ecoregions/habitat05.cfm|archive-date=2011-01-02|url=http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/about/habitat_types/selecting_terrestrial_ecoregions/habitat05.cfm|title=Temperate Coniferous Forest Ecoregions|author=World Wide Fund for Nature}}</ref> A separate habitat type, the [[tropical coniferous forest]]s, occurs in more tropical climates.

Temperate coniferous forests are common in the coastal areas of regions that have mild winters and heavy rainfall, or inland in drier climates or [[montane]] areas. Many species of trees inhabit these forests including [[pine]], [[cedrus|cedar]], [[fir]], and [[redwood]]. The understory also contains a wide variety of herbaceous and shrub species. Temperate coniferous forests sustain the highest levels of [[biomass]] in any terrestrial ecosystem and are notable for trees of massive proportions in [[temperate rainforest]] regions.<ref name=wwf/>

Structurally, these forests are rather simple, consisting of 2 layers generally: an [[overstory]] and [[understory]]. However, some forests may support a layer of [[shrub]]s. Pine forests support an herbaceous ground layer that may be dominated by [[grass]]es and [[forb]]s that lend themselves to ecologically important [[wildfire]]s. In contrast, the moist conditions found in temperate rain forests favor the dominance by [[fern]]s and some forbs.<ref name=wwf/>

[[Image: Las sosnowy swiezy02.jpg|thumb|A [[pine]] forest is an example of a temperate coniferous forest]]
Forest communities dominated by huge trees (e.g., giant sequoia, ''[[Sequoiadendron gigantea]]''; redwood, ''[[Sequoia sempervirens]]''), unusual ecological phenomena, occur in western North America, southwestern South America, as well as in the Australasian region in such areas as southeastern Australia and northern New Zealand.<ref name=wwf/>

The [[Klamath Mountains (ecoregion)|Klamath-Siskiyou ecoregion]] of western North America harbors diverse and unusual assemblages and displays notable endemism for a number of plant and animal taxa.<ref name=wwf/><ref>
{{cite book
| last = Kauffmann
| first = Michael
| title = Conifer Country
| year = 2012
| location = Kneeland
| publisher = Backcountry Press
| isbn = 978-0-578-09416-8 }}</ref>

==Ecoregions==

===Eurasia===

[[File:Bor lowland typical forest.jpg|thumb|right|[[Carpathian]] montane conifer forest, [[Slovakia]].]]

{{Paleartic temperate coniferous forests}}
<br />
[[File:Cedrus deodara Manali 2.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Cedrus deodara]]'' in the [[Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests]],]]
{{Indomalayan temperate coniferous forests}}

===North America===

[[File:Petroglyphs Forest.JPG|thumb|right|upright|A temperate coniferous forest ecosystem in [[Petroglyphs Provincial Park]], [[Ontario]].]]
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" | [[Nearctic]] [[temperate coniferous forests]]
|-
| [[Alberta Mountain forests]]
| [[Canada]]
|-
| [[Alberta-British Columbia foothills forests]]
| Canada
|-
| [[Arizona Mountains forests]]
| [[United States]]
|-
| [[Atlantic coastal pine barrens]]
| United States
|-
| [[Blue Mountains forests]]
| United States
|-
| [[British Columbia mainland coastal forests]]
| Canada, United States
|-
| [[Cascade Mountains leeward forests]]
| Canada, United States
|-
| [[Central and Southern Cascades forests]]
| United States
|-
| [[Central British Columbia Mountain forests]]
| Canada
|-
| [[Central Pacific coastal forests]]
| Canada, United States
|-
| [[Colorado Rockies forests]]
| United States
|-
| [[Eastern Cascades forests]]
| Canada, United States
|-
| [[Fraser Plateau and Basin complex]]
| Canada
|-
| [[Florida Scrub]]
| United States
|-
| [[Great Basin montane forests]]
| United States
|-
| [[Haida Gwaii#Environment|Haida Gwaii forests]]
| Canada
|-
| [[Klamath-Siskiyou forests]]
| United States
|-
| [[Maritime Coast Range Ponderosa Pine forests]]
| United States
|-
| [[Middle Atlantic coastal forests]]
| United States
|-
| [[North Central Rockies forests]]
| Canada, United States
|-
| [[Northern California coastal forests]]
| United States
|-
| [[Northern Pacific coastal forests]]
| Canada, United States
|-
| [[Northern transitional alpine forests]]
| Canada
|-
| [[Okanagan dry forests]]
| Canada, United States
|-
| [[Piney Woods|Piney Woods forests]]
| United States
|-
| [[Puget lowland forests]]
| Canada, United States
|-
| [[Sierra Juárez and San Pedro Mártir pine–oak forests]]
| [[Mexico]]
|-
| [[Sierra Nevada forests]]
| United States
|-
| [[South Central Rockies forests]]
| United States
|-
| [[Southern Appalachian spruce–fir forest]]
| [[United States]]
|-
| [[Southeastern conifer forests]]
| United States
|-
| [[Wasatch and Uinta montane forests]]
| United States
|-
|}

==See also==

{{Portal|Environment|Ecology|Earth sciences}}
* [[Cedar hemlock douglas-fir forest]]
* [[Temperate deciduous forest]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.fsl.orst.edu/~waring/Publications/pdf/TempForestEncyc.pdf|last=Waring|first=Richard H|year=2002|chapter=Temperate coniferous forest|pages=560–565|title=Volume 2, The Earth system: biological and ecological dimensions of global environmental change|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|location=Chichester|access-date=April 18, 2012}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Coniferous forests}}
*[http://www.barrameda.com.ar/ecology/temperate-forest.htm Temperate forest]

{{Biomes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Temperate Coniferous Forest}}
[[Category:Temperate coniferous forests| ]]
[[Category: Terrestrial biomes]]
[[Category:Conifers]]
[[Category:Forests]]
[[Category:Biomes]]
[[Category:Montane forests]]

Temperate coniferous forest - Revision history

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