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{{short description|Suicide attack by Palestinian Islamic Jihad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Tel Aviv–Jerusalem bus 405 suicide attack
| image =
| caption =
|map=<div style="width:250px; float:none; clear:none;"><div style="position: relative; padding: 0px; width:250px">[[File:Israel outline jerusalem.png|250px]]
<br /><div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; top: 32.5%; left: 72.4%; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0;"><div style="position: relative; text-align: center; left: -3px; top: -3px; width: 6px; font-size: 6px;">[[File:Red pog.svg|7px]]</div><div style="position: line-height: 110%; z-index:90; position: relative; top: -1.5em; width: 6em; right: 6.5em; text-align: center;">'''The attack site'''</div></div></div></div>
| location = Near [[Kiryat Yearim]] in Israel
| target =
|coordinates = {{coord|31|48|02.90|N|35|05|40|E|display=inline|type:event_region:IL}}
| date = {{start date|df=yes|1989|07|06}}
| time-begin =
| time-end =
| timezone = [[UTC+02:00]]
| type = [[Suicide attack]]
| fatalities = 16 civilians
| injuries = 27 civilians
| perp = Abd al-Hadi Rafa Ghanim of [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]
}}
The '''Tel Aviv–Jerusalem bus 405 attack''' was a [[Palestinian political violence|suicide attack]] on 6 July 1989 carried out by Abd al-Hadi Ghanim of the [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]].<ref name="bus405">[http://www.jpost.com/Features/InThespotlight/Article.aspx?id=275879 This Week In History: Terror attack on Bus 405], [[Jerusalem Post]]</ref> On a crowded [[Egged (company)|Egged]] commuter bus line No. 405 [[Highway 1 (Israel)|en route]] from [[Tel-Aviv]] to [[Jerusalem]], Ghanim seized the [[steering wheel]] of the bus, running it off a steep cliff into a [[ravine]] in the area of [[Qiryat Ye'arim]].<ref name="bus405" /> Sixteen civilians—including two Canadians and one American—died in the attack, and 27 were wounded.<ref name="News1">{{cite web|url=http://www.news1.co.il/Archive/001-D-206364-00.html?tag=09-17-36|script-title=he:פיגוע אוטובוס 405 [1989]|last=גדות|first=יפעת|date=6 July 2009|publisher=News1|language=he|access-date=6 July 2009}}</ref>

The incident is described as the first Palestinian [[suicide attack]] despite the fact that the attacker survived.<ref name="bus405" />

==Attack==
On 6 July 1989, Egged commuter bus line No. 405 began its regular route from [[Tel Aviv]] to [[Jerusalem]]. When the bus passed [[Neve Ilan]], Ghanim attacked the driver, seized the [[steering wheel]] of the bus and pulled the bus over a steep precipice into a [[ravine]] in the area of [[Qiryat Ye'arim]]. The driver was unable to stabilize the bus; as a result the vehicle rolled down the depth of the ravine and caught fire. Some of the passengers were burned alive.<ref name="bus405" />

Sixteen civilians were killed in the attack, including two Canadians and one American, and 27 were wounded. Students from the Telz-Stone [[yeshiva]] who heard the screaming rushed to the scene to administer first aid. One of them, Yehuda Meshi Zahav, went on to found [[ZAKA]], a volunteer rescue service organization.<ref name="bus405" />

==Perpetrator==
The perpetrator, who survived the crash, received medical treatment for his injuries in an Israeli hospital. After the attack, it was revealed that the perpetrator was a 25-year-old Palestinian [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad|Islamic Jihad]] militant named Abd al-Hadi Rafa Ghanim who originated from the [[Nusseirat]] refugee camp in the [[Gaza Strip]]. Ghanim was convicted and given 16 [[Life imprisonment|life sentences]] for murder, hijacking and terrorism. On 18 October 2011, Ghanim was released to Gaza as part of the [[Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange]] between Israel and Hamas.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4134795,00.html |title=Names of prisoners in Shalit deal trickle through Arab media |last=Levy |first=Elior |date=2011-10-13 |work=[[Ynetnews]] |access-date=2018-07-04 |language=en |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/world-middle-east-15346483 |title=As it happened: Mid-East prisoner exchange |date=2011-10-18 |work=BBC News |access-date=2018-07-04 |language=en-GB |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
*In the [[NBC]] drama ''[[Heroes (U.S. TV series)|Heroes]]'', the character [[Hana Gitelman]], along with her grandmother and mother, were on board when the attack happened. Of the three, Hana was the sole survivor and in the series, she is turned into a [[superhero]].
*Israeli singer [[Ruhama Raz]] recorded the song "As Rachel Waited" (כחכות רחל), which she wrote in memory of her sister, Miriam Tzerafi, who was killed in the attack.<ref>[http://laad.btl.gov.il/show_item.asp?itemId=38079&levelId=28553&itemType=10&template=3 Miriam Tzerafi {{in lang|he}}]</ref>
*Author [https://www.paulrabinowitz.com/home Paul Rabinowitz] uses the incident as the arc of his novella, "The Clay Urn" (Main St. Rag Publishers, 2020). The author was guiding a group of tourists when the oncoming bus (405) went off the cliff. He was the first one into the ravine and comforted one of the female passengers who will become the inspiration for the main character, Ilana. "The Clay Urn" was originally published as a short story in Linden Avenue Literary Journal, 2016.

==See also==
*[[Coastal Road massacre]]
*[[List of Palestinian Islamic Jihad suicide attacks]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071121223717/http://www.shofarnews.co.il/site/ARDetile.asp?id=7315&Catogory=2&SubID=6863 An eyewitness account of the driver who survived the attack] {{in lang|he}}
*[http://www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=ia&ID=IA2500#_edn27 MEMRI account of Palestinian media glorifying the terrorist]
*[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YaEHAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ljUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5436%2C971561 Newspaper article reporting the attack]
*Jay Levinson and Elie Shmeltzer, "Disaster Victim Identification: Bus 405," Journal of Disaster Management, Volume 2/4 (April 1990).
*Jay Levinson, "The Crash of Bus 405: Victim Identification," International Criminal Police Review (INTER-POL, France), (May–June 1992).

{{Terrorist attacks against Israelis in the 1980s}}
{{Palestinian militancy attacks in the 1980s}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tel Aviv Jerusalem Bus 405 Attack}}
[[Category:Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Asia in 1989]]
[[Category:1989 crimes in Israel]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents on buses in Asia]]
[[Category:Attacks on buses by Palestinian militant groups]]
[[Category:Palestinian terrorism]]
[[Category:Terrorist attacks attributed to Palestinian militant groups]]
[[Category:Mass murder in 1989]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorism in Israel]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Israel]]
[[Category:1989 murders in Asia]]
[[Category:1980s murders in Israel]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Israel in the 1980s]]
[[Category:1980s in Jerusalem]]

Tel Aviv–Jerusalem bus 405 suicide attack - Revision history

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