imported>Jonesey95: Fix Linter errors

2021-03-15T16:10:41Z

Fix Linter errors

New page

[[File:Shahi Tegin 728 CE.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Coin of Tegin Shah towards the end of his reign.<br>'''Obverse''': Crown with tridents and lion head. [[Brahmi]] inscription around (starting 11:00): ''sri-hitivira kharalava parame – svara sri sahi tiginadeva karita'' ("His Excellency, [[Iltäbär]] of [[Khalaj people|Khalaj]], worshipper of the Supreme God, His Excellency the King, the divine Lord Tegin had minted this coin"). Inside, [[Bactrian language|Bactrian]] inscription: σρι Ϸανο ''[[Shri|Sri]] Shaho'' (His Excellency the King").<ref name="KTS"/><br>'''Reverse''': Portrait of the Iranian fire god [[Atar|Adur]]. [[Pahlavi scripts|Pahlavi]] inscription (starting 12:00) ''hpt-hpt t’ - tkyn’ hwl’s s’n MLKA'' ("Tegin, King of Khorasan, [year] 77). The date is in the post-[[Yazdegerd III]] era, and corresponds to 728 CE.<ref name="KTS">{{cite web |url=http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/coins/coin105?language=en |title= The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012-2013 exhibit: Chorasan Tegin Shah|date= 2012–2013 |author= |publisher=Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna |accessdate= July 22, 2017}}</ref>]]
{{Location map+
|West Asia
|float = right
|width = 300
|caption = Approximate location of the [[Turk Shahis]]
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|relief=yes
|places =
{{location map~ |West Asia |lat=40|N |long=65|E |label=<div talign=center>[[Yabghus of Tokharistan|TOKHARISTAN]]<br>[[Yabghus of Tokharistan|YABGHUS]]</div>|position=bottom |label_size=50|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |West Asia |lat=37.5|N |long=70.5|E |label=<div talign=center>'''TURK<br>SHAHIS'''</div>|position=bottom |label_size=60|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |West Asia |lat=35|N |long=55|E |label=[[Abbasid Caliphate|ABBASID]]<br>[[Abbasid Caliphate|CALIPHATE]]|position=bottom |label_size=70|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |West Asia |lat=45|N |long=65|E |label=[[Western Turks|WESTERN TURKS]]|position=bottom |label_size=70|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |West Asia |lat=22|N |long=74|E |label=[[Chalukya dynasty|CHALUKYAS]]|position=bottom |label_size=70|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |West Asia |lat=31|N |long=73|E |label=[[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|<div talign=center>GUJARA-<br>PRATIHARA</div>]]|position=bottom |label_size=70|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}
}}
'''Shahi Tegin''', '''Tegin Shah''' or '''Sri Shahi''' (ruled 680-739 CE, known to the Chinese as 烏散特勤灑 ''Wusan Teqin Sa'' "Tegin Shah of Khorasan") was a king of the [[Turk Shahis]], a dynasty of [[Western Turk]] or mixed Western Turk-[[Hephthalite]] origin who ruled from [[Kabul]] and [[Kapisa (city)|Kapisa]] to [[Gandhara]] in the 7th to 9th centuries.<ref name="HJK58">{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Hyun Jin |title=The Huns |date=19 November 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-34090-4 |pages=58–59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcf4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT61 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Kabulistan]] was the heartland of the Turk Shahi domain, which at times included [[Zabulistan]]<ref name="Turk Shahi">{{cite web |url=http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase15?language=en |title=15. The Rutbils of Zabulistan and the "Emperor of Rome" |newspaper=Pro.geo.univie.ac.at |date= |author= |publisher=Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna|accessdate= July 22, 2017}}</ref> and [[Gandhara]].

During their rule, the Turk Shahi were in constant conflict against the eastward expansion of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]].<ref name="HJK58"/> About 650 CE, the Arabs attacked Shahi territory from the west, and captured [[Kabul]].<ref name="HJK58"/> But the Turk Shahi were able to mount a counter-offensive and repulsed the Arabs, taking back the areas of Kabul and [[Zabulistan]] (around [[Ghazni]]), as well as the region of [[Arachosia]] as far as [[Kandahar]].<ref name="HJK58"/> The Arabs again failed to capture Kabul and Zabulistan in 697-698 CE, and their general [[Yazid ibn Ziyad]] was killed in the action.<ref name="HJK58"/>

From 680 CE, Shahi Tegin was the king of the Turk Shahis. His father was Barha Tegin who defeated the Arabs in 666 CE.<ref name="KV183">{{cite book |last1=Vondrovec |first1=Klaus |title=Coins, Art and Chronology II - The First Millennium C.E. in the Indo-Iranian Borderlands (Coinage of the Nezak) |page=183 |url=https://www.academia.edu/880242 |language=en}}</ref> He then abdicated in 739 CE in favour of his son [[Fromo Kesaro]], probable phonetic transcription of "Caesar of Rome" in honor of "Caesar", the title of the then [[Byzantine Empire|East Roman]] Emperor [[Leo III the Isaurian]] who had defeated their common enemy the Arabs in 717 CE, and sent an embassy through Central Asia in 719 CE.<ref name="HJK58"/>{{efn|{{harvnb|Martin|2011|p=127}}:"He received this laudatory epithet because he, like the Byzantines, was successful at holding back the Muslim conquerors."}}

Fromo Kesaro appears to have fought vigorously against the Arabs, and his victories may have forged the Tibetan epic legend of [[Epic of King Gesar|King Phrom Ge-sar]].<ref name="HJK58"/>

The Turk Shahis eventually weakened against the Arabs in the late 9th century CE.<ref name="HJK58"/> [[Kandahar]], [[Kabul]] and [[Zabul]] were lost to the Arabs, while in [[Gandhara]] the [[Hindu Shahi]] took over. The last Shahi ruler of Kabul, Lagaturman, was deposed by a [[Brahmin]] minister, possibly named Vakkadeva,<ref>D. W. Macdowall, "The Shahis of Kabul and Gandhara" ''Numismatic Chronicle'', Seventh Series, Vol. III, 1968, pp. 189-224, see extracts in R. T. Mohan, ''AFGHANISTAN REVISITED'' ... Appendix –B, pp. 164-68</ref><ref>Raizada Harichand Vaid, ''Gulshane Mohyali'', II, pp. 83 and 183-84.</ref><ref>[[H. G. Raverty]], Tr. ''Tabaqat-i-Nasiri'' of Maulana Minhaj-ud-din, Vol. I, p. 82</ref> about 850, signaling the end of the Buddhist Turk Shahi dynasty, and the beginning of the [[Hindu Shahi]] dynasty of Kabul.<ref name="KHM16">{{cite web |url=http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase16?language=en |title=16. The Hindu Shahis in Kabulistan and Gandhara and the Arab conquest |newspaper=Pro.geo.univie.ac.at |date= |publisher=Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna|author= |accessdate= July 22, 2017}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="100px" perrow="4">
File:Shahi Tegin (Sri Shahi). After 679 in the style of the Nezak Huns.jpg|thumb|Coin of Shahi Tegin, in the style of the [[Nezak|Nezak Huns]], whom he replaced. Bactrian legend "Sri Shaho" with [[tamgha]], late 7th century CE.
File:Western Turks. Shahi Tegin (Sri Shahi). After 679 CE.jpg|thumb|Coin of Shahi Tegin (Sri Shahi).
File:Sahi Tigin. Circa 710-720 CE.jpg|thumb|Coin of Shahi Tegin, imitating [[Khosrau II]]. Circa 710-720 CE
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Sources==
*{{Cite book| chapter = Greek and Islamic Medicines' Historical Contact with Tibet
| last = Martin | first = Dan | year = 2011
| title = Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes
| editor1-last = Akasoy | editor1-first = Anna
| editor2-last = Burnett | editor2-first = Charles
| editor3-last = Yoeli-Tlalim | editor3-first = Ronit
| publisher = Ashgate Publishing | location = Farnham, Surrey
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfWXIfbynwYC&pg=PA117
| pages = 117–144
| isbn = 978-0-7546-6956-2
}}

{{Afghanistan topics}}

[[Category:Turkic dynasties]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Kabul Shahi]]

Tegin Shah - Revision history

imported>Jonesey95: Fix Linter errors