Tebhaga movement - Revision history

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	The '''Tebhaga movement''' was significant peasant agitation, initiated in [[Bengal]] by the [[All India Kisan Sabha\|Kisan Sabha]] (peasant front of the [[Communist Party of India]]) in 1946–47.		The '''Tebhaga movement''' was significant peasant agitation, initiated in [[Bengal]] by the [[All India Kisan Sabha\|Kisan Sabha]] (peasant front of the [[Communist Party of India]]) in 1946–47.

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	===The movement in 24 Parganas===		===The movement in 24 Parganas===
	During the [[Bengal Famine of 1943]] the [[Communist Party of India]] provided relief to the peasantry of the Sundarbans area. In September 1946 Bangiya Pradeshik Kisan Sabha decided to launch the Tebhaga movement. The peasant movement broke out in [[Kakdwip]], [[Sonarpur]], [[Bhangar Raghunathpur\|Bhangar]] and [[Canning, South 24 Parganas\|Canning]]. [[Kakdwip]] and [[Namkhana]] were the storm centres of the movement. The movement aimed at improving the share of the peasant engaged as sharecroppers. The prominent leaders of the movement were: [[Kansari Halder]], Ashoke Bose and Rash Behari Ghosh. Peasant leaders like Gajen Malik, Manik Hazra, Jatin Maity, Bijoy Mondal and others rose to prominence. The movement continued till 1950, when the Bargadari Act was enacted. The Act recognised the right of the sharecropper to two-thirds of the produce when he provided the inputs.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm \| title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas \| work = Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9\| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 \| access-date = 3 November 2019 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm \| archive-date = 5 October 2016 \| url-status = dead }}</ref>		During the [[Bengal Famine of 1943]] the [[Communist Party of India]] provided relief to the peasantry of the Sundarbans area. In September 1946 Bangiya Pradeshik Kisan Sabha decided to launch the Tebhaga movement. The peasant movement broke out in [[Kakdwip]], [[Sonarpur]], [[Bhangar Raghunathpur\|Bhangar]] and [[Canning, South 24 Parganas\|Canning]]. [[Kakdwip]] and [[Namkhana]] were the storm centres of the movement. The movement aimed at improving the share of the peasant engaged as sharecroppers. The prominent leaders of the movement were: [[Kansari Halder]], Ganesh Das, Ashoke Bose and Rash Behari Ghosh. Peasant leaders like Gajen Malik, Manik Hazra, Jatin Maity, Bijoy Mondal and others rose to prominence. The movement continued till 1950, when the Bargadari Act was enacted. The Act recognised the right of the sharecropper to two-thirds of the produce when he provided the inputs.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm \| title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas \| work = Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9\| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 \| access-date = 3 November 2019 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm \| archive-date = 5 October 2016 \| url-status = dead }}</ref>

	During 1946-1950 the Tebhaga movement in several parts of the [[24 Parganas]] district led to the enactment of the Bargadari Act. Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of [[bargadar]]s to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. In 1967, [[West Bengal]] witnessed peasant uprising, against non-implementation of land reforms legislation, starting from [[Kheadaha]] gram panchayat in [[Sonarpur (community development block)\|Sonarpur]] CD block. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in [[West Bengal]] under the [[Left Front (West Bengal)\|Left Front]] government. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants. Subsequently, “[[Operation Barga]]” was aimed at securing tenancy rights for the peasants.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm \| title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas \| work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 \| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 \| access-date = 3 November 2019 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm \| archive-date = 5 October 2016 \| url-status = dead }}</ref>		During 1946-1950 the Tebhaga movement in several parts of the [[24 Parganas]] district led to the enactment of the Bargadari Act. Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of [[bargadar]]s to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. In 1967, [[West Bengal]] witnessed peasant uprising, against non-implementation of land reforms legislation, starting from [[Kheadaha]] gram panchayat in [[Sonarpur (community development block)\|Sonarpur]] CD block. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in [[West Bengal]] under the [[Left Front (West Bengal)\|Left Front]] government. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants. Subsequently, “[[Operation Barga]]” was aimed at securing tenancy rights for the peasants.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm \| title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas \| work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 \| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 \| access-date = 3 November 2019 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm \| archive-date = 5 October 2016 \| url-status = dead }}</ref>
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	* [[Moni Guha]]		* [[Moni Guha]]
	* [[Charu Majumdar]]		* [[Charu Majumdar]]
			* [[Ganesh Das]]
	* [[Abani Lahiri]]		* [[Abani Lahiri]]
	* [[Gurudas Talukdar]]		* [[Gurudas Talukdar]]

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New page

The '''Tebhaga movement''' was significant peasant agitation, initiated in [[Bengal]] by the [[All India Kisan Sabha|Kisan Sabha]] (peasant front of the [[Communist Party of India]]) in 1946–47.

== History ==
===Overview===
At that time sharecroppers had contracted to give half of their harvest to the landlords. The demand of the ''Tebhaga'' (sharing by thirds) movement was to reduce the landlord share to one third.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Asok Majumdar|title=The Tebhaga Movement : Politics of Peasant Protest in Bengal 1946-1950|date=2011|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=978-9350021590|page=13}}</ref>
{{Indcom}}
In many areas the agitations turned violent, and landlords fled, leaving parts of the countryside in the hands of Kisan Sabha. In 1946, sharecroppers began to assert that they would pay only one-third and that before division the crop would stay in their [[godown]]s and not that of the [[Jotedar]]s. The sharecroppers were encouraged by the fact that the [[Bengal Land Revenue Commission]] had already made this recommendation in its report to the government. The movement resulted in clashes between Jotedars and [[Bargadar]]s ([[sharecropper]]s).

As a response to the agitation, the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] ministry in the province launched the [[Bargadari Act]], which provided that the share of the harvest given to the landlords would be limited to one third of the total. However, the law was not fully implemented. The Bengal Land Revenue Commission popularly known as Floud Commission had made recommendation in favour of the share-croppers.

===The movement in 24 Parganas===
During the [[Bengal Famine of 1943]] the [[Communist Party of India]] provided relief to the peasantry of the Sundarbans area. In September 1946 Bangiya Pradeshik Kisan Sabha decided to launch the Tebhaga movement. The peasant movement broke out in [[Kakdwip]], [[Sonarpur]], [[Bhangar Raghunathpur|Bhangar]] and [[Canning, South 24 Parganas|Canning]]. [[Kakdwip]] and [[Namkhana]] were the storm centres of the movement. The movement aimed at improving the share of the peasant engaged as sharecroppers. The prominent leaders of the movement were: [[Kansari Halder]], Ashoke Bose and Rash Behari Ghosh. Peasant leaders like Gajen Malik, Manik Hazra, Jatin Maity, Bijoy Mondal and others rose to prominence. The movement continued till 1950, when the Bargadari Act was enacted. The Act recognised the right of the sharecropper to two-thirds of the produce when he provided the inputs.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 3 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

During 1946-1950 the Tebhaga movement in several parts of the [[24 Parganas]] district led to the enactment of the Bargadari Act. Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of [[bargadar]]s to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. In 1967, [[West Bengal]] witnessed peasant uprising, against non-implementation of land reforms legislation, starting from [[Kheadaha]] gram panchayat in [[Sonarpur (community development block)|Sonarpur]] CD block. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in [[West Bengal]] under the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] government. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants. Subsequently, “[[Operation Barga]]” was aimed at securing tenancy rights for the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 3 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Impact==
[[Hare Krishna Konar]] played a leading role in getting surplus land held by big land owners in excess of land ceiling laws and kept ‘benami’ (or false names) vested with the state. The quantum of land thus vested was around one million acres (4,000 km²) of good agricultural land. Subsequently, under the leadership of [[Benoy Choudhury]], this land was distributed amongst 2.4 million landless and poor farmers.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=319550&catid=39 |title = The story of a pretender |publisher = The Statesman, 9 February 2010 |access-date = 2010-11-12 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110807052518/http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=319550&catid=39 |archive-date = 7 August 2011 |df = dmy-all }}</ref>

==Leaders==
* [[Ila Mitra]]
* [[Kansari Halder]]
* [[Moni Singh]]
* [[Bishnu Chattopadhyay]]
* [[M.A. Rasul]]
* [[Moni Guha]]
* [[Charu Majumdar]]
* [[Abani Lahiri]]
* [[Gurudas Talukdar]]
* [[Samar Ganguly]]
* [[Bimola Mandal]]
* [[Sudher Mukherjee]]
* [[Sudipa Sen]]
* [[Moni Krishna Sen]]
* [[Subodh Roy]]
* [[Budi ma (বুড়ি মা)]]
*[[Hajee Mohammad Danesh]]
*[[Niyamat Ali]]
*[[Sushil Sen]]

==See also==
*[[List of peasant revolts]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
*Kunal Chattopadhyay, ''Tebhaga Andolaner itihas,'' Progressive Publishers, Kolkata, 1986
*Susnata Das, "Abibhakta Banglar Krishak Sangram :Tebhaga Andolan(1946–47),Kolkata,2002(in Bengali)
*Adrienne Cooper, Sharecropping
* [http://www.indowindow.com/delhimagazine/sanam/shore/contents.htm Tebhaga Sketches and Wood Engravings by Somnath Hore]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041211103332/http://www.ganashakti.com/jb/part8.htm Chapter on Tebhaga movement in Jyoti Basu's memoirs]

[[Category:1946 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1946 in British India]]
[[Category:Rebellions in India]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Peasant revolts]]
[[Category:Debt bondage in South Asia]]
[[Category:Political uprisings in India]]
[[Category:Debt bondage in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1946]]
[[Category:Basirhat]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India]]