Tatsama - Revision history

->NabaJyoti at 04:52, 16 November 2021

2021-11-16T04:52:14Z

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			{{Short description\|Sanskrit loanwords in modern Indic languages}}
			{{Multiple issues\|
			{{original research\|date=June 2015}}
			{{incomplete\|various significant discussion\|date=August 2020}}
			}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2016}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2016}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=May 2016}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=May 2016}}
	~~{{original research\|date=June 2015}}~~
	~~{{incomplete\|various significant discussion\|date=August 2020}}~~		'''Tatsama''' ({{lang-sa\|तत्सम}} {{IPA-sa\|tɐtsɐmɐ\|IPA}}, lit. 'same as that') are [[Sanskrit]] [[loanword]]s in modern [[Indo-Aryan languages]] like [[Assamese Language\|Assamese]], [[Bengali language\|Bengali]], [[Marathi language\|Marathi]], [[Odia language\|Odia]], [[Hindi]], [[Gujarati language\|Gujarati]], and [[Sinhalese language\|Sinhala]] and in [[Dravidian languages]] like [[Malayalam]] and [[Telugu language\|Telugu]]. They generally belong to a higher and more erudite [[register (sociolinguistics)\|register]] than common [[word]]s, many of which are (in modern Indo-Aryan languages) directly inherited from Old Indo-Aryan ([[tadbhava]]). The tatsama register can be compared to the use of loan words of Greek or Latin origin in English (e.g. ''hubris'').
	'''Tatsama''' ({{lang-sa\|तत्सम}} {{IPA-sa\|tɐtsɐmɐ\|IPA}}, lit. 'same as that') are [[Sanskrit]] [[loanword]]s in modern [[Indo-Aryan languages]] like [[Bengali language\|Bengali]], [[Marathi language\|Marathi]], [[Odia language\|Odia]], [[Hindi]], [[Gujarati language\|Gujarati]], and [[Sinhalese language\|Sinhala]] and in [[Dravidian languages]] like [[Malayalam]] and [[Telugu language\|Telugu]]. They generally belong to a higher and more erudite [[register (sociolinguistics)\|register]] than common [[word]]s, many of which are (in modern Indo-Aryan languages) directly inherited from Old Indo-Aryan ([[tadbhava]]). The tatsama register can be compared to the use of loan words of Greek or Latin origin in English (e.g. ''hubris'').

	==Bengali==		==Bengali==
	The origin of tatsamas ({{lang-bn\|তৎসম\|tôtsômô}}) in [[Bengali language\|Bengali]] is traced to 10th century [[Brahmin]] poets, who felt that the colloquial language was not suitable for their expressive needs. Another wave of tatsama vocabulary entered the then Bengali language by Sanskrit scholars teaching at [[Fort William College]] in [[Kolkata]] at the start of the 19th century. The textbooks used in these courses paved the way for more tatsama words entering common usage.		The origin of tatsamas ({{lang-bn\|তৎসম\|tôtsômô}}) in [[Bengali language\|Bengali]] is traced to 10th century [[Brahmin]] poets, who felt that the colloquial language was not suitable for their expressive needs. Another wave of tatsama vocabulary entered the then Bengali language by Sanskrit scholars teaching at [[Fort William College]] in [[Kolkata]] at the start of the 19th century. The textbooks used in these courses paved the way for more tatsama words entering common usage.

	Bengali's lexicon is now about 40% tatsama (with about 58% [[tadbhava]] vocabulary inherited from Old Indo-Aryan via the Prakrit languages such as Apabhramsha and ~~Avahațțha~~).<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Dash\|first1=Niladri S.\|title=A Descriptive Study of Bengali Words\|date=2015\|publisher=Foreign Language Study\|page=255\|isbn=9781316222683\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk_zCQAAQBAJ&q=tatsama+bengali+percent&pg=PA255\|~~accessdate~~=9 December 2015}}</ref> Writers such as [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]], [[Ramram Basu]], [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]], and [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]] introduced a large number of tatsamas into Bengali.{{citation needed\|date=December 2015}}		Bengali's lexicon is now about 40% tatsama (with about 58% [[tadbhava]] vocabulary inherited from Old Indo-Aryan via the Prakrit languages such as Apabhramsha and Avahaṭṭha).<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Dash\|first1=Niladri S.\|title=A Descriptive Study of Bengali Words\|date=2015\|publisher=Foreign Language Study\|page=255\|isbn=9781316222683\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk_zCQAAQBAJ&q=tatsama+bengali+percent&pg=PA255\|access-date=9 December 2015}}</ref> Writers such as [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]], [[Ramram Basu]], [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]], and [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]] introduced a large number of tatsamas into Bengali.{{citation needed\|date=December 2015}}

	== Odia ==		== Odia ==
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	== Malayalam==		== Malayalam==
	Relation of [[Malayalam]] with Sanskrit started around AD 15 century only. Prior to that, the language prevailed at present [[Kerala]] which was ancient [[Chera]] Land was totally Dravidian. Yet, Malayalam has very strong relation with Sanskrit due to [[Manipravalam]], than any other Indian languages. [[Malayalam]] derived many letters (alphabets/syllables), words, grammatical rules etc from Sanskrit. This relation started due migration of [[Buddhist]] monks and [[Hindu]] [[Brahmins]] from [[Northern India]] and expanded to Punjabi and Marathi refugees which was given shelter in Kerala by the benevolent kings.		Relation of [[Malayalam]] with Sanskrit started around AD 15 century only. Prior to that, the language prevailed at present [[Kerala]] which was ancient [[Chera]] Land was totally Dravidian. Yet, Malayalam has very strong relation with Sanskrit due to [[Manipravalam]], than any other Indian languages. [[Malayalam]] derived many letters (alphabets/syllables), words, grammatical rules etc. from Sanskrit. This relation started due migration of [[Buddhist]] monks and [[Hindu]] [[Brahmins]] from [[Northern India]] and expanded to Punjabi and Marathi refugees which was given shelter in Kerala by the benevolent kings.

	Malayalam has many tatsama words, which is used in local written and spoken form depending on the region of [[Kerala]].		Malayalam has many tatsama words, which is used in local written and spoken form depending on the region of [[Kerala]].
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	==References==		==References==
	{{~~Reflist\|30em~~}}		{{reflist}}

	{{Bengali language topics}}		{{Bengali language topics}}

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2021-07-09T01:31:45Z

Removing link(s) Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Erudition closed as delete (XFDcloser)

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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{original research|date=June 2015}}
{{incomplete|various significant discussion|date=August 2020}}
'''Tatsama''' ({{lang-sa|तत्सम}} {{IPA-sa|tɐtsɐmɐ|IPA}}, lit. 'same as that') are [[Sanskrit]] [[loanword]]s in modern [[Indo-Aryan languages]] like [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Hindi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], and [[Sinhalese language|Sinhala]] and in [[Dravidian languages]] like [[Malayalam]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. They generally belong to a higher and more erudite [[register (sociolinguistics)|register]] than common [[word]]s, many of which are (in modern Indo-Aryan languages) directly inherited from Old Indo-Aryan ([[tadbhava]]). The tatsama register can be compared to the use of loan words of Greek or Latin origin in English (e.g. ''hubris'').

==Bengali==
The origin of tatsamas ({{lang-bn|তৎসম|tôtsômô}}) in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] is traced to 10th century [[Brahmin]] poets, who felt that the colloquial language was not suitable for their expressive needs. Another wave of tatsama vocabulary entered the then Bengali language by Sanskrit scholars teaching at [[Fort William College]] in [[Kolkata]] at the start of the 19th century. The textbooks used in these courses paved the way for more tatsama words entering common usage.

Bengali's lexicon is now about 40% tatsama (with about 58% [[tadbhava]] vocabulary inherited from Old Indo-Aryan via the Prakrit languages such as Apabhramsha and Avahațțha).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dash|first1=Niladri S.|title=A Descriptive Study of Bengali Words|date=2015|publisher=Foreign Language Study|page=255|isbn=9781316222683|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk_zCQAAQBAJ&q=tatsama+bengali+percent&pg=PA255|accessdate=9 December 2015}}</ref> Writers such as [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]], [[Ramram Basu]], [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]], and [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]] introduced a large number of tatsamas into Bengali.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}

== Odia ==
Early [[Odia Language|Odia]] dictionaries such as Gitabhidhana (17th Century), Sabda Tattva [[Abhidhana]] (1916), Purnachandra Odia Bhashakosha (1931) and Promoda Abhidan (1942) list Sanskrit Tatsama vocabulary.

They are derived from Sanskrit verbal roots with the addition of suffixes and known in Odia as "tatsama krudanta".

== Malayalam==
Relation of [[Malayalam]] with Sanskrit started around AD 15 century only. Prior to that, the language prevailed at present [[Kerala]] which was ancient [[Chera]] Land was totally Dravidian. Yet, Malayalam has very strong relation with Sanskrit due to [[Manipravalam]], than any other Indian languages. [[Malayalam]] derived many letters (alphabets/syllables), words, grammatical rules etc from Sanskrit. This relation started due migration of [[Buddhist]] monks and [[Hindu]] [[Brahmins]] from [[Northern India]] and expanded to Punjabi and Marathi refugees which was given shelter in Kerala by the benevolent kings.

Malayalam has many tatsama words, which is used in local written and spoken form depending on the region of [[Kerala]].

For example:
* Abhimanam- Pride
* Abhyasam- Practice
* Vidhya- Education
* Vishudham- Holy
* Vishwasam- Believe
* Swasam- Breath
* Vichaaram- Thought
* Bodham- Sense
* Shatru- Enemy
* Rashakan- Saviour
* Akasham- Sky
* Svargam- Heaven
* Pustakam- Book
* Swapanam- Dream
* Premam - Love
* Ullasam- Merry
* Sareeram- Body
* Devam- God

Many more Sanskrit words are in the Malayalam Dictionary.

== Sinhala==
The way the tatsama entered the [[Sinhala language]] is comparable to what is found in Bengali language: they are scholarly [[loanword|borrowings]] of Sanskrit or [[Pali]] terms. Tatsama in Sinhala can be identified by their ending exclusively in ''-ya'' or ''-va'',{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} whereas native Sinhala words tend to show a greater array of endings. Many [[scientific]] concepts make use of tatsama, for instance ''grahaņaya'' 'eclipse', but they are also found for more everyday concepts.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

==Telugu==
Sanskrit influenced the [[Telugu language]] for about 500 years. During 1000-1100 AD, Nannaya's Telugu in Mahabharata, Telugu in several inscriptions, Telugu in poetry reestablished its roots and dominated over the royal language, Sanskrit. Telugu absorbed the Tatsamas from Sanskrit.<ref>{{citation |publisher=Telugu academy| first=G | last=Ramadasu | title=Telugu bhasha charitra| year=1980 }}</ref>

[[Meter (poetry)|Metrical poetry]] in Telugu ('Chandassu') uses meters such as Utpalamala, Champakamala, Mattebham, Sardoola, Sragdhara, Bhujangaprayata etc.. which are pure Sanskrit meters.

Telugu has many tatsama words, known as ''prakriti''. The equivalent colloquial words are called ''vikrutis'', meaning "distorted". ''Prakriti'' are used only as a medium of instruction in educational institutions, offices etc. Today, spoken Telugu contains both ''prakruthi'' and ''vikruthi'' words.

For example:
* Bhōjanam (food) is prakriti and bōnam is vikruti.
* Vidya (education) is prakriti and viddhe is vikriti.
* Rākshasi (female demon) is prakriti and rākāsi/rakkasi is vikriti.
* Drishti (sight) is prakriti and dishti is vikriti.
* Shūnya (zero) is prakriti and sunnā is vikriti.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Bengali language topics}}
{{Sinhala language}}

[[Category:Lists of loanwords]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]
[[Category:Etymology]]