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{{Short description|Public research institute in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}{{Infobox university
| name = Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
| image_name = Tata Institute of Fundamental Research logo.png
| established = {{start date and age|1 June 1945}}
| type = [[Public]] [[Deemed university]]
| director = [[Jayaram N Chengalur]]
| city = [[Mumbai]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| academic_staff = 268<ref name=nirf_stud>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2020 |url=https://www.tifr.res.in/~gsoffice/TIFR-NIRF/NIRF2020_TIFR20191206.pdf |publisher=Tata Institute of Fundamental Research}}</ref>
| students = 696<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| undergrad =
| postgrad = 45<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| doctoral = 651<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| website = {{URL|http://www.tifr.res.in/}}
}}

'''Tata Institute of Fundamental Research''' ('''TIFR''') is an Indian [[Research institute|Research Institute]] under the [[Department of Atomic Energy]] of the [[Government of India]]. It is a [[Public university|public]] [[deemed university]] located at [[Navy Nagar]], [[Colaba]] in [[Mumbai]]. It also has campus in [[Bangalore]], International Centre for Theoretical Sciences (ICTS), and an [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad|affiliated campus]] in [[Serilingampally]] near [[Hyderabad]]. TIFR conducts research primarily in the natural sciences, mathematics, the biological sciences and theoretical computer science.<ref name="frontline">{{cite journal|last=Special Correspondent|title=Making bright ideas happen|journal=Frontline|date=November 2005|volume=22|issue=23|url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2223/stories/20051118004911600.htm|access-date=29 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516124026/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2223/stories/20051118004911600.htm|archive-date=16 May 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==History==
In 1944, [[Homi J. Bhabha]], known for his role in the development of the Indian atomic energy programme, wrote to the [[Sir Dorabji Tata Trust]] requesting financial assistance to set up a scientific research institute.<ref name="tata">{{cite web|last=Bhattacharya|first=Shobo|title=Fanning the spirit of frontier science|url=http://www.tata.com/ourcommitment/articles/inside.aspx?artid=5c2Dyfh3pLY=|publisher=Tata sons Ltd.|access-date=29 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510081103/http://www.tata.com/ourcommitment/articles/inside.aspx?artid=5c2Dyfh3pLY=|archive-date=10 May 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> With support from [[J.R.D. Tata]], then chairman of the [[Tata Group]], TIFR was founded on 1 June 1945, and Homi Bhabha was appointed its first director.<ref name="jrdtata">{{cite news| last=Lala| first=R. M.| title=JRD — The builder of modern Tatas| url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/07/29/stories/2005072900220900.htm| access-date=29 November 2010| newspaper=[[Business Line]]| date=29 July 2005| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417100407/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/07/29/stories/2005072900220900.htm| archive-date=17 April 2010| df=dmy-all}}</ref> The institute initially operated within the campus of the [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[Bangalore]] before relocating to Mumbai later that year. TIFR's new campus in [[Colaba]] was designed by [[Chicago]]-based architect [[Helmuth Bartsch]] and was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] on 15 January 1962.<ref name="history">{{cite web|last=Raychaudhari|first=Oindrilla|title=History of TIFR|url=http://www.tifr.res.in/History_and_Archives/timeline.html|publisher=Tata Institute of Fundamental Research|access-date=29 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923134945/http://www.tifr.res.in/History_and_Archives/timeline.html|archive-date=23 September 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Shortly after [[Partition of India|Indian Independence]], in 1949, the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR) designated TIFR to be the centre for all large-scale projects in [[nuclear physics|nuclear research]].<ref name="ie1949">{{cite news|last=U.P.I.|title=Tata Institute to be centre of nuclear research|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WwBFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5714,3334558&dq=tata+institute+of+fundamental+research&hl=en|access-date=29 November 2010|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=2 February 1949}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/npihp-partners-release-new-documents-indian-nuclear-history | publisher=[[Woodrow Wilson Center]] | location=Washington, D.C. | work=Nuclear Proliferation International History Project | title=NPIHP Partners Release New Documents on Indian Nuclear History | date=11 April 2012 | access-date=3 February 2014 }}</ref> The first [[theoretical physics]] group was set up by Bhabha's students [[Bhalchandra Udgaonkar|B.M. Udgaonkar]] and [[K.S. Singhvi]].<ref name="currsci">{{cite journal|last=Sreekantan|first=B. V.|title=Sixty years of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research 1945–2005|journal=Current Science|date=March 2006|volume=90|issue=5|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr102006/1012.pdf|access-date=29 November 2010}}</ref> In December 1950, Bhabha organised an international conference at TIFR on [[Particle Physics|elementary particle physics]]. Several world-renowned scientists attended the conference, including [[Rudolf Peierls]], [[Léon Rosenfeld]], [[William Alfred Fowler|William Fowler]] as well as [[Meghnad Saha]], [[Vikram Sarabhai]] and others providing expertise from India.<ref name=currsci /> In the 1950s, TIFR gained prominence in the field of [[cosmic ray]] physics, with the setting up of research facilities in [[Ooty]] and in the [[Kolar gold mines]].

In 1957, India's first digital computer, [[TIFRAC]] was built in TIFR.<ref name=tata /> Acting on the suggestions of British physiologist [[Archibald Hill]], Bhabha invited [[Obaid Siddiqi]] to set up a research group in molecular biology. This ultimately resulted in the establishment of the [[National Centre for Biological Sciences|National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS)]], Bangalore twenty years later. In 1970, TIFR started research in radio astronomy with the setting up of the [[Ooty Radio Telescope]]. Encouraged by the success of ORT, [[Govind Swarup]] persuaded J. R. D. Tata to help set up the [[Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope]] near [[Pune]], [[India]]<ref name=currsci />

TIFR attained the official [[deemed university]] status in June 2002.<ref>{{cite web | title=About TIFR | url=http://univ.tifr.res.in/gs2010/About/about.htm | publisher=University Cell, TIFR | access-date=24 November 2010 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831221938/http://univ.tifr.res.in/gs2010/About/about.htm | archive-date=31 August 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> To meet the ever-growing demand of space needed for research labs and accommodation institute is coming up with a [[TIFR Hyderabad|new campus]] at [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/tifr-hyderabadbound-for-bhabha-bday/388497/ | title=TIFR Hyderabad-bound for Bhabha b'day | publisher=[[Indianexpress.com]] |date=2008-11-21 |access-date=2010-11-24}}</ref>

==Research==
Research at TIFR is distributed across three schools, working over the mathematical sciences, natural sciences, technology and computer science.

===School of Mathematics===
Since its birth in the 1950s, several contributions to mathematics have come from TIFR School of Mathematics. Notable contributions from TIFR mathematicians include [[Raghavan Narasimhan]]'s proof of the [[embedding]] of open [[Riemann surface]]s in <math>\mathbb{C}^3</math>, [[C. S. Seshadri]]'s work on [[projective module]]s over [[polynomial ring]]s and [[M. S. Narasimhan]]'s results in the theory of pseudo differential operators.<ref name=currsci />

Narasimhan and Seshadri wrote a seminal paper on stable [[vector bundles]], work which has been recognised as one of the most influential articles in the area.<ref name=currsci /> [[M. S. Raghunathan]] started research at TIFR on [[algebraic group|algebraic]] and [[discrete group]]s, and was recognised for his work on [[rigidity (mathematics)|rigidity]].

===School of Natural Sciences===
The School of Natural Sciences is further split into seven departments working in several areas of [[physics]], [[chemistry]] and [[biology]].

Within physics, the Department of [[Theoretical Physics]] (DTP) was set up by Bhabha, who conducted research in [[high energy physics]] and [[Condensed Matter Physics]]. The department worked on the major advances in this period such as [[Quantum field theory|Quantum Field Theory]], [[string theory]], and [[superconductivity]].<ref name="frontline" /> The current faculty includes [[Sandip Trivedi]], [[Shiraz Minwalla]], [[Abhijit Gadde]], and [[Gautam Mandal]]. Several early faculty members at the institution were renowned in their fields. These include [[Ashoke Sen]], who conducted seminal work on [[String theory|String Theory]], specifically [[S-duality|S-Duality]], while at this institution. Other distinguished members were [[Spenta R. Wadia|Spenta Wadia]], [[Sunil Mukhi]], [[Deepak Dhar]] and [[Nandini Trivedi]].

The Department of [[Astrophysics]] works in areas like [[binary stars|stellar binaries]], [[gravitational waves]] and [[cosmology]]. TIFR is involved in building India's first gravity wave detector.<ref name="indigo">{{cite web|title=TIFR approves the construction of a 3-meter prototype interferometer|url=http://www.gw-indigo.org/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=10|publisher=Indigo|access-date=29 November 2010}}</ref>
The [[High Energy Physics]] Department, TIFR has been involved in major accelerator projects like the [[KEKB (accelerator)|KEK]], [[Tevatron]], [[LEP]] and the [[LHC]]. TIFR also runs the Pelletron particle accelerator facility.<ref>{{cite web|title=14 MV BARC-TIFR Pelletron Accelerator located at TIFR, Mumbai|url=http://www.tifr.res.in/~pell/|publisher=TIFR|access-date=29 November 2010}}</ref> Bhabha's motivation resulted in the development of an [[NMR]] spectrometer for [[solid state physics|solid state]] studies.
The Department of [[Condensed Matter Physics|Condensed Matter Physics and Material Sciences]] also conducts experimental research in high-temperature superconductivity, nanoelectronics and nanophotonics.

===School of Technology and Computer Science===
The School of Technology and Computer Science grew out of early activities carried out at TIFR for building digital computers. Today, its activities cover areas such as Algorithms, Complexity Theory, Formal Method, Applied Probability, Learning Theory, Mathematical Finance, Information Theory, Communications, etc.

===Department of Biological Sciences===
The Department Of Biological Sciences was set up by [[Obaid Siddiqi]] in early 1960s as a [[molecular biology]] group.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} Over the years has expanded to encompass various other branches of modern biology. The department has fourteen labs covering various aspects of modern molecular and cell biology.

== Notable alumni ==
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2017}}

* [[Ranjan Roy Daniel]] (1923–2005), former Deputy Director of TIFR and recipient of [[Padma Bhushan]]<ref name="insa">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N75-0179 |title=Deceased Fellow:Rajan Roy Daniel |publisher=[[Indian National Science Academy]] |access-date=4 February 2013}}</ref>
*[[Jitendra Nath Goswami]], chief scientist [[Chandrayaan-2]]
* [[Vijay Kumar Kapahi]], astrophysicist, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate<ref name="Deceased fellow-Kapahi">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N97-1217 |title=Deceased fellow-Kapahi |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref>
* [[B. V. Sreekantan]], astrophysicist and Padma Bhushan recipient<ref name="A versatile and humane scientist">{{cite journal | url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/108/09/1731.pdf | title=A versatile and humane scientist | author=P. C. Agarwal | journal=Current Science |date=May 2015 | volume=108 | issue=9}}</ref>
* [[K. R. K. Easwaran]], molecular biophysicist, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] laureate<ref name="Indian Fellow - Easwaran">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N89-1017 | title=Indian Fellow - Easwaran | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2016 | access-date=September 30, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Ghanshyam Swarup]], molecular biologist, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate<ref name="Indian fellow - Swarup">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P03-1349 | title=Indian fellow - Swarup | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2016 | access-date=October 6, 2016}}</ref>
* [[B. L. K. Somayajulu]], geochemist, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate<ref name="Bhamidipati Lakshmidhara Kanakadri Somayajulu (1937–2016)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/112/02/0414.pdf |title=Bhamidipati Lakshmidhara Kanakadri Somayajulu (1937–2016) |date=2017 |website=Current Science |access-date=2017-11-14}}</ref>
* [[G. Naresh Patwari]], chemist, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate<ref name="Biographical Information - Naresh Patwari">{{Cite web |url=http://www.chem.iitb.ac.in/people/Faculty/prof/gnp.html |title=Biographical Information - Naresh Patwari |date=2017-11-09 |website=Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay |access-date=2017-11-09}}</ref>
* [[Maneesha S. Inamdar]], stem cell biologist, [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-Bios]] laureate<ref name="Maneesha Inamdar - Academic profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.jncasr.ac.in/inamdar/index.php?menu_id=2&user_id=18&page_id=739 |title=Maneesha Inamdar - Academic profile |date=2018-01-29 |website=www.jncasr.ac.in |access-date=2018-01-29}}</ref>

==Affiliated institutes==
TIFR also includes institutes outside its main campus in [[Colaba]] and [[Mumbai]]:

* [[Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education]] at [[Deonar]], Mumbai
* International Centre for Theoretical Sciences at [[Bangalore]]
* [[National Centre for Biological Sciences]] at [[Bangalore]]
* [[National Centre for Radio Astrophysics]] at [[Pune]]
* [[National Balloon Facility|National Balloon Facility at Hyderabad]]
* [[TIFR Centre for Applicable Mathematics]], [[Bangalore]] for Mathematics
* [[TIFR Hyderabad]]

==Visiting Students Research Programme==
The '''Visiting Students Research Programme''' ('''VSRP''') is a summer programme conducted annually during the summer season by the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. VSRP is offered in the subjects Physics and Astronomy, Chemistry, Mathematics, Biology and Computer Science.<ref>{{cite web| title=Visiting Students Research Programme | url=http://www.tifr.res.in/~vsrp/ }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indian Institute of Science]]
* [[TIFRAC]], the first computer built indigenously in India

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==

* {{Official website}}

{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Centers of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research}}
{{Universities in Maharashtra}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|18.90757|72.80601|type:landmark|display=title|name=TIFR}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tata Institute Of Fundamental Research}}
[[Category:Tata Institute of Fundamental Research| ]]
[[Category:1945 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1945]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1945]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Multidisciplinary research institutes]]
[[Category:Deemed universities in Maharashtra]]

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research - Revision history

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