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'''Tarka Shastra''' ({{lang|sa|तर्कशास्त्र}}, [[IAST]]: {{IAST|tarkaśāstra}}) is a [[Sanskrit]] term for the philosophy of [[dialectics]], [[logic]] and [[reasoning]], and art of [[debate]] that analyzes the nature and source of [[knowledge]] and its [[Validity (logic)|validity]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2014-01-29 |title=Tarkashastra, Tarka-shastra, Tarkaśāstra: 9 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/tarkashastra |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Shastra]]'' in Sanskrit means that which gives teaching, instruction or command. ''Tarka'' means debate or an [[argument]]. According to one reckoning, there are six shastras. [[Vyākaraṇa]] is one of them. Four of the shastras are particularly important: [[Vyākaraṇa]], [[Mīmāṃsā]], Tarka, and [[Vedanta]].<br />
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Tarka shastra has concepts called ''[[purva paksha]]'' and ''apara paksha''. When one raises a point (purva paksha) the other party criticizes it (apara paksha). Then the debate starts. Each one tries to support his point of view by getting various references. The meaning of the word ''tarka'' also is specific, in that it does not imply a pure logical analysis but a complex activity of discourse guided by strict definitions and goals.<br />
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''[[Tarka-Sangraha]]'' is a foundational text followed as guidelines for logic and discourse ever since it was composed in the second half of 17th century CE. ''Tarka'' may be translated as "hypothetical argument". Tarka is the process of questioning and cross-questioning that leads to a particular conclusion. It is a form of supposition that can be used as an aid to the attainment of valid knowledge.<br />
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There are several scholars renowned as well-versed in Tarka shastra: [[Adi Shankara]] (sixth century CE), [[Udyotakara]] (''Nyāyavārttika'', 6th–7th century), [[Vācaspati Miśra]] (''Tatparyatika'', 9th century), [[Ramanujacharya]] (9th century), [[Udayanacharya]] (''Tātparyaparishuddhi'', 10th century), [[Jayanta Bhatta]] (''Nyāyamanjari'', 9th century), [[Madhvacharya]] (13th century), Visvanatha (''Nyāyasūtravṛtti'', 17th century), Rādhāmohana Gosvāmī (''Nyāyasūtravivarana'', 18th century), and [[Kumaran Asan]] (1873–1924). Paruthiyur Krishna Sastri (1842–1911) and [[Sengalipuram Anantarama Dikshitar]] (1903–1969) specialized in Vyākaraṇa, Mīmāṃsā and Tarka shastra.<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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==Bibliography==<br />
[[JSTOR]]:<br />
*{{cite journal|last=Tucci|first=Giuseppe |authorlink=Giuseppe Tucci |title=Buddhist Logic before Diṅnāga (Asaṅga, Vasubandhu, Tarka-śāstras) |journal=[[The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]] |date=July 1929|volume=61|issue=3 |pages=451–488 |jstor=25193933|publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00151524 |oclc=729532565}}<br />
*{{cite journal|last=Vassiliev|first=Boris |title='Ju-shih Lun': A Logical Treatise Ascribed to Vasubandhu |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London |year=1937 |volume=8|issue=4|pages=1013–1037 |jstor=3488492|publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/s0041977x00082367}}<br />
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[[WorldCat]]:<br />
*Krishna Jain (2011). ''Tarka-śāstra: eka rūpa-rekhā'' (Raj Verma Sinha, translator) [''A textbook of logic: an introduction'']. Naī Dillī: Ḍī. Ke. Priṇṭavarlḍa. {{ISBN|9788124604274}}, {{ISBN|8124604274}},{{OCLC|769743700}} [language: Hindi, translated from 2007 English original {{ISBN|8124604266}}, {{ISBN|9788124604267}}, {{OCLC|636929116}}] <br />
*Pavitra Kumāra Śarmā (2007). ''Tarka śāstra''. Jayapura: Haṃsā Prakāśana. {{OCLC|309717739}} [language: Hindi]<br />
*Gulābarāya. ''Tarka śāstra''. Kāśī: Nāgarīpracāriṇī Sabhā. {{OCLC| 33938711}} [language: Hindi] (on Hindu logic)<br />
*George William Brown (1915). ''Hindi logic''. Jubbulpore: Christian Mission Press. {{OCLC|82179416}} [language: Hindi]<br />
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==External links==<br />
*[http://www.shastranethralaya.org Tarka Shastra - Shastra Nethralaya]<br />
*[http://www.kamakoti.org/hindudharma/part16/chap1.htm Samskara - The Forty Samskaras]<br />
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{{Indian philosophy}}<br />
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[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]<br />
[[Category:Hermeneutics]]<br />
[[Category:Ritual]]</div>Ajay Kumar