Tapishwar Narain Raina - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 06:12, 19 October 2022
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	{{short description\|Recipient of Maha Vir Chakra}}		{{short description\|Recipient of Maha Vir Chakra}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=September ~~2022~~}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=September 2015}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=September ~~2022~~}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=September 2015}}
	{{Infobox officeholder		{{Infobox officeholder
	\| honorific_prefix = [[General (India)\|General]]		\| honorific_prefix = [[General (India)\|General]]
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	[[General (India)\|General]] '''Tapishwar Narain Raina''' {{post-nominals\|country=IND\|sep=,\|size=100%\|MVC\|SM}} (24 January 1921 – 19 May 1980), best known as '''T.N. Raina''', was a senior [[Army ranks and insignia of India\|army officer]] and a diplomat who served as the 9th [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)\|Chief of the Army Staff]] of the [[Indian Army]] between 1975 and 1978.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=General Tapishwar Narain Raina - Bharat Rakshak - Indian Army & Land Forces\|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/personnel/chiefs/144-tn-raina.html\|website=www.bharat-rakshak.com\|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref>		[[General (India)\|General]] '''Tapishwar Narain Raina''' {{post-nominals\|country=IND\|sep=,\|size=100%\|MVC\|SM}} (24 January 1921 – 19 May 1980), best known as '''T.N. Raina''', was a senior [[Army ranks and insignia of India\|army officer]] and a diplomat who served as the 9th [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)\|Chief of the Army Staff]] of the [[Indian Army]] between 1975 and 1978.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=General Tapishwar Narain Raina - Bharat Rakshak - Indian Army & Land Forces\|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/personnel/chiefs/144-tn-raina.html\|website=www.bharat-rakshak.com\|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref>

	Upon retirement, he was appointed as the [[High Commissioner of India]] to [[Foreign relations of Canada\|Canada]]. He was a recipient of the third highest civilian honour of India, the [[Padma Bhushan]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web \| url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf \| title=Padma Awards \| publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India \| date=2015 \| access-date=July 21, ~~2022~~}}</ref>		Upon retirement, he was appointed as the [[High Commissioner of India]] to [[Foreign relations of Canada\|Canada]]. He was a recipient of the third highest civilian honour of India, the [[Padma Bhushan]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web \| url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf \| title=Padma Awards \| publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India \| date=2015 \| access-date=July 21, 2015}}</ref>

	==Early life and education==		==Early life and education==
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	==Career==		==Career==
	===Second World War===		===Second World War===
	On 1 May 1941, Raina was attached to the 10th Battalion of the [[8th Punjab Regiment]], but subsequently considered the air force and briefly served as a cadet in the [[Indian Air Force]] during July–August 1941.<ref name="retires"/> He then joined the Officers' Training School at Mhow.<ref name="retires"/> On 12 April 1942, Raina received an emergency commission as a second lieutenant in the 10th Battalion of [[19th Hyderabad Regiment]],<ref name="Indian_Army_List_42">{{cite book\|pages=1580\|title=Indian Army List for July 1942\|publisher=Government of India Press\|year=1942}}</ref> which became the [[Kumaon Regiment]] in 1948.<ref>{{cite news \|title= The Courage of 13 Kumaon \|url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-courage-of-13-kumaon/914107/4 \|publisher=Indianexpress.com \|date=20 Feb ~~2022~~}}</ref> Raina initially joined 10/19 Hyderabad, then at Agra, but was posted to 2/19 Hyderabad in December 1942.<ref name="retires"/> In March 1943, he was posted to 1/19 Hyderabad, stationed in Iraq.<ref name="retires"/> 1/19 Hyderabad was then part of the [[24th Indian Infantry Brigade]], attached to the 6th Indian Infantry Division. By the time Raina joined his battalion in Iraq, the major actions in which [[Iraqforce]] had been involved in were over. While at [[Kirkuk]], Raina was seriously wounded in a grenade-throwing accident which left him with severe wounds in his thighs and resulted in the loss of an eye.<ref name="retires"/> He had a glass eye in place for the rest of his career in the army.{{Citation needed\|date= June 2022}}		On 1 May 1941, Raina was attached to the 10th Battalion of the [[8th Punjab Regiment]], but subsequently considered the air force and briefly served as a cadet in the [[Indian Air Force]] during July–August 1941.<ref name="retires"/> He then joined the Officers' Training School at Mhow.<ref name="retires"/> On 12 April 1942, Raina received an emergency commission as a second lieutenant in the 10th Battalion of [[19th Hyderabad Regiment]],<ref name="Indian_Army_List_42">{{cite book\|pages=1580\|title=Indian Army List for July 1942\|publisher=Government of India Press\|year=1942}}</ref> which became the [[Kumaon Regiment]] in 1948.<ref>{{cite news \|title= The Courage of 13 Kumaon \|url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-courage-of-13-kumaon/914107/4 \|publisher=Indianexpress.com \|date=20 Feb 2012}}</ref> Raina initially joined 10/19 Hyderabad, then at Agra, but was posted to 2/19 Hyderabad in December 1942.<ref name="retires"/> In March 1943, he was posted to 1/19 Hyderabad, stationed in Iraq.<ref name="retires"/> 1/19 Hyderabad was then part of the [[24th Indian Infantry Brigade]], attached to the 6th Indian Infantry Division. By the time Raina joined his battalion in Iraq, the major actions in which [[Iraqforce]] had been involved in were over. While at [[Kirkuk]], Raina was seriously wounded in a grenade-throwing accident which left him with severe wounds in his thighs and resulted in the loss of an eye.<ref name="retires"/> He had a glass eye in place for the rest of his career in the army.{{Citation needed\|date= June 2022}}

	In July 1944, Raina's battalion returned to India and was attached to the [[26th Indian Infantry Brigade]], which that December was sent to Burma attached to the [[36th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)\|36th Indian Infantry Division]]<ref name="retires"/> He was [[mentioned in dispatches]] for his service in the [[Burma Campaign]].<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=37558 \|supp=y\|page=2222\|date=7 May 1946}}</ref>		In July 1944, Raina's battalion returned to India and was attached to the [[26th Indian Infantry Brigade]], which that December was sent to Burma attached to the [[36th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)\|36th Indian Infantry Division]]<ref name="retires"/> He was [[mentioned in dispatches]] for his service in the [[Burma Campaign]].<ref>{{London Gazette\|issue=37558 \|supp=y\|page=2222\|date=7 May 1946}}</ref>

	===Post-Independence===		===Post-Independence===
	He was the Brigade Commander at [[Chushul]] in [[Ladakh]] during November 1962. He was awarded the [[Maha Vir Chakra]] for his handling of the Battle of [[Chushul]]. He was a veteran of the [[Sino-Indian War\|1962 war]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971\|1971 war]]s.<ref name=IndianArmy>{{cite web \|url= http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PTC2C.aspx?MnId=JDVp5MdpeiA2FxK7HbGXkA==&ParentID=7PyXNARie53Sgis+r/ml3A== \|title= Chief of Army Staff \|publisher=Indian Army Official Website \|date=19 Jun 2012 \|access-date=19 June ~~2022~~}}</ref>		He was the Brigade Commander at [[Chushul]] in [[Ladakh]] during November 1962. He was awarded the [[Maha Vir Chakra]] for his handling of the Battle of [[Chushul]]. He was a veteran of the [[Sino-Indian War\|1962 war]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971\|1971 war]]s.<ref name=IndianArmy>{{cite web \|url= http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PTC2C.aspx?MnId=JDVp5MdpeiA2FxK7HbGXkA==&ParentID=7PyXNARie53Sgis+r/ml3A== \|title= Chief of Army Staff \|publisher=Indian Army Official Website \|date=19 Jun 2012 \|access-date=19 June 2012}}</ref>

	On 5 January 1965, Lieutenant-Colonel Raina was appointed Brigadier General Staff (BGS) of the [[XXXIII Corps (India)\|XXXIII Corps]] in [[West Bengal]].<ref>[http://www.indiadefence.com/aulakh.htm Obituary to a Hero] India Defence</ref><ref name="brig_appt">{{cite news \|title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) \|page=107 \|date=27 February 1965 \|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1965/O-1729-1965-0009-79009.pdf \|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>		On 5 January 1965, Lieutenant-Colonel Raina was appointed Brigadier General Staff (BGS) of the [[XXXIII Corps (India)\|XXXIII Corps]] in [[West Bengal]].<ref>[http://www.indiadefence.com/aulakh.htm Obituary to a Hero] India Defence</ref><ref name="brig_appt">{{cite news \|title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) \|page=107 \|date=27 February 1965 \|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1965/O-1729-1965-0009-79009.pdf \|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>

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{{short description|Recipient of Maha Vir Chakra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[General (India)|General]]
| name = Tapishwar Narain Raina
| honorific_suffix = [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]] [[Sena Medal|SM]]
| office = 9th [[Chief of Army Staff (India)]]
| term_start = 1 June 1975
| term_end = 31 May 1978
| primeminister = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| predecessor = [[Gopal Gurunath Bewoor|General G G Bewoor]]
| successor = [[Om Prakash Malhotra|General O P Malhotra]]
| office2 = High Commissioner of India to Canada
| primeminister2 = [[Morarji Desai]]
| term_start2 = February 1979
| term_end2 = May 1980
| predecessor2 = Mahboob Ahmad
| successor2 = G.S. Dhillon
| caption =
| image = General_Tapishwar_Narain_Raina.jpg
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1921|01|24}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1980|05|19|1921|1|24}}<ref>http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PTC2C.aspx?MnId=JDVp5MdpeiA2FxK7HbGXkA==&ParentID=7PyXNARie53Sgis+r/ml3A==</ref>
| allegiance = {{flag|British India}} {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|British Raj}} {{air force|India}} {{army|India}}
| rank = [[File:General of the Indian Army.svg|15px]] [[General (India)|General]]
| military_blank1 = [[Service number]]
| military_data1 = IC-1850<ref name="brig_appt"/>
| serviceyears = 1941–1978
| unit = [[8th Punjab Regiment]] [[19th Hyderabad Regiment]] [[Kumaon Regiment]]
| commands = [[File:IA_Western_Command.svg|20px]] [[Western Command (India)|Western Army]] [[II Corps (India)|II Corps]] [[25th Infantry Division (India)|25th Division]] 114 Infantry Brigade [[Kumaon Regiment|14 Kumaon]]
| battles = [[World War II]] [[Sino-Indian War]] [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1965]] [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1971]]
| awards = [[File:IND Padma Bhushan BAR.png|23px]] [[Padma Bhushan]] [[File:Maha Vir Chakra ribbon.svg|23px]] [[Maha Vir Chakra]] [[Mentioned in dispatches]]}}
[[General (India)|General]] '''Tapishwar Narain Raina''' [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]], [[Sena Medal|SM]] (24 January 1921 – 19 May 1980), best known as '''T.N. Raina''', was a senior [[Army ranks and insignia of India|army officer]] and a diplomat who served as the 9th [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] of the [[Indian Army]] between 1975 and 1978.<ref>{{Cite web|title=General Tapishwar Narain Raina - Bharat Rakshak - Indian Army & Land Forces|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/personnel/chiefs/144-tn-raina.html|website=www.bharat-rakshak.com|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref>

Upon retirement, he was appointed as the [[High Commissioner of India]] to [[Foreign relations of Canada|Canada]]. He was a recipient of the third highest civilian honour of India, the [[Padma Bhushan]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=July 21, 2015}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Raina was born in a [[Kashmiri Pandit]] family on 24 January 1921,<ref>{{cite book|pages=600(s2)|title=Indian Army List for July 1942|publisher=Government of India Press|year=1942}}</ref> the son of Rai Bahadur A. N. Raina, sometime Postmaster-General of Punjab.<ref name="retires">{{cite web|title=General Raina Retires|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1978-APR-AUG-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-2/PDF/DEF-1978-05-30_082.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India|date=30 May 1978|access-date=28 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="morale">{{cite news |date=31 January 1978 |title=Morale of Indian Army continues to be high: General Tapishwar Narain Raina |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/interview/story/19780131-morale-of-indian-army-continues-to-be-high-general-tapishwar-narain-raina-822816-2014-10-15 |work=India Today|access-date=28 January 2021}}</ref> He received his early education in [[Ludhiana]], where his father had been posted as Head Postmaster.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000625/ldh1.htm#5 Little Known facts about Ludhianvis] The Tribune, Dated 25 June 2000</ref> While a college student in Lahore, at the [[University of the Punjab]], Raina joined the 4th Punjab University Training Corps in October 1938.<ref name="retires"/>

==Career==
===Second World War===
On 1 May 1941, Raina was attached to the 10th Battalion of the [[8th Punjab Regiment]], but subsequently considered the air force and briefly served as a cadet in the [[Indian Air Force]] during July-August 1941.<ref name="retires"/> He then joined the Officers' Training School at Mhow.<ref name="retires"/> On 12 April 1942, Raina received an emergency commission as a second lieutenant in the 10th Battalion of [[19th Hyderabad Regiment]],<ref name="Indian_Army_List_42">{{cite book|pages=1580|title=Indian Army List for July 1942|publisher=Government of India Press|year=1942}}</ref> which became the [[Kumaon Regiment]] in 1948.<ref>{{cite news |title= The Courage of 13 Kumaon |url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-courage-of-13-kumaon/914107/4 |publisher=Indianexpress.com |date=20 Feb 2012}}</ref> Raina initially joined 10/19 Hyderabad, then at Agra, but was posted to 2/19 Hyderabad in December 1942.<ref name="retires"/> In March 1943, he was posted to 1/19 Hyderabad, stationed in Iraq.<ref name="retires"/> 1/19 Hyderabad was then part of the [[24th Indian Infantry Brigade]], attached to the 6th Indian Infantry Division. By the time Raina joined his battalion in Iraq, the major actions in which [[Iraqforce]] had been involved in were over. While at [[Kirkuk]], Raina was seriously wounded in a grenade-throwing accident which left him with severe wounds in his thighs and resulted in the loss of an eye.<ref name="retires"/> He had a glass eye in place for the rest of his career in the army.

In July 1944, Raina's battalion returned to India and was attached to the [[26th Indian Infantry Brigade]], which that December was sent to Burma attached to the [[36th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|36th Indian Infantry Division]]<ref name="retires"/> He was [[mentioned in dispatches]] for his service in the [[Burma Campaign]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37558 |supp=y|page=2222|date=7 May 1946}}</ref>

===Post-Independence===
He was the Brigade Commander at [[Chushul]] in [[Ladakh]] during November 1962. He was awarded the [[Maha Vir Chakra]] for his handling of the Battle of [[Chushul]]. He was a veteran of the [[Sino-Indian War|1962 war]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 war]]s.<ref name=IndianArmy>{{cite web |url= http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTemp1PTC2C.aspx?MnId=JDVp5MdpeiA2FxK7HbGXkA==&ParentID=7PyXNARie53Sgis+r/ml3A== |title= Chief of Army Staff |publisher=Indian Army Official Website |date=19 Jun 2012 |access-date=19 June 2012}}</ref>

On 5 January 1965, Lieutenant-Colonel Raina was appointed Brigadier General Staff (BGS) of the [[XXXIII Corps (India)|XXXIII Corps]] in [[West Bengal]].<ref>[http://www.indiadefence.com/aulakh.htm Obituary to a Hero] India Defence</ref><ref name="brig_appt">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=107 |date=27 February 1965 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1965/O-1729-1965-0009-79009.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>

On 7 October 1971, Raina was appointed [[General Officer Commanding]] of [[II Corps (India)|II Corps]] in the Khulna sector, with the acting rank of [[Lieutenant General]].<ref name="corps_appt">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=955 |date=1 July 1972 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> Raina was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] for his contributions in the War.

Raina was appointed GOC-in-C, Western Command on 27 October 1973.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=235 |date=23 February 1974 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> He served as the Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army from 1 June 1975 to 31 May 1978.

During his tenure as the COAS, the central government led by [[Indira Gandhi]] declared a state of national emergency in [[India]]. Before the imposition of the emergency, it is believed that the Prime Minister asked for the Army's support in the venture, but General Raina bluntly told the Prime Minister ''that the army would not be used to 'further her ends' but obey only those orders of a 'legally construed government.' '' . This was considered a crucial moment that kept the Indian Army out of politics at a critical juncture.<ref>[http://www.staff.brad.ac.uk/akundu/books/book1.htm Militarism in India:The Army and Civil Society in Consensus] by Apurba Kundu {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060930235729/http://www.staff.brad.ac.uk/akundu/books/book1.htm |date=30 September 2006 }}</ref>

==Later life==
Raina died on 19 May 1980 in [[Ottawa]], while serving as India's High Commissioner to Canada.<ref name=IndianArmy />

==Personal life==
On 25 February 1949, Raina married Marie Antoinette Florence Kurt, who was French. The couple had a son, Jyotishwar Narain (1949–March 1974) and a daughter, Anita (born 1952). Jyoti Narain, who followed his father into the Army and joined his old regiment, was killed in a motorcycle accident in March 1974.<ref name="retires"/><ref name="morale"/>

==Awards and decorations==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award‐star|ribbon=IND Padma Bhushan BAR.png|width=106}}
|[[File:Maha Vir Chakra ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:Sena Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Samar_Seva_Star_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}

|-
|[[File:IND Poorvi Star Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[File:IND Sangram Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Indian_Independence_medal_1947.svg|width=106}}
|[[File:IND 25th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]]
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}

|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon_-_1939-45_Star.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon_-_Burma_Star.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon_-_War_Medal_%26_MiD.png|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon_India_Service_Medal.png|width=106}}

|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|[[Padma Bhushan]]
|[[Maha Vir Chakra]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sena Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Samar Seva Star]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Poorvi Star]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Special Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sangram Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sainya Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Indian Independence Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|25th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|-
|[[1939–1945 Star]]
|[[Burma Star]]
|[[War Medal 1939–1945]]
|[[India Service Medal]]
|}

==Dates of rank==
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-1a.svg|15px]] || [[Second lieutenant#United Kingdom & other Commonwealth countries|Second Lieutenant]] || [[British Indian Army]] || 12 April 1942 (emergency)<ref name="Indian_Army_List_42"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-1b.svg|15px]] || [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|Lieutenant]] || British Indian Army || 1943 (war-substantive) 2 June 1947 (substantive)
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-2.svg|15px]] || [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]] || British Indian Army || 1944 (acting)
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-1b.svg|15px]] || Lieutenant || [[Indian Army]] || 15 August 1947<ref name="insignia" group="note">Upon independence in 1947, India became a [[Dominion of India|Dominion]] within the British [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. As a result, the rank insignia of the [[British Army]], incorporating the [[Tudor Crown (heraldry)|Tudor Crown]] and four-pointed [[Order of the Bath|Bath Star]] ("pip"), was retained, as [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]] remained Commander-in-Chief of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. After 26 January 1950, when India became a [[Republic of India|republic]], the [[President of India]] became Commander-in-Chief, and the [[Lion Capital of Asoka|Ashoka Lion]] replaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip."</ref><ref name="insignia_designs"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-2.svg|15px]] || Captain || Indian Army || 12 April 1948<ref name="insignia" group="note">Upon independence in 1947, India became a [[Dominion of India|Dominion]] within the British [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. As a result, the rank insignia of the [[British Army]], incorporating the [[Tudor Crown (heraldry)|Tudor Crown]] and four-pointed [[Order of the Bath|Bath Star]] ("pip"), was retained, as [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]] remained Commander-in-Chief of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. After 26 January 1950, when India became a [[Republic of India|republic]], the [[President of India]] became Commander-in-Chief, and the [[Lion Capital of Asoka|Ashoka Lion]] replaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip."</ref><ref name="insignia_designs"/>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Captain_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|15px]] || Captain || Indian Army || 26 January 1950 (recommissioning and change in insignia)<ref name="insignia_designs">{{cite web|title=New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Services|url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193914/http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=227 |date=11 February 1950 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|15px]] || [[Major]] || Indian Army || 12 April 1955<ref name="maj">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=131 |date=2 July 1955 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1955/O-2199-1955-0027-100826.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|15px]] || [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] || Indian Army || 12 April 1958<ref name="lt_col">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=217 |date=27 August 1960 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1960/O-1947-1960-0035-87643.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|15px]] || [[Colonel]] || Indian Army || 29 August 1964<ref name="col">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=583 |date=13 November 1965 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1965/O-1728-1965-0046-78951.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Brigadier_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|15px]] || [[Brigadier]] || Indian Army || 1962 (acting) 5 January 1965 (acting)<ref name="brig_appt"/> 1 May 1965 (substantive)<ref name="brig">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=211 |date=2 April 1966 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1966/O-1663-1966-0014-75835.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|15px]] || [[Major general#India|Major General]] || Indian Army || 19 January 1966 (acting)<ref name="actg_maj_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=193 |date=26 March 1966|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1966/O-1662-1966-0013-75789.pdf|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> 14 October 1967 (substantive)<ref name="maj_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=76 |date=3 February 1968|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1968/O-1535-1968-0005-68797.pdf|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|15px]] || [[Lieutenant-General]] || Indian Army || 7 October 1971 (acting)<ref name="corps_appt"/> 20 May 1972 (substantive)<ref name="lt_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1226 |date=19 August 1972|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1972/O-1321-1972-0034-58880.pdf|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|15px]] || [[General (India)|General]] (COAS) || Indian Army || 1 June 1975<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=867 |date=5 July 1975|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1975/O-1205-1975-0027-53964.pdf|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120219001701/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Personnel/Chiefs/144-TN-Raina.html Bio of General Tapishwar Narain Raina] on [[Bharat Rakshak]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060310074612/http://www.regiments.org/biography/defchiefs/in2CinC.htm Chronological list of Indian Commanders-in-Chief since 1947]

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Gopal Gurunath Bewoor]]
|title = [[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army|Chief of Army Staff]]
| years = 1975–1978
| after = [[Om Prakash Malhotra]]}}
{{succession box
| before = M L Thapan
|title = [[General_officer_commanding#Usage_in_the_Indian_Army|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]]
| years = 1973–1975
| after = [[Inderjit Singh Gill]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Chief of the Army Staff India}}
{{1971 Indo-Pak War}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raina, Tapishwar Narain}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian diplomats]]
[[Category:People from Srinagar]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Army Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Maha Vir Chakra]]
[[Category:Generals of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:High Commissioners of India to Canada]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:Alumni of the National Defence College, India]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:12, 30 December 2021
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	\| allegiance = {{flag\|British India}}<br/> {{flag\|India}}		\| allegiance = {{flag\|British India}}<br/> {{flag\|India}}
	\| branch = {{army\|British Raj}}<br>{{air force\|India}}<br>{{army\|India}}		\| branch = {{army\|British Raj}}<br>{{air force\|India}}<br>{{army\|India}}
	\| rank = [[File:General of the Indian Army.svg\|~~15px~~]] [[General (India)\|General]]		\| rank = [[File:General of the Indian Army.svg\|23px]] [[General (India)\|General]]
	\| military_blank1 = [[Service number]]		\| military_blank1 = [[Service number]]
	\| military_data1 = IC-1850<ref name="brig_appt"/>		\| military_data1 = IC-1850<ref name="brig_appt"/>
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	! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank		! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank
	\|-		\|-
	\|align="center" \|[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-1a.svg\|~~15px~~]] \|\| [[Second lieutenant#United Kingdom & other Commonwealth countries\|Second Lieutenant]] \|\| [[British Indian Army]] \|\| 12 April 1942 (emergency)<ref name="Indian_Army_List_42"/>		\|align="center" \|[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-1a.svg\|35px]] \|\| [[Second lieutenant#United Kingdom & other Commonwealth countries\|Second Lieutenant]] \|\| [[British Indian Army]] \|\| 12 April 1942 (emergency)<ref name="Indian_Army_List_42"/>
	\|-		\|-
	\|align="center" \|[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-1b.svg\|~~15px~~]] \|\| [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)\|Lieutenant]] \|\| British Indian Army \|\| 1943 (war-substantive)<br>2 June 1947 (substantive)		\|align="center" \|[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-1b.svg\|35px]] \|\| [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)\|Lieutenant]] \|\| British Indian Army \|\| 1943 (war-substantive)<br>2 June 1947 (substantive)
	\|-		\|-
	\|align="center" \|[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-2.svg\|~~15px~~]] \|\| [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)\|Captain]] \|\| British Indian Army \|\| 1944 (acting)		\|align="center" \|[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-2.svg\|35px]] \|\| [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)\|Captain]] \|\| British Indian Army \|\| 1944 (acting)
	\|-		\|-
	\|align="center" \|[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-1b.svg\|~~15px~~]] \|\| Lieutenant \|\| [[Indian Army]] \|\| 15 August 1947<ref name="insignia" group="note">Upon independence in 1947, India became a [[Dominion of India\|Dominion]] within the British [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. As a result, the rank insignia of the [[British Army]], incorporating the [[Tudor Crown (heraldry)\|Tudor Crown]] and four-pointed [[Order of the Bath\|Bath Star]] ("pip"), was retained, as [[George VI of the United Kingdom\|George VI]] remained Commander-in-Chief of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. After 26 January 1950, when India became a [[Republic of India\|republic]], the [[President of India]] became Commander-in-Chief, and the [[Lion Capital of Asoka\|Ashoka Lion]] replaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip."</ref><ref name="insignia_designs"/>		\|align="center" \|[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-1b.svg\|35px]] \|\| Lieutenant \|\| [[Indian Army]] \|\| 15 August 1947<ref name="insignia" group="note">Upon independence in 1947, India became a [[Dominion of India\|Dominion]] within the British [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. As a result, the rank insignia of the [[British Army]], incorporating the [[Tudor Crown (heraldry)\|Tudor Crown]] and four-pointed [[Order of the Bath\|Bath Star]] ("pip"), was retained, as [[George VI of the United Kingdom\|George VI]] remained Commander-in-Chief of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. After 26 January 1950, when India became a [[Republic of India\|republic]], the [[President of India]] became Commander-in-Chief, and the [[Lion Capital of Asoka\|Ashoka Lion]] replaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip."</ref><ref name="insignia_designs"/>
	\|-		\|-
	\|align="center" \|[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-2.svg\|~~15px~~]] \|\| Captain \|\| Indian Army \|\| 12 April 1948<ref name="insignia" group="note">Upon independence in 1947, India became a [[Dominion of India\|Dominion]] within the British [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. As a result, the rank insignia of the [[British Army]], incorporating the [[Tudor Crown (heraldry)\|Tudor Crown]] and four-pointed [[Order of the Bath\|Bath Star]] ("pip"), was retained, as [[George VI of the United Kingdom\|George VI]] remained Commander-in-Chief of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. After 26 January 1950, when India became a [[Republic of India\|republic]], the [[President of India]] became Commander-in-Chief, and the [[Lion Capital of Asoka\|Ashoka Lion]] replaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip."</ref><ref name="insignia_designs"/>		\|align="center" \|[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-2.svg\|35px]] \|\| Captain \|\| Indian Army \|\| 12 April 1948<ref name="insignia" group="note">Upon independence in 1947, India became a [[Dominion of India\|Dominion]] within the British [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. As a result, the rank insignia of the [[British Army]], incorporating the [[Tudor Crown (heraldry)\|Tudor Crown]] and four-pointed [[Order of the Bath\|Bath Star]] ("pip"), was retained, as [[George VI of the United Kingdom\|George VI]] remained Commander-in-Chief of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. After 26 January 1950, when India became a [[Republic of India\|republic]], the [[President of India]] became Commander-in-Chief, and the [[Lion Capital of Asoka\|Ashoka Lion]] replaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip."</ref><ref name="insignia_designs"/>
	\|-		\|-
	\|align="center" \|[[File:Captain_of_the_Indian_Army.svg\|~~15px~~]] \|\| Captain \|\| Indian Army \|\| 26 January 1950 (recommissioning and change in insignia)<ref name="insignia_designs">{{cite web\|title=New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Services\|url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf\|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193914/http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf\|archive-date=8 August 2017\|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) \|page=227 \|date=11 February 1950 \|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>		\|align="center" \|[[File:Captain_of_the_Indian_Army.svg\|35px]] \|\| Captain \|\| Indian Army \|\| 26 January 1950 (recommissioning and change in insignia)<ref name="insignia_designs">{{cite web\|title=New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Services\|url=http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf\|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193914/http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdf\|archive-date=8 August 2017\|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) \|page=227 \|date=11 February 1950 \|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	\|align="center" \|[[File:Major_of_the_Indian_Army.svg\|~~15px~~]] \|\| [[Major]] \|\| Indian Army \|\| 12 April 1955<ref name="maj">{{cite news \|title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) \|page=131 \|date=2 July 1955 \|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1955/O-2199-1955-0027-100826.pdf \|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>		\|align="center" \|[[File:Major_of_the_Indian_Army.svg\|35px]] \|\| [[Major]] \|\| Indian Army \|\| 12 April 1955<ref name="maj">{{cite news \|title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) \|page=131 \|date=2 July 1955 \|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1955/O-2199-1955-0027-100826.pdf \|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	\|align="center" \|[[File:Lieutenant_Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg\|~~15px~~]] \|\| [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] \|\| Indian Army \|\| 12 April 1958<ref name="lt_col">{{cite news \|title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) \|page=217 \|date=27 August 1960 \|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1960/O-1947-1960-0035-87643.pdf \|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>		\|align="center" \|[[File:Lieutenant_Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg\|35px]] \|\| [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] \|\| Indian Army \|\| 12 April 1958<ref name="lt_col">{{cite news \|title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) \|page=217 \|date=27 August 1960 \|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1960/O-1947-1960-0035-87643.pdf \|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	\|align="center" \|[[File:Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg\|~~15px~~]] \|\| [[Colonel]] \|\| Indian Army \|\| 29 August 1964<ref name="col">{{cite news \|title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) \|page=583 \|date=13 November 1965 \|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1965/O-1728-1965-0046-78951.pdf \|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>		\|align="center" \|[[File:Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg\|35px]] \|\| [[Colonel]] \|\| Indian Army \|\| 29 August 1964<ref name="col">{{cite news \|title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) \|page=583 \|date=13 November 1965 \|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1965/O-1728-1965-0046-78951.pdf \|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	\|align="center" \|[[File:Brigadier_of_the_Indian_Army.svg\|~~15px~~]] \|\| [[Brigadier]] \|\| Indian Army \|\| 1962 (acting)<br>5 January 1965 (acting)<ref name="brig_appt"/><br>1 May 1965 (substantive)<ref name="brig">{{cite news \|title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) \|page=211 \|date=2 April 1966 \|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1966/O-1663-1966-0014-75835.pdf \|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>		\|align="center" \|[[File:Brigadier_of_the_Indian_Army.svg\|35px]] \|\| [[Brigadier]] \|\| Indian Army \|\| 1962 (acting)<br>5 January 1965 (acting)<ref name="brig_appt"/><br>1 May 1965 (substantive)<ref name="brig">{{cite news \|title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) \|page=211 \|date=2 April 1966 \|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1966/O-1663-1966-0014-75835.pdf \|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	\|align="center" \|[[File:Major_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg\|~~15px~~]] \|\| [[Major general#India\|Major General]] \|\| Indian Army \|\| 19 January 1966 (acting)<ref name="actg_maj_gen">{{cite news \|title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) \|page=193 \|date=26 March 1966\|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1966/O-1662-1966-0013-75789.pdf\|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><br>14 October 1967 (substantive)<ref name="maj_gen">{{cite news \|title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) \|page=76 \|date=3 February 1968\|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1968/O-1535-1968-0005-68797.pdf\|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>		\|align="center" \|[[File:Major_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg\|35px]] \|\| [[Major general#India\|Major General]] \|\| Indian Army \|\| 19 January 1966 (acting)<ref name="actg_maj_gen">{{cite news \|title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) \|page=193 \|date=26 March 1966\|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1966/O-1662-1966-0013-75789.pdf\|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><br>14 October 1967 (substantive)<ref name="maj_gen">{{cite news \|title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) \|page=76 \|date=3 February 1968\|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1968/O-1535-1968-0005-68797.pdf\|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	\|align="center" \|[[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg\|~~15px~~]] \|\| [[Lieutenant-General]] \|\| Indian Army \|\| 7 October 1971 (acting)<ref name="corps_appt"/><br>20 May 1972 (substantive)<ref name="lt_gen">{{cite news \|title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) \|page=1226 \|date=19 August 1972\|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1972/O-1321-1972-0034-58880.pdf\|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>		\|align="center" \|[[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg\|35px]] \|\| [[Lieutenant-General]] \|\| Indian Army \|\| 7 October 1971 (acting)<ref name="corps_appt"/><br>20 May 1972 (substantive)<ref name="lt_gen">{{cite news \|title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) \|page=1226 \|date=19 August 1972\|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1972/O-1321-1972-0034-58880.pdf\|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	\|align="center" \|[[File:General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg\|~~15px~~]] \|\| [[General (India)\|General]]<br>(COAS) \|\| Indian Army \|\| 1 June 1975<ref>{{cite news \|title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) \|page=867 \|date=5 July 1975\|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1975/O-1205-1975-0027-53964.pdf\|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>		\|align="center" \|[[File:General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg\|35px]] \|\| [[General (India)\|General]]<br>(COAS) \|\| Indian Army \|\| 1 June 1975<ref>{{cite news \|title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) \|page=867 \|date=5 July 1975\|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1975/O-1205-1975-0027-53964.pdf\|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	\|}		\|}