Tangtse - Revision history

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{{other uses|Taktsé (disambiguation){{!}}Taktsé}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tangtse
| native_name = Drangtse
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Ladakh#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ladakh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|34.0301500|78.1677300 |display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Leh district|Leh]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Durbok|Durbuk]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh|Councillor]]
| leader_name = Tashi Namgyal Yakzee<ref name=Tashi>{{cite web |title=Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh (Executive Council and Councillors) |url=https://ladakh.nic.in/ladakh-autonomous-hill-development-council-leh/ |website=Union Territory of Ladakh, Government of India. |access-date=10 December 2020}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 681
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 874
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Tangtse'''<ref>
{{harvp|Cunningham, Ladak|1854|p=272}}; {{harvp|Phartiyal, Singh & Nag, Trans- and Tethyan Himalayan Rivers|2017|pp=375–376}}
</ref>
('''Tanktse'''<ref>
{{harvp|Drew, The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories|1875|pp=327–328}}; {{harvp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=109}}
</ref>
or '''Tankse'''<ref>
{{harvp|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890|p=810}}; {{harvp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|loc=p. 33, footnote}}
</ref>){{efn|Alternative spellings include '''Tangtsi''',<ref name=Amenity/> '''Tagste''',<ref name="census_2011"/> and '''Trangste'''.{{Sfn|Bruneau|Bellezza|2013|p=23}}
'''Drangtse''',{{sfnp|Charak, General Zorawar Singh|1983|pp=104–105}}{{sfnp|Handa, Buddhist Western Himalaya|2001|p=204}} '''Bran-rtse'''{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=33}} and '''Btang-rtse'''/'''Thang-rtse'''{{Sfn|Bruneau|Bellezza|2013|p=21}} appear to be older spellings.|name=|group=}}
is a village in the [[Leh district]] of [[Ladakh]], [[India]].<ref name=Amenity>
{{cite web |url=http://leh.nic.in/depts/villageamenitydirectory.pdf |title=Blockwise Village Amenity Directory |publisher=Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council |access-date=2015-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909100301/http://leh.nic.in/depts/villageamenitydirectory.pdf |archive-date=9 September 2016 |url-status=dead }}
</ref> It is located in the [[Durbok|Durbuk]] [[tehsil]]. Traditionally, it was regarded as the border between the [[Nubra]] region to the north and the [[Pangong Tso|Pangong]] region to the south. It was a site of wars between Ladakh and Tibet.

During the Jammu and Kashmir [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|princely rule]], Tangtse was the headquarters of an ''ilaqa'' (subdistrict), whose territory included the [[Pangong Lake]] area, the [[Chang Chenmo Valley]] and the [[Aksai Chin]] plateau. Tangtse was also a major halting place on the trade route to Yarkand via the Chang Chenmo Valley.

Tangtse is one of the 26 constituencies of the [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh|Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council]] of the Leh district. Following the [[2020 Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh election|2020 election]], the Councillor for Tangste is Tashi Namgyal Yakzee, who is also in the Executive Council.<ref name=Tashi />

==Geography==
[[File:Tangtse-map.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Topographic map of the Tangtse area, showing the Tangtse fault and the Pangong fault; the edge of the Pangong Lake can be seen at the bottom right]]
[[File:Pangong-west-US-Army-map-1954.jpg|thumb|right|280px|The Topographic map of the area shows the Tangtse fault (Loi Yogma valley), the Pangong Range and the Pangong Lake. The Tangtse area is at the norwestern corner of the map, with the village itself being further north (not shown)]]
[[File:Tangtse near Lukung, Ladakh.JPG|thumb|right|280px|Road sign outside Tangtse, showing routes to Lukung (Pangong Lake) and Chushul (via the Loi Yogma valley)]]

Tangtse is located at the intersection of two major strands of the [[Karakoram fault system]], called the Tangtse fault and the Pangong fault. The two faults sandwich the [[Pangong Range]], at the northern periphery of which lies the village of Tangtse.{{sfnp|Dortch et al., Catastrophic partial drainage of Pangong Tso|2011|p=111}}

The Tangtse fault is home to the ''Lung'' or ''Long'' valley, divided into three sections: ''Long Kongma'', ''Long Parma'' and ''Long Yogma'' (the upper, middle and lower sections).{{efn|See {{harvp|Strachey, Physical Geography of Western Tibet|1854|p=26}} for the terminology of valleys. {{harvp|Moorcroft & Trebeck, Travels in the Himalayan Provinces, Vol. 1|1841|pp=445–448}} contains a description of the valley.}} In modern maps, the entire valley is labelled as '''Loi Yogma''' without any division into sections. The '''Tangtse River''' (or ''Lung Chu'') flows through the valley, draining the western slopes of the Pangong Range as well as the eastern slopes of the Ladakh Range. It flows past Tangtse to join the [[Shyok River]] near [[Durbuk]].

The Pangong fault was once home to a "Pangong River" which flowed through this valley during the [[pleistocene]]. But the river has since been dammed by tectonic activity and has turned into the [[Pangong Lake]]. The valley of the erstwhile effluent of the lake now houses the Mughlib stream, which joins the Tangtse River near the village of Tangtse.<ref>
{{harvp|Cunningham, Ladak|1854|pp=136–137}}: "In former ages there can be no doubt that the Pangkong Lake had an outlet at its north-western extremity, through a gorge in the limestone cliffs, into the present scanty stream that passes by Muglib [Mughlib], and joins the Shayok river just above the village, which gives its name to the stream. At some remote period, therefore, the waters of the Pangkong Lake must have been fresh; a fact which has been placed beyond all doubt by Captain H. Strachey's discovery of fossil shells of the Lymnaea auricularia in the ancient clay deposits above the present level of the lake."
</ref><ref>
{{harvp|Dortch et al., Catastrophic partial drainage of Pangong Tso|2011|p=111}}: "Pangong Tso is in a closed basin (Shi et al., 2001), but it fed the Tangtse River during the Pleistocene. The Tangtse River now receives most of its waters from melting glaciers on the northern side of the Pangong Range and waters from the Loi Yogma valley."
</ref><ref>
{{harvp|Searle, Colliding Continents|2013}}: "The lake had been formed when a series of large earthquakes had dammed the Pangong River. In one small sector successive earthquakes had resulted in an uplifted segment of the valley and forced the river to flow in the opposite direction for a small distance. The Pangong Tso was dammed and then filled up, since it had no outlet. Spectacular outcrops of gneisses, mylonites, and a series of leucogranite dykes were beautifully exposed along the valley walls."
</ref>
Even though the Ladakhis had no knowledge of the erstwhile "Pangong River" (it having predated the birth of humanity), they preserve a myth that the waters flowing into the Mughlib stream, from a "scanty spring at Wangtong", represent the filtered waters of the Pangong Lake.<ref>
{{harvp|Strachey, Physical Geography of Western Tibet|1854|pp=46–47}}: "... the first appearance of the Muglib rivulet in a scanty spring at Wangtong, being 7 or 8 miles; and the spring, being sub-saline, is considered by the Tibetan inhabitants as a filtration of the lake water."
</ref>
The Ladakhis thus regard the Tangtse village lying at the northwestern end of the Pangong Lake.<ref>
{{harvp|Charak, General Zorawar Singh|1983|pp=104–105}}: "After withdrawing from Leh and other strongholds, the Tibetans and their Ladakhi accomplices gathered under General Pi-hsi at ''Drangtse near the western end of the Pangkong lake''... "
</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Tanktse-Loi-Yogma-Chushul-by-Strachey-1851.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Tanktse, Chushul and the Loi Yogma valley in between ([[Henry Strachey (explorer)|Strachey]], 1851)]]

Tangtse lies at the border between the [[Nubra]] region (traditionally called ''Dumra'') and the Pangong region. It played a key role in the two wars between the Ladakhis and Tibetans, the [[Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War]] (1679–1684) and the [[Dogra–Tibetan War]] (1841–1842).

=== Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War ===
In 1679, the Tibetan forces under the command of [[Galdan Chhewang]] fought an advance guard of Ladakhi forces in [[Guge]] (West Tibet). After defeating them, they invaded Ladakh itself. The route taken by the Tibetans is believed to have been via [[Rudok]], [[Chushul]] and the Lung Chu valley.<ref>
{{citation |first=Gerhard |last=Emmer |chapter=Dga' Ldan Tshe Dbang Dpal Bzang Po and the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War of 1679-84 |title=Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the IATS, 2003. Volume 9: The Mongolia–Tibet Interface: Opening New Research Terrains in Inner Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPKvCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA95 |date= 2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-2171-9 |pages=95–96 |ref={{sfnref|Emmer, the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War|2007|p=96}}}}: "He [Galdan Chewang] turned north to Ruthog, went around the shores of the ''Pangong mtsho'' and tried to reach the Indus valley from there."
</ref>
The Ladakhis joined the battle at ''Lung-Khung'' (Long Kongma) and repulsed the attack.{{sfnp|Cunningham, Ladak|1854|pp=326–327}}{{sfnp|Petech, The Tibetan-Ladakhi Moghul War|1947|pp=178–179}}

The following year, Tibet sent formidable reinforcements (estimated at 5,000 troops along with several seasoned commanders) and the Tibetans returned. A battle was fought at the "foot of the [[Chang La]] pass", which would again indicate the valley between [[Durbuk]] and Tangtse. [[Alexander Cunningham|Cunnigham]] gives the location of the final battle as ''Balaskya'' and [[Luciano Petech|Petech]] as ''dPal-rgyas''.{{sfnp|Emmer, the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War|2007|p=96}}{{sfnp|Petech, The Tibetan-Ladakhi Moghul War|1947|p=180}} The Ladakhis were roundly defeated and withdrew to the fort of [[Basgo]] in northern Ladakh. After a three-year siege, they requested assistance from the Mughal forces in Kashmir, who fought off the Tibetans and chased them to the Pangong area.<ref>
{{citation |last=Rahul |first=Ram |title=March of Central Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tI77bC989PoC&pg=PA51 |year=2000 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-109-2 |pages=51}}
</ref>

Rudok and Guge, which were previously under the control of Ladakh, slipped out of Ladakhi hands. In 1684, they agreed to respect the new borders in a [[Treaty of Tingmosgang]].

=== Dogra–Tibetan War ===
After the defeat of the [[Zorawar Singh Kahluria|Zorawar Singh]]'s forces in West Tibet, the Tibetans were incited by Ladakhi rebels, who wanted to overthrow the Dogras ensconced in Ladakh. Apparently to lend support to them, the Tibetan forces marched to Ladakh and camped at "Dumra".<ref>
{{harvp|Shakabpa, One Hundred Thousand Moons|2009|pp=583–584}}: "The Tibetan soldiers pursued the remaining troops as far as a place called Dumra, just one day’s journey from Leh, where the Tibetan army pitched their camp."
</ref>
The most likely location of this encampment is in the valley between Tangtse and Durbuk. It is reported that [[Lhasa]] dispatched an additional 5,000 troops to join them here.<ref>
{{harvp|Charak, General Zorawar Singh|1983}}: "After withdrawing from Leh and other strongholds, the Tibetans and their Ladakhi accomplices gathered under General Pi-hsi at Drangtse near the western end of the Pangkong lake and there they were joined by a Tibetan army of 5,000 men under the command of Ragasha and Zarkhang. They dug out trenches and erected a fortified camp there in six days. The Dogra accounts give their number as 6,000 men, led by Bakshi Chhak Jot, Ragasha Kahion and Raz Chak Garpon, aided by a big cannon which they had wrested from Zorawar Singh."
</ref>
The Tibetan accounts say that they established a defence post was at "Lung-wu" (Long Yogma),{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|loc=p. 172, footnote}} described as a place between "Rudok and the Pangong Lake".<ref>
{{harvp|Charak, General Zorawar Singh|1983|p=105}}: "The Tibetan defence post was set up at Lung-wu, a place between Rudok and the Pangkong lake, on the Tibetan frontier. The camp was located at a strategic, lower part of a narrow valley, and the storming of it would have meant a considerable loss to the Dogras."
</ref><ref>
{{harvp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=172}}. Quoting from the report of the Chinese Amban: "A defense post was then set up at Lung-wu, a place on the Tibetan frontier. On the 27th day of the 7th month [September 2, 1842], Pa-chan, the Shen-pa officer, led the barbarians in a frontal assault upon the Lung-wu camp."
</ref>{{efn|It would appear that the "Rudok" stood for its frontier, somewhere near the [[Spanggur Gap]],{{sfnp|Moorcroft & Trebeck, Travels in the Himalayan Provinces, Vol. 1|1841|pp=360–361}} and "Pangong Lake" stood for Tangtse, with the Loi Yogma valley in between.}}

The Ladakhi rebels had declared their minor king Jigmet Senge Namgyal as an independent ruler, who wrote to the Sikh emperor [[Sher Singh]] stating that he had submitted to the Chinese emperor and offered truce terms.<ref>
{{harvp|Handa, Buddhist Western Himalaya|2001|p=203}}: "The Ladakhis approached the Tibetan commander-in-chief Peshi Shata for help, who joined them with his 3000 troops. The combined Tibeto-Ladakhi force entered Leh and declared the minor King Jigmet Senge Namgyel as the independent ruler of Ladakh."
</ref> No response was received.
After the arrival of the reinforcements, led by Dewan Hari Chand and Wazir Ratanu, the Dogras challenged the Tibetan encampments at Tangtse and the Loi Yogma valley. Skirmishes continued for several days with a loss of 300 men for the Dogras. Eventually, the Dogras employed a decisive flooding tactic, following a suggestion from a Nubra chieftain, which dislodged the Tibetans from their trenches and led to a Dogra victory.<ref>
{{harvp|Handa, Buddhist Western Himalaya|2001|p=204}}: "Well-equipped 6000 strong, they moved on to Drangtse, where they entrenched themselves in a strategic stronghold at Long-Yogma. For days light skirmishes continued that killed 300 Dogra men and left many more wounded. At last Thangpa Joldan (Sonam), a resident of Nubra, suggested Diwan Hari Chand that if the nearby canal could be dammed and the impounded water released to flood the enemy entrenchment, their courage and ammunition, both could be dampened. The plan was implemented and the result was instantaneous and decisive. The enemy surrendered."
</ref>

Afterwards a '[[Treaty of Chushul]]' was agreed by the two sides, restoring the ''status quo ante bellum''. The Ladakhi ruler was granted privileges appropriate to his rank, and trade and diplomatic missions were restored to their traditional operation..

=== Tankse ilaqa ===
[[File:Trade-routes-via-Pangong-and-Changchenmo-Douglas-Forsythe-1878.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Trade routes of Ladakh, with the Chang Chenmo and Pangong routes passing through Tankse]]

During the [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Dogra rule]], Tankse was the headquarters of a subdistrict (a ''kardari'', often called an ''ilaqa''), which controlled access to the [[Chang Chenmo Valley]]. Phobrang, [[Chushul]], and [[Durbuk]] were under its control.{{sfnp|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890|p=810}}

The Chang Chenmo route to Central Asia passed through Tankse, which the British attempted to promote as the main trade route between Leh and Yarkand in the late 19th century. Tankse was described as a large village with 50 houses. It had a rest house and a government supply depot. Travellers were advised to procure their supplies here, to sustain themselves till reaching Sanju, about 350 miles away.{{sfnp|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890|p=810}}

With the eruption of the [[Sino-Indian border dispute]] in the late 1950s, the Indian government had ample documents from the time of Dogra administration to demonstrate that the Chang Chenmo Valley and the [[Aksai Chin]] plateau belonged to Ladakh.<ref>
{{harvp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=109}}: "The Indian report stated that the inhabitants of Tanktse district had used the pasture lands of the Chang Chenmo valley as far as the Lanak Pass for grazing their goats and sheep as well as those further south above Pangong Lake."
</ref>
The Kashmir state records classified these regions as part of the Tankse ''ilaqa'' and revenue records were available with regular assessments and settlements of revenue. The revenue maps showed the large stretches of uninhabited territories, which are now occupied by China, as part of the Tankse ''ilaqa''.<ref>
{{harvp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=118}}
</ref>

=== Rock Art ===

Tangtse is a well-known and important site of [[Tocharians|Tocharian]], [[Sogdia]]n, [[Śāradā script|Śārāda]] and [[Arabic]] inscriptions.{{Sfn|Bruneau|Bellezza|2013|p=21, 30}}<ref name=":0">[http://www.mafil.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/flyer-rock-art_Tangtse-site-2.pdf Cultural Heritage of Ladakh. Rock Art Sites. Tangste] 2016. via — MAFIL (Mission Archéologique Franco-Indienne au Ladakh or Franco-Indian Archaeological Mission in Ladakh)</ref> A Franco-Indian Archaeological Mission in Ladakh called the rock art at Tangste as "the most important" site for rock art in Ladakh, providing information about Ladakh towards the end of the [[1st millennium AD]].<ref name=":0" /> The mission found "about 300 [[petroglyph]]s" and "almost 70 [[rock inscriptions]] in various scripts".<ref name=":0" /> Some authors classify some of the signs here as [[tamga]]s.{{Sfn|Bruneau|Bellezza|2013|p=31}} [[Volute]]s can be seen on some of the inscriptions of animals.{{Sfn|Bruneau|Bellezza|2013|p=47}} Compositions from Ruthok and Tangtse are noted to be similar.{{Sfn|Bruneau|Bellezza|2013|p=51}}

==Demographics==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Tangtse has 126 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 69.93%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/datagov/CDB_PCA_Census/PCA_CDB_0103_F_Census.xls |title=Leh district census |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |access-date=2015-07-23 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 681 || 356 || 325
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 79 || 45 || 34
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 679 || 355 || 324
|-
| Literates || 421 || 261 || 160
|-
| Workers (all) || 400 || 198 || 202
|-
| Main workers (total) || 191 || 123 || 68
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 73 || 40 || 33
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 2 || 2 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 5 || 3 || 2
|-
| Main workers: Other || 111 || 78 || 33
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 209 || 75 || 134
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 176 || 55 || 121
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 32 || 20 || 12
|-
| Non-workers || 281 || 158 || 123
|}

== Infrastructure ==

===Energy and water ===

A solar power plant in Tangtse provides electricity for five hours every day to about 350 households. Previously, a government diesel generator provided electricity.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 September 2019|title=Integrated Development of Durbuk Block Using Renewable Energy Resources|url=http://www.ledeg.org/2019/09/17/integrated-development-of-durbuk-block-using-renewable-energy-resources/|access-date=2020-12-10|website=[[Ladakh Ecological Development and Environmental Group]] (LEDeG)|language=en-US}}</ref> The area has [[cellular network]] connectivity.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 November 2020|title=Ladakh: World famous Tourism spot Pangong Tso route gets 4G services at Tangtse|url=http://newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?title=Ladakh:-World-famous-Tourism-spot-Pangong-Tso-route-gets-4G-services-at-Tangtse&id=403938|access-date=2020-12-10|website=News Services Division. All India Radio.}}</ref> The Indian Army also has renewable energy infrastructure here including a wind farm.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dutt|first=Sanjay|date=15 August 2020|title=Solar energy to power Siachen Base Camp, Brigade headquarters|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/solar-energy-to-power-siachen-base-camp-brigade-headquarters/articleshow/77566445.cms|access-date=2020-12-10|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Prasad|first=Nithin Thomas|date=2020-09-29|title=Military Engineer Services Announces Tender for 3 MW of Solar Projects in Leh|url=https://mercomindia.com/military-engineer-services-tender-solar/|access-date=2020-12-10|website=Mercom India|language=en-US}}</ref> Ground water resources have also been developed here with the help of Indian geologist [[Ritesh Arya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sawant|first=Gaurav C.|date=16 September 2020|title=Ladakh conflict: Indian army's hunt for water at DBO and hope to revive a 10,000-year-old lake|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-army-eastern-ladakh-daulat-beg-oldie-water-china-lac-1722456-2020-09-16|access-date=2020-12-10|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

=== Road ===

Tangtse, in the [[Ladakh Range]], lies on Leh-[[Karu, Ladakh|Karu]]-[[Sakti, Ladakh|Sakti]]-[[Zingral]]-Tangtse-Pangong Lake motorable road. Karu, which lies on Leh-[[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]] [[National Highway 3 (India)|NH-3]], connects Tangtse to Leh and the rest of India.

Between Zingral and Tangtse there are two motorable asphalt roads. The shorter router is through Zingral-[[Kela Pass]]-[[Taruk]] (Tharuk)-Tangtse alignment. The Kela Pass on this route, one of the world's highest motorable road and pass at the height of {{convert|5669.28|m|ft|disp=or|abbr=on}}, provides tourists access to the Lalok region of Ladakh.<ref name=new1>[https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/worlds-highest-motorable-road-18600-ft-inaugurated-ladakh-154665 World's highest motorable road at 18600 ft inaugurated in Ladakh], The News Minute, 21 SEPTEMBER 2021.</ref><ref name=new3>[https://ladakh.nic.in/mp-ladakh-inaugurates-road-connecting-zingral-to-tharuk-tangtse/ MP Ladakh inaugurates road connecting Zingral to Tharuk, Tangtse], Govt of Ladakh, accessed Sept 2021.</ref> Other alternate route is through Zingral-[[Chang La]]-[[Durbuk]]-Tangtse alignment,<ref name=new1/> on which the Chang La pass lies at the height of {{convert|5391.3024|m|ft|disp=or|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.geonames.org/1274656/chang-la.html |title= Chang La Pass |author=GeoNames |author-link=GeoNames |access-date=2009-06-17}}</ref><ref name="Jina">{{cite book |last = Jina |first = Prem Singh |location = India |title = Ladakh: The Land & The People |publisher = Indus Publishing |pages = 25–26 |date = 31 August 1998 |url = https://www.holidaymoods.in/leh-ladakh-tour-package |isbn = 978-81-7387-057-6 }}</ref>

=== Advanced Landing Ground ===
'''Parma Valley Advanced Landing Ground''' or '''Parma ALG''' is a proposed [[aerodrome]] located in the Parma Valley (''Long Parma'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Joshi|first=Prateek|date=26 July 2016|title=India’s Growing Military Footprint in Eastern Ladakh: Facing China|url=http://www.cogitasia.com/indias-growing-military-footprint-in-eastern-ladakh-facing-china/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-23|website=|publisher=cogitASIA [[Center for Strategic and International Studies ]] (CSIS) Asia Policy Blog}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=O'Donnell|first=Frank|last2=Bollfrass|first2=Alexander K.|date=March 2020|title=The Strategic Postures of China and India: A Visual Guide|url=https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/strategic-postures-china-and-india-visual-guide|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-23|website=[[Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs]]}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[India-China Border Roads]]
* [[Tourism_in_Ladakh#Transport|Transport and tourism in Ladakh]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |title=Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43256/page/n7 |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |location=Calcutta |year=1890 |ref={{sfnref|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890}}}}
* {{citation |last=Charak |first=Sukhdev Singh |title=General Zorawar Singh |publisher=Publications Division, Government of India |year=1983 |url=https://archive.org/details/GENERALZORAWARSINGH |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Charak, General Zorawar Singh|1983}}}}
* {{citation |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |title=Ladak: Physical, Statistical, Historical |publisher=Wm. H. Allen and Co |location=London |year=1854 |url=https://archive.org/details/ladakphysicalsta00cunnrich |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Cunningham, Ladak|1854}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Dortch |first1=Jason M. |last2=Owen |first2=Lewis A. |last3=Caffee |first3=Marc W. |last4=Kamp |first4=Ulrich |title=Catastrophic partial drainage of Pangong Tso, northern India and Tibet |journal=Geomorphology |volume=125 |issue=1 |year=2011 |pages=109–121 |issn=0169-555X |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.08.017 |bibcode=2011Geomo.125..109D |ref={{sfnref|Dortch et al., Catastrophic partial drainage of Pangong Tso|2011}}}}
* {{citation |last=Drew |first=Frederic |title=Alluvial and Lacustrine Deposits and Glacial Records of the Upper-Indus Basin |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London |year=1873 |pages=441–471 |url=https://archive.org/details/quarterlyjourna291873geol/page/n517/mode/2up |ref={{sfnref|Drew, Upper-Indus Basin|1873}}}}
* {{citation |last=Drew |first=Frederic |title=The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories: A Geographical Account |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49165/page/n347/mode/2up |year=1875 |publisher=E. Stanford |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Drew, The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories|1875}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Fisher |first1=Margaret W. |last2=Rose |first2=Leo E. |last3=Huttenback |first3=Robert A. |title=Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh |date=1963 |publisher=Praeger |url=https://archive.org/details/himalayanbattleg0000unse/mode/2up |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Handa |first1=O. C. |last2=Hāṇḍā |first2=Omacanda |title=Buddhist Western Himalaya: A politico-religious history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4VuovXa5YUC&pg=PA197 |year=2001 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-124-5 |ref={{sfnref|Handa, Buddhist Western Himalaya|2001}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Moorcroft |first1=William |last2=Trebeck |first2=George |title=Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Punjab in Ladakh and Kashmir: In Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz and Bokhara from 1819 to 1825, Volume 1 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284643 |via=archive.org |year=2004 |location=London |publisher=John Murray |isbn=978-81-206-0497-1 |ref={{sfnref|Moorcroft & Trebeck, Travels in the Himalayan Provinces, Vol. 1|1841}}}}
* {{citation |last=Petech |first=Luciano |title=The Tibetan-Ladakhi Moghul War of 1681-83 |journal=The Indian Historical Quarterly |volume=23 |number=3 |pages=169– |date=September 1947 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99772/page/n189/mode/2up?q=Petech |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Petech, The Tibetan-Ladakhi Moghul War|1947}}}}
* {{citation |first1=Binita |last1=Phartiyal |first2=Randheer |last2=Singh |first3=Debarati |last3=Nag |chapter=Trans- and Tethyan Himalayan Rivers: In Reference to Ladakh and Lahaul-Spiti, NW Himalaya |editor=Dhruv Sen Singh |title=The Indian Rivers: Scientific and Socio-economic Aspects |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ridFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375 |year=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-2984-4 |pages=367–382 |ref={{sfnref|Phartiyal, Singh & Nag, Trans- and Tethyan Himalayan Rivers|2017}}}}
* {{citation |first=Mike |last=Searle |title=Colliding Continents: A geological exploration of the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Tibet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-BLJuEo8lT0C&pg=PP188 |year=2013 |publisher=Oxford University press|isbn=978-0-19-165249-3 |ref={{sfnref|Searle, Colliding Continents|2013}}}}
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*{{Cite journal|last1=Bruneau|first1=Laurianne|last2=Bellezza|first2=John Vincent|date=December 2013|title=Inner Asian cultural adaptation, regional differentiation and the 'Western Tibetan Plateau'|url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ret/pdf/ret_28_01.pdf|journal=Revue d'Études Tibétaines|volume=28|pages=5–161}}
{{Ladakh}}
{{Leh district}}

[[Category:Villages in Durbuk tehsil]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:12, 4 June 2022
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	The Tangtse fault is home to the ''Lung'' or ''Long'' valley, divided into three sections: ''Long Kongma'', ''Long Parma'' and ''Long Yogma'' (the upper, middle and lower sections).{{efn\|See {{harvp\|Strachey, Physical Geography of Western Tibet\|1854\|p=26}} for the terminology of valleys. {{harvp\|Moorcroft & Trebeck, Travels in the Himalayan Provinces, Vol. 1\|1841\|pp=445–448}} contains a description of the valley.}} In modern maps, the entire valley is labelled as '''Loi Yogma''' without any division into sections. The '''Tangtse River''' (or ''Lung Chu'') flows through the valley, draining the western slopes of the Pangong Range as well as the eastern slopes of the Ladakh Range. It flows past Tangtse to join the [[Shyok River]] near [[Durbuk]].		The Tangtse fault is home to the ''Lung'' or ''Long'' valley, divided into three sections: ''Long Kongma'', ''Long Parma'' and ''Long Yogma'' (the upper, middle and lower sections).{{efn\|See {{harvp\|Strachey, Physical Geography of Western Tibet\|1854\|p=26}} for the terminology of valleys. {{harvp\|Moorcroft & Trebeck, Travels in the Himalayan Provinces, Vol. 1\|1841\|pp=445–448}} contains a description of the valley.}} In modern maps, the entire valley is labelled as '''Loi Yogma''' without any division into sections. The '''Tangtse River''' (or ''Lung Chu'') flows through the valley, draining the western slopes of the Pangong Range as well as the eastern slopes of the Ladakh Range. It flows past Tangtse to join the [[Shyok River]] near [[Durbuk]].

	The Pangong fault was once home to a "Pangong River" which flowed through ~~this~~ valley during the [[pleistocene]]. But the river has ~~since~~ been dammed by tectonic activity and has turned into the [[Pangong Lake]]. The valley of the erstwhile effluent of the lake now houses the Mughlib stream, which joins the Tangtse River near the village of Tangtse.<ref>		The Pangong fault was once home to a "Pangong River" which flowed through its valley during the [[pleistocene]]. But the river has been dammed by tectonic activity and has turned into the present [[Pangong Lake]]. The valley of the erstwhile effluent of the lake now houses the Mughlib stream, which joins the Tangtse River near the village of Tangtse.<ref>
	{{harvp\|Cunningham, Ladak\|1854\|pp=136–137}}: "In former ages there can be no doubt that the Pangkong Lake had an outlet at its north-western extremity, through a gorge in the limestone cliffs, into the present scanty stream that passes by Muglib [Mughlib], and joins the Shayok river just above the village, which gives its name to the stream. At some remote period, therefore, the waters of the Pangkong Lake must have been fresh; a fact which has been placed beyond all doubt by Captain H. Strachey's discovery of fossil shells of the Lymnaea auricularia in the ancient clay deposits above the present level of the lake."		{{harvp\|Cunningham, Ladak\|1854\|pp=136–137}}: "In former ages there can be no doubt that the Pangkong Lake had an outlet at its north-western extremity, through a gorge in the limestone cliffs, into the present scanty stream that passes by Muglib [Mughlib], and joins the Shayok river just above the village, which gives its name to the stream. At some remote period, therefore, the waters of the Pangkong Lake must have been fresh; a fact which has been placed beyond all doubt by Captain H. Strachey's discovery of fossil shells of the Lymnaea auricularia in the ancient clay deposits above the present level of the lake."
	</ref><ref>		</ref><ref>
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	{{harvp\|Shakabpa, One Hundred Thousand Moons\|2009\|pp=583–584}}: "The Tibetan soldiers pursued the remaining troops as far as a place called Dumra, just one day’s journey from Leh, where the Tibetan army pitched their camp."		{{harvp\|Shakabpa, One Hundred Thousand Moons\|2009\|pp=583–584}}: "The Tibetan soldiers pursued the remaining troops as far as a place called Dumra, just one day’s journey from Leh, where the Tibetan army pitched their camp."
	</ref>		</ref>
	The most likely location of this encampment is in the valley between Tangtse and Durbuk. It is reported that [[Lhasa]] dispatched an additional 5,000 troops to join them here.<ref>		The most likely location of this encampment is in the valley between Tangtse and Durbuk. It is reported that [[Lhasa]] dispatched additional 5,000 troops to join them here.<ref>
	{{harvp\|Charak, General Zorawar Singh\|1983}}: "After withdrawing from Leh and other strongholds, the Tibetans and their Ladakhi accomplices gathered under General Pi-hsi at Drangtse near the western end of the Pangkong lake and there they were joined by a Tibetan army of 5,000 men under the command of Ragasha and Zarkhang. They dug out trenches and erected a fortified camp there in six days. The Dogra accounts give their number as 6,000 men, led by Bakshi Chhak Jot, Ragasha Kahion and Raz Chak Garpon, aided by a big cannon which they had wrested from Zorawar Singh."		{{harvp\|Charak, General Zorawar Singh\|1983}}: "After withdrawing from Leh and other strongholds, the Tibetans and their Ladakhi accomplices gathered under General Pi-hsi at Drangtse near the western end of the Pangkong lake and there they were joined by a Tibetan army of 5,000 men under the command of Ragasha and Zarkhang. They dug out trenches and erected a fortified camp there in six days. The Dogra accounts give their number as 6,000 men, led by Bakshi Chhak Jot, Ragasha Kahion and Raz Chak Garpon, aided by a big cannon which they had wrested from Zorawar Singh."
	</ref>		</ref>
	The Tibetan accounts say that they established a defence post ~~was~~ at "Lung-wu" (Long Yogma),{{sfnp\|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground\|1963\|loc=p. 172, footnote}} described as a place between "Rudok and the Pangong Lake".<ref>		The Tibetan accounts say that they established a defence post at "Lung-wu" (Long Yogma),{{sfnp\|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground\|1963\|loc=p. 172, footnote}} which was described as a place between "Rudok and the Pangong Lake".<ref>
	{{harvp\|Charak, General Zorawar Singh\|1983\|p=105}}: "The Tibetan defence post was set up at Lung-wu, a place between Rudok and the Pangkong lake, on the Tibetan frontier. The camp was located at a strategic, lower part of a narrow valley, and the storming of it would have meant a considerable loss to the Dogras."		{{harvp\|Charak, General Zorawar Singh\|1983\|p=105}}: "The Tibetan defence post was set up at Lung-wu, a place between Rudok and the Pangkong lake, on the Tibetan frontier. The camp was located at a strategic, lower part of a narrow valley, and the storming of it would have meant a considerable loss to the Dogras."
	</ref><ref>		</ref><ref>
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	</ref>{{efn\|It would appear that the "Rudok" stood for its frontier, somewhere near the [[Spanggur Gap]],{{sfnp\|Moorcroft & Trebeck, Travels in the Himalayan Provinces, Vol. 1\|1841\|pp=360–361}} and "Pangong Lake" stood for Tangtse, with the Loi Yogma valley in between.}}		</ref>{{efn\|It would appear that the "Rudok" stood for its frontier, somewhere near the [[Spanggur Gap]],{{sfnp\|Moorcroft & Trebeck, Travels in the Himalayan Provinces, Vol. 1\|1841\|pp=360–361}} and "Pangong Lake" stood for Tangtse, with the Loi Yogma valley in between.}}

	The Ladakhi rebels had declared their minor king Jigmet Senge Namgyal as an independent ruler~~, who~~ wrote to the Sikh emperor [[Sher Singh]] stating that he had submitted to the Chinese emperor and offered truce terms.<ref>		The Ladakhi rebels had declared their minor king Jigmet Senge Namgyal as an independent ruler. He wrote to the Sikh emperor [[Sher Singh]] stating that he had submitted to the Chinese emperor and offered truce terms to the Sikhs.<ref>
	{{harvp\|Handa, Buddhist Western Himalaya\|2001\|p=203}}: "The Ladakhis approached the Tibetan commander-in-chief Peshi Shata for help, who joined them with his 3000 troops. The combined Tibeto-Ladakhi force entered Leh and declared the minor King Jigmet Senge Namgyel as the independent ruler of Ladakh."		{{harvp\|Handa, Buddhist Western Himalaya\|2001\|p=203}}: "The Ladakhis approached the Tibetan commander-in-chief Peshi Shata for help, who joined them with his 3000 troops. The combined Tibeto-Ladakhi force entered Leh and declared the minor King Jigmet Senge Namgyel as the independent ruler of Ladakh."
	</ref> No response was received.		</ref> No response was received.
	After the arrival of ~~the~~ reinforcements, led by Dewan Hari Chand and Wazir Ratanu, the Dogras challenged the Tibetan encampments at Tangtse and the ~~Loi~~ Yogma valley. Skirmishes continued for several days with a loss of 300 men for the Dogras. Eventually, the Dogras employed a decisive flooding tactic, following a suggestion from a Nubra chieftain, which dislodged the Tibetans from their trenches and led to a Dogra victory.<ref>		After the arrival of reinforcements led by Dewan Hari Chand and Wazir Ratanu, the Dogras challenged the Tibetan encampments at Tangtse and the Long Yogma valley. Skirmishes continued for several days with a loss of 300 men for the Dogras. Eventually, the Dogras employed a decisive flooding tactic, following a suggestion from a Nubra chieftain, which dislodged the Tibetans from their trenches and led to a Dogra victory.<ref>
	{{harvp\|Handa, Buddhist Western Himalaya\|2001\|p=204}}: "Well-equipped 6000 strong, they moved on to Drangtse, where they entrenched themselves in a strategic stronghold at Long-Yogma. For days light skirmishes continued that killed 300 Dogra men and left many more wounded. At last Thangpa Joldan (Sonam), a resident of Nubra, suggested Diwan Hari Chand that if the nearby canal could be dammed and the impounded water released to flood the enemy entrenchment, their courage and ammunition, both could be dampened. The plan was implemented and the result was instantaneous and decisive. The enemy surrendered."		{{harvp\|Handa, Buddhist Western Himalaya\|2001\|p=204}}: "Well-equipped 6000 strong, they moved on to Drangtse, where they entrenched themselves in a strategic stronghold at Long-Yogma. For days light skirmishes continued that killed 300 Dogra men and left many more wounded. At last Thangpa Joldan (Sonam), a resident of Nubra, suggested Diwan Hari Chand that if the nearby canal could be dammed and the impounded water released to flood the enemy entrenchment, their courage and ammunition, both could be dampened. The plan was implemented and the result was instantaneous and decisive. The enemy surrendered."
	</ref>		</ref>

	Afterwards a '[[Treaty of Chushul]]' was agreed by the two sides, restoring the ''status quo ante bellum''. The Ladakhi ruler was granted privileges appropriate to his rank~~, and trade~~ and diplomatic missions were restored to their traditional ~~operation.~~.		Afterwards a '[[Treaty of Chushul]]' was agreed by the two sides, restoring the ''status quo ante bellum''. The Ladakhi ruler was granted privileges appropriate to his rank. Trade and diplomatic missions were restored to their traditional mode.

	=== Tankse ilaqa ===		=== Tankse ilaqa ===