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			{{Short description\|Group of Sino-Tibetan languages}}
	{{Infobox language family		{{Infobox language family
	\|name=Tangkhulic		\|name=Tangkhulic
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	The Tangkhulic languages are not particularly close to each other.		The Tangkhulic languages are not particularly close to each other.

	Brown's "Southern Tangkhul" (=[[Southern Luhupa language\|Southern Luhupa]]??) is a [[Kuki-Chin languages\|Kuki-Chin]] rather than Tangkhulic language. It has strong links with the recently discovered [[Sorbung language]], which is also not Tangkhulic despite being spoken by ethnic Tangkhul.<ref>David Mortenson and Jennifer Keogh. 2011. Sorbung, an Undocumented Language of Manipur: its Phonology and Place in Tibeto-Burman. In JEALS 4, vol 1. http://jseals.org/JSEALS-4-1.pdf</ref> some northern villages ([[Chingjaroi]], [[Jessami]], Soraphung Razai) in [[Tangkhul Naga\|Tangkhul]] area have language more closely related to the [[Angami–Pochuri languages\|Angami-pochuri]] language group.		Brown's "Southern Tangkhul" (= [[Southern Luhupa language\|Southern Luhupa]]?) is a [[Kuki-Chin languages\|Kuki-Chin]] rather than Tangkhulic language. It has strong links with the recently discovered [[Sorbung language]], which is also not Tangkhulic despite being spoken by ethnic Tangkhul.<ref>David Mortenson and Jennifer Keogh. 2011. Sorbung, an Undocumented Language of Manipur: its Phonology and Place in Tibeto-Burman. In JEALS 4, vol 1. http://jseals.org/JSEALS-4-1.pdf</ref> some northern villages ([[Chingjaroi]], [[Jessami]], Soraphung Razai) in [[Tangkhul Naga\|Tangkhul]] area have language more closely related to the [[Angami–Pochuri languages\|Angami-pochuri]] language group.

	[[Koki language\|Koki]], [[Long Phuri language\|Long Phuri]], [[Makuri language\|Makuri]], and [[Para language\|Para]] are "Naga" languages spoken in and around [[Leshi Township]], Myanmar. These four languages could possibly classify as Tangkhulic languages or [[Ao languages]].<ref>Barkman, Tiffany. 2014. [http://ic.payap.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/linguistics_students/Tiffany_Barkman_Thesis.pdf ''A descriptive grammar of Jejara (Para Naga)'']. MA thesis, Chiang Mai: Payap University.</ref>		[[Koki language\|Koki]], [[Long Phuri language\|Long Phuri]], [[Makuri language\|Makuri]], and [[Para language\|Para]] are "Naga" languages spoken in and around [[Leshi Township]], Myanmar. These four languages could possibly classify as Tangkhulic languages or [[Ao languages]].<ref>Barkman, Tiffany. 2014. [http://ic.payap.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/linguistics_students/Tiffany_Barkman_Thesis.pdf ''A descriptive grammar of Jejara (Para Naga)'']. MA thesis, Chiang Mai: Payap University.</ref>

->Silver Belle Elena at 14:50, 27 October 2021

2021-10-27T14:50:37Z

New page

{{Infobox language family
|name=Tangkhulic
|altname=
|ethnicity=[[Tangkhul Naga]]
|region=[[Ukhrul District]], [[Manipur]], [[India]]; [[Naga Self-Administered Zone]], [[Myanmar]]
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=[[Kuki-Chin–Naga languages|Kuki-Chin–Naga]]?
|fam3=[[Tangkhul–Maring languages|Tangkhul–Maring]]
|glotto=sino1246
|glottorefname=Tangkhulic
}}

The '''Tangkhulic''' and '''Tangkhul''' languages are a group of [[Sino-Tibetan languages]] spoken mostly in northeastern [[Manipur]], [[India]]. Conventionally classified as "Naga," they are not clearly related to other [[Naga languages]], and (with Maringic) are conservatively classified as an independent Tangkhul–Maring branch of Tibeto-Burman, pending further research.

The [[Maringic languages]] appear to be closely related to the Tangkhulic family, but not part of it.

==Languages==
Tangkhulic languages include:
*[[Tangkhul language|Tangkhul]] (Indian Tangkhul)
*[[Somra language|Somra]] (Burmese Tangkhul){{citation needed|date=January 2019}}
*[[Akyaung Ari language|Akyaung Ari]]{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}
*[[Kachai language|Kachai]]
*[[Huishu language|Huishu]]
*[[Tusom language|Tusom]]{{fix|text=where in the family?}}
*[[Suansu language|Suansu]]

The Tangkhulic languages are not particularly close to each other.

Brown's "Southern Tangkhul" (=[[Southern Luhupa language|Southern Luhupa]]??) is a [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin]] rather than Tangkhulic language. It has strong links with the recently discovered [[Sorbung language]], which is also not Tangkhulic despite being spoken by ethnic Tangkhul.<ref>David Mortenson and Jennifer Keogh. 2011. Sorbung, an Undocumented Language of Manipur: its Phonology and Place in Tibeto-Burman. In JEALS 4, vol 1. http://jseals.org/JSEALS-4-1.pdf</ref> some northern villages ([[Chingjaroi]], [[Jessami]], Soraphung Razai) in [[Tangkhul Naga|Tangkhul]] area have language more closely related to the [[Angami–Pochuri languages|Angami-pochuri]] language group.

[[Koki language|Koki]], [[Long Phuri language|Long Phuri]], [[Makuri language|Makuri]], and [[Para language|Para]] are "Naga" languages spoken in and around [[Leshi Township]], Myanmar. These four languages could possibly classify as Tangkhulic languages or [[Ao languages]].<ref>Barkman, Tiffany. 2014. [http://ic.payap.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/linguistics_students/Tiffany_Barkman_Thesis.pdf ''A descriptive grammar of Jejara (Para Naga)'']. MA thesis, Chiang Mai: Payap University.</ref>

==Classification==
Mortensen (2003:5) classifies the Tangkhulic languages as follows.
;Tangkhulic
*Northern: [[Huishu language|Huishu]]
*North-Central: [[Champhung language|Champhung]]
*East-Central
**Eastern
***[[Kachai language|Kachai]]
***[[Phadāng language|Phadāng]]
**Central
***Standard [[Tangkhul language|Tangkhul]]
***[[Ukhrul language|Ukhrul]]
*Southern
**Brown's 'Central Tangkhul'
**South-Central
***[[Khangoi language|Khangoi]]
***Brown's 'Northern Tangkhul'

==Reconstruction==
Proto-Tangkhulic, the reconstructed ancestral [[proto-language]] of the Tangkhulic languages, has been reconstructed by Mortensen (2012).<ref name="Mortensen2012">Mortensen, David R. 2012. [http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/source/DRM-Tk ''Database of Tangkhulic Languages'']. (unpublished ms. contributed to STEDT).</ref>

Mortensen (2003:5-7)<ref name="Mortensen2003">Mortensen, David R. (2003). “[http://www.davidmortensen.org/papers/comparative_tangkhul.pdf Comparative Tangkhul].” Unpublished Qualifying Paper, UC Berkeley.</ref> lists the following phonological innovations ([[sound change]]s) from [[Proto-Tibeto-Burman]] (PTB) to Proto-Tangkhulic.
*[[Proto-Tibeto-Burman|PTB]] *s- > *''th''-; PTB *ts-, *sy- > *''s''-
*PTB *dz-, *dzy-, *tsy- > *''ts''-
*PTB *ky-, *gy- > *''ʃ''-
*PTB *kr-, *tsy- > *''c''-
*Neutralization of vowel length distinctions in non-low vowels
*Dissimilation of aspiration in prefixes

Proto-Tangkhulic also has the nominalizing prefix *''kV''-.<ref name="Mortensen2003"/>

Proto-Tangkhulic lexical innovations are:<ref name="Mortensen2003"/>
* *war ‘mushroom’ (found exclusively in Tangkhulic)
* *kɔ.phuŋ ‘mountain’ (found exclusively in Tangkhulic)
* *kɔ.mi ‘to give’ (found exclusively in Tangkhulic)
* *khaj ‘fish’ (also found in some [[Zeme languages|Zeme]] and [[Angami–Pochuri languages|Angami]] languages)
* *pan ‘hand’ (also found in some Zeme languages)
* *pej ‘foot’ (also found in some Zeme and Angami languages)

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*George van Driem (2001) ''Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region.'' Brill.
*Mortensen, David R. and James A. Miller (2013). “[http://sealang.net/archives/ltba/pdf/LTBA-36.1.1.pdf A reconstruction of Proto-Tangkhulic rhymes].” Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 36(1): 1-32.
*Mortensen, David R. (2012). [http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/source/DRM-Tk ''Database of Tangkhulic Languages'']. (unpublished ms. contributed to STEDT).
*Mortensen, David R. and James A. Miller (2009). “[http://www.davidmortensen.org/papers.html Proto-Tangkhul Onsets in Comparative Perspective].” International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics 42, Chiangmai, November 4.
*Mortensen, David R. (2003). “[http://www.davidmortensen.org/papers/comparative_tangkhul.pdf Comparative Tangkhul].” Unpublished Qualifying Paper, UC Berkeley.
*Mortensen, David. 2014. [https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~ref/public/MortensenTL.pdf The Tangkhulic Tongues - How I Started Working on Endangered Languages].

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}

[[Category:Tangkhulic languages| ]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]

Tangkhulic languages - Revision history

UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

->Silver Belle Elena at 14:50, 27 October 2021