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'''Tamil [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosody]]''' defines several [[Metre (poetry)|metres]] in six basic elements{{sfn|Niklas|1988}} covering the various aspects of rhythm. Most classical works and many modern works are written in these metres.<br />
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Tolkappiyam represents the older tradition in Tamil prosody while ''yapparungalam'' and ''yapparungalakkarigai'' represent the later tradition. The prosodic structure of literary works from the Sangam era has to be analysed according to the Tolkappiyam. The rules given in Yapparungalakkarigai are used in the scansion of later works.<br />
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==Development==<br />
The development of Tamil prosody can be broadly broken into four stages. The first stage is predominantly indigenous, pre-[[Sanskritic]] and extra-Sanskritic. It is based on a basic metrical unit named ''acai'' which forms the basis for all the important classical metres of Tamil. The second stage ({{circa|600 CE}}) marks the influence of Sanskritic prosody on the Tamil metre and ends with the overwhelming incorporation of the ''akshara'' ([[syllable]]) and ''matra'' ([[mora (linguistics)|mora]]) based metrics alongside the indigenous Tamil ones.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1975|loc=Appendix II, p.278}}<br />
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The third stage is marked by the gradual coming together of poetry and music starting with the use of fixed melody types (''{{IAST|paṇ}}'') in [[Shaiva]] and [[Vaishnava]] [[Bhakti]] texts. The stage culminates with the spread of musical forms in the 17th, 18th, and early 19th-century. The final stage appears with the introduction of free verse and prose-poetry in the early 20th century.{{sfn|Zvelebil|1975|loc=Appendix II, p.278}}<br />
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==Basic elements==<br />
The basic [[prosodic unit]] is the ''asai'' (''acai'') which is composed of ''ezhuttu'' (''eḷuttu''), the letters of the Tamil language or more accurately, the speech sounds in Tamil. Asais are the components of the [[metrical foot]] or ''cīr'' which, in turn, are the components of the ''adi'' (''aṭi''), a line of poetry. Other elements include ''todai'' (''toṭai'', [[alliteration]]) and ''vannam'' (''vaṇṇam'', "rhythmic effect", lit. colour or beauty).{{sfn|Rajam|1992|pp=40,50–51}}<br />
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==Metres==<br />
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* [[Venpa]]<br />
* [[Aciriyappa]]<br />
* [[Kalippa]]<br />
* [[vanjippa]]<br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[Sanskrit prosody]]<br />
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==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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==References==<br />
* {{cite journal| doi = 10.3406/befeo.1988.1744 | issn = 0336-1519 | volume = 77 | issue = 1 | pages = 165–227 | last = Niklas | first = Ulrike | title = Introduction to Tamil Prosody | journal = Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient | date = 1988 }}<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Zvelebil|first1=K. V.|author-link=Kamil Zvelebil|title=Tamil literature|date=1975|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=9789004041905|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kx4uqyts2t4C|access-date=30 May 2017}}<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Rajam|first1=V. S.|title=A reference grammar of classical Tamil poetry : (150 B.C. - pre- fifth/sixth century A.D.)|date=1992|publisher=American Philosophical Society|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780871691996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n6VhXLdmdKkC|access-date=31 May 2017}}<br />
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[[Category:Tamil language]]<br />
[[Category:Prosodies by language]]</div>imported>Monkbot