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	== See also ==		== See also ==
	~~{{Portal\|Tamils\|India}}~~
	* [[List of languages by first written accounts]]		* [[List of languages by first written accounts]]
	* [[Tamil population by cities]]		* [[Tamil population by cities]]

CleanupBot: /* Imperial and post-imperial periods */clean up

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Imperial and post-imperial periods: clean up

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:55, 12 August 2021
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	[[File:01AnnamalaiyarTemple&Thiruvannamalai&TamilNadu&AerialViewfromVirupakshaCave.jpg\|thumb\|right\|250px\|[[Tiruvannamalai]] city and [[Arunachalesvara Temple\|Annamalaiyar temple]], Tamil architecture and culture influenced much of [[Southeast Asia]] between the 8th to 13th century CE.]]		[[File:01AnnamalaiyarTemple&Thiruvannamalai&TamilNadu&AerialViewfromVirupakshaCave.jpg\|thumb\|right\|250px\|[[Tiruvannamalai]] city and [[Arunachalesvara Temple\|Annamalaiyar temple]], Tamil architecture and culture influenced much of [[Southeast Asia]] between the 8th to 13th century CE.]]

	These early kingdoms sponsored the growth of some of the oldest extant [[Tamil literature\|literature in Tamil]]. The classical Tamil literature, referred to as Sangam literature, is attributed to the period between 300 BCE and 300 CE.<ref>Kamil Veith Zvelebil, ''Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature'', p. 12</ref~~><ref name="Sastri 1955 105"/~~> The poems of Sangam literature, which deal with emotional and material topics, were categorised and collected into various anthologies during the medieval period. These Sangam poems paint the picture of a fertile land and of a people who were organised into various occupational groups. The governance of the land was through hereditary monarchies, although the sphere of the state's activities and the extent of the ruler's powers were limited through the adherence to the established order ("[[dharma]]"). Although the Pallava records can be traced from the 2nd century CE, they did not rise to prominence as an imperial dynasty until the 6th century.{{citation needed\|date=February 2021}} They transformed the institution of the kingship into an imperial one, and sought to bring vast amounts of territory under their direct rule. The [[Bhakti movement]] in Hinduism was founded at this time, and rose along with the growing influence of Jainism and Buddhism.<ref name="med_india">{{Citation\|last = Chandra\|first= Satish\|title= Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals (1206–1526) – I\|year=1997\|publisher= Har-Anand Publications\|page = 250\|isbn = 978-81-241-1064-5\|quote =... Starting from the Tamil lands under the Pallava kings, bhakti spread to different parts of south India ...}}</ref> The Pallavas pioneered the building of large, ornate temples in stone which formed the basis of the Dravidian temple architecture. They came into conflict with the [[Kannada]] [[Chalukya dynasty\|Chalukyas of Badami]]. During this period, the great Badami Chalukya King [[Pulakeshin II]] extended the Chalukya Empire up to the northern extents of the Pallava kingdom and defeated the Pallavas in several battles.<ref>{{cite book \|last1= Chopra\|first1= P. N.\|last2= Ravindran\|first2= T. K.\|last3=Subrahmanian\|first3= N.\|title= History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1\|year=2003\|publisher= Chand Publications\|location=New Delhi\|isbn= 978-81-219-0153-6}}</ref>{{page needed\|date=February 2021}} Pallava [[Narasimhavarma I\|Narasimhavarman]] however reversed this victory in 642 by attacking and occupying Badami temporarily.<ref name="fell">{{cite book \|first=K. A. Nilakanta \|last=Sastri \|title=A History of South India \|page=136 \|year=1955 \|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> However a later Chalukya King [[Vikramaditya II]] took revenge by repeated invasions of the territory of [[Tondaimandalam]] and his subsequent victories over Pallava [[Nandivarman II]] and the annexation of Kanchipuram.<ref name="overran">{{cite book \|first=K. A. Nilakanta \|last=Sastri \|title=A History of South India \|page=140 \|year=1955 \|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> The Pallava dynasty was overthrown in the 9th century by the imperial Kannada [[Rashtrakutas]] who ruled from Gulbarga. [[Krishna III]], the last great Rashtrakuta king, consolidated the empire so that it stretched from the Narmada River to the Kaveri River and included the northern Tamil country (Tondaimandalam) while levying tribute on the king of Ceylon.<ref name="krishna">{{cite book \|first=K. A. Nilakanta \|last=Sastri \|title=A History of South India \|page=162 \|year=1955 \|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>		These early kingdoms sponsored the growth of some of the oldest extant [[Tamil literature\|literature in Tamil]]. The classical Tamil literature, referred to as Sangam literature, is attributed to the period between 300 BCE and 300 CE.<ref name="Sastri 1955 105"/><ref>Kamil Veith Zvelebil, ''Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature'', p. 12</ref> The poems of Sangam literature, which deal with emotional and material topics, were categorised and collected into various anthologies during the medieval period. These Sangam poems paint the picture of a fertile land and of a people who were organised into various occupational groups. The governance of the land was through hereditary monarchies, although the sphere of the state's activities and the extent of the ruler's powers were limited through the adherence to the established order ("[[dharma]]"). Although the Pallava records can be traced from the 2nd century CE, they did not rise to prominence as an imperial dynasty until the 6th century.{{citation needed\|date=February 2021}} They transformed the institution of the kingship into an imperial one, and sought to bring vast amounts of territory under their direct rule. The [[Bhakti movement]] in Hinduism was founded at this time, and rose along with the growing influence of Jainism and Buddhism.<ref name="med_india">{{Citation\|last = Chandra\|first= Satish\|title= Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals (1206–1526) – I\|year=1997\|publisher= Har-Anand Publications\|page = 250\|isbn = 978-81-241-1064-5\|quote =... Starting from the Tamil lands under the Pallava kings, bhakti spread to different parts of south India ...}}</ref> The Pallavas pioneered the building of large, ornate temples in stone which formed the basis of the Dravidian temple architecture. They came into conflict with the [[Kannada]] [[Chalukya dynasty\|Chalukyas of Badami]]. During this period, the great Badami Chalukya King [[Pulakeshin II]] extended the Chalukya Empire up to the northern extents of the Pallava kingdom and defeated the Pallavas in several battles.<ref>{{cite book \|last1= Chopra\|first1= P. N.\|last2= Ravindran\|first2= T. K.\|last3=Subrahmanian\|first3= N.\|title= History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1\|year=2003\|publisher= Chand Publications\|location=New Delhi\|isbn= 978-81-219-0153-6}}</ref>{{page needed\|date=February 2021}} Pallava [[Narasimhavarma I\|Narasimhavarman]] however reversed this victory in 642 by attacking and occupying Badami temporarily.<ref name="fell">{{cite book \|first=K. A. Nilakanta \|last=Sastri \|title=A History of South India \|page=136 \|year=1955 \|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> However a later Chalukya King [[Vikramaditya II]] took revenge by repeated invasions of the territory of [[Tondaimandalam]] and his subsequent victories over Pallava [[Nandivarman II]] and the annexation of Kanchipuram.<ref name="overran">{{cite book \|first=K. A. Nilakanta \|last=Sastri \|title=A History of South India \|page=140 \|year=1955 \|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> The Pallava dynasty was overthrown in the 9th century by the imperial Kannada [[Rashtrakutas]] who ruled from Gulbarga. [[Krishna III]], the last great Rashtrakuta king, consolidated the empire so that it stretched from the Narmada River to the Kaveri River and included the northern Tamil country (Tondaimandalam) while levying tribute on the king of Ceylon.<ref name="krishna">{{cite book \|first=K. A. Nilakanta \|last=Sastri \|title=A History of South India \|page=162 \|year=1955 \|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

	[[File:Rajendra map new.svg\|left\|thumb\|The Tamil [[Chola Empire]] at its height, 1030 CE]]		[[File:Rajendra map new.svg\|left\|thumb\|The Tamil [[Chola Empire]] at its height, 1030 CE]]

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2021-08-07T13:11:35Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 14:55, 12 August 2021
Line 95:		Line 95:
	[[File:01AnnamalaiyarTemple&Thiruvannamalai&TamilNadu&AerialViewfromVirupakshaCave.jpg\|thumb\|right\|250px\|[[Tiruvannamalai]] city and [[Arunachalesvara Temple\|Annamalaiyar temple]], Tamil architecture and culture influenced much of [[Southeast Asia]] between the 8th to 13th century CE.]]		[[File:01AnnamalaiyarTemple&Thiruvannamalai&TamilNadu&AerialViewfromVirupakshaCave.jpg\|thumb\|right\|250px\|[[Tiruvannamalai]] city and [[Arunachalesvara Temple\|Annamalaiyar temple]], Tamil architecture and culture influenced much of [[Southeast Asia]] between the 8th to 13th century CE.]]

	These early kingdoms sponsored the growth of some of the oldest extant [[Tamil literature\|literature in Tamil]]. The classical Tamil literature, referred to as Sangam literature, is attributed to the period between 300 BCE and 300 CE.<ref>Kamil Veith Zvelebil, ''Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature'', p. 12</ref~~><ref name="Sastri 1955 105"/~~> The poems of Sangam literature, which deal with emotional and material topics, were categorised and collected into various anthologies during the medieval period. These Sangam poems paint the picture of a fertile land and of a people who were organised into various occupational groups. The governance of the land was through hereditary monarchies, although the sphere of the state's activities and the extent of the ruler's powers were limited through the adherence to the established order ("[[dharma]]"). Although the Pallava records can be traced from the 2nd century CE, they did not rise to prominence as an imperial dynasty until the 6th century.{{citation needed\|date=February 2021}} They transformed the institution of the kingship into an imperial one, and sought to bring vast amounts of territory under their direct rule. The [[Bhakti movement]] in Hinduism was founded at this time, and rose along with the growing influence of Jainism and Buddhism.<ref name="med_india">{{Citation\|last = Chandra\|first= Satish\|title= Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals (1206–1526) – I\|year=1997\|publisher= Har-Anand Publications\|page = 250\|isbn = 978-81-241-1064-5\|quote =... Starting from the Tamil lands under the Pallava kings, bhakti spread to different parts of south India ...}}</ref> The Pallavas pioneered the building of large, ornate temples in stone which formed the basis of the Dravidian temple architecture. They came into conflict with the [[Kannada]] [[Chalukya dynasty\|Chalukyas of Badami]]. During this period, the great Badami Chalukya King [[Pulakeshin II]] extended the Chalukya Empire up to the northern extents of the Pallava kingdom and defeated the Pallavas in several battles.<ref>{{cite book \|last1= Chopra\|first1= P. N.\|last2= Ravindran\|first2= T. K.\|last3=Subrahmanian\|first3= N.\|title= History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1\|year=2003\|publisher= Chand Publications\|location=New Delhi\|isbn= 978-81-219-0153-6}}</ref>{{page needed\|date=February 2021}} Pallava [[Narasimhavarma I\|Narasimhavarman]] however reversed this victory in 642 by attacking and occupying Badami temporarily.<ref name="fell">{{cite book \|first=K. A. Nilakanta \|last=Sastri \|title=A History of South India \|page=136 \|year=1955 \|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> However a later Chalukya King [[Vikramaditya II]] took revenge by repeated invasions of the territory of [[Tondaimandalam]] and his subsequent victories over Pallava [[Nandivarman II]] and the annexation of Kanchipuram.<ref name="overran">{{cite book \|first=K. A. Nilakanta \|last=Sastri \|title=A History of South India \|page=140 \|year=1955 \|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> The Pallava dynasty was overthrown in the 9th century by the imperial Kannada [[Rashtrakutas]] who ruled from Gulbarga. [[Krishna III]], the last great Rashtrakuta king, consolidated the empire so that it stretched from the Narmada River to the Kaveri River and included the northern Tamil country (Tondaimandalam) while levying tribute on the king of Ceylon.<ref name="krishna">{{cite book \|first=K. A. Nilakanta \|last=Sastri \|title=A History of South India \|page=162 \|year=1955 \|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>		These early kingdoms sponsored the growth of some of the oldest extant [[Tamil literature\|literature in Tamil]]. The classical Tamil literature, referred to as Sangam literature, is attributed to the period between 300 BCE and 300 CE.<ref name="Sastri 1955 105"/><ref>Kamil Veith Zvelebil, ''Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature'', p. 12</ref> The poems of Sangam literature, which deal with emotional and material topics, were categorised and collected into various anthologies during the medieval period. These Sangam poems paint the picture of a fertile land and of a people who were organised into various occupational groups. The governance of the land was through hereditary monarchies, although the sphere of the state's activities and the extent of the ruler's powers were limited through the adherence to the established order ("[[dharma]]"). Although the Pallava records can be traced from the 2nd century CE, they did not rise to prominence as an imperial dynasty until the 6th century.{{citation needed\|date=February 2021}} They transformed the institution of the kingship into an imperial one, and sought to bring vast amounts of territory under their direct rule. The [[Bhakti movement]] in Hinduism was founded at this time, and rose along with the growing influence of Jainism and Buddhism.<ref name="med_india">{{Citation\|last = Chandra\|first= Satish\|title= Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals (1206–1526) – I\|year=1997\|publisher= Har-Anand Publications\|page = 250\|isbn = 978-81-241-1064-5\|quote =... Starting from the Tamil lands under the Pallava kings, bhakti spread to different parts of south India ...}}</ref> The Pallavas pioneered the building of large, ornate temples in stone which formed the basis of the Dravidian temple architecture. They came into conflict with the [[Kannada]] [[Chalukya dynasty\|Chalukyas of Badami]]. During this period, the great Badami Chalukya King [[Pulakeshin II]] extended the Chalukya Empire up to the northern extents of the Pallava kingdom and defeated the Pallavas in several battles.<ref>{{cite book \|last1= Chopra\|first1= P. N.\|last2= Ravindran\|first2= T. K.\|last3=Subrahmanian\|first3= N.\|title= History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1\|year=2003\|publisher= Chand Publications\|location=New Delhi\|isbn= 978-81-219-0153-6}}</ref>{{page needed\|date=February 2021}} Pallava [[Narasimhavarma I\|Narasimhavarman]] however reversed this victory in 642 by attacking and occupying Badami temporarily.<ref name="fell">{{cite book \|first=K. A. Nilakanta \|last=Sastri \|title=A History of South India \|page=136 \|year=1955 \|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> However a later Chalukya King [[Vikramaditya II]] took revenge by repeated invasions of the territory of [[Tondaimandalam]] and his subsequent victories over Pallava [[Nandivarman II]] and the annexation of Kanchipuram.<ref name="overran">{{cite book \|first=K. A. Nilakanta \|last=Sastri \|title=A History of South India \|page=140 \|year=1955 \|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> The Pallava dynasty was overthrown in the 9th century by the imperial Kannada [[Rashtrakutas]] who ruled from Gulbarga. [[Krishna III]], the last great Rashtrakuta king, consolidated the empire so that it stretched from the Narmada River to the Kaveri River and included the northern Tamil country (Tondaimandalam) while levying tribute on the king of Ceylon.<ref name="krishna">{{cite book \|first=K. A. Nilakanta \|last=Sastri \|title=A History of South India \|page=162 \|year=1955 \|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

	[[File:Rajendra map new.svg\|left\|thumb\|The Tamil [[Chola Empire]] at its height, 1030 CE]]		[[File:Rajendra map new.svg\|left\|thumb\|The Tamil [[Chola Empire]] at its height, 1030 CE]]

Tamil people - Revision history

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CleanupBot: /* Imperial and post-imperial periods */clean up

Flying Bee: Created page with "{{Short description|Dravidian ethno-linguistic group}} {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group =..."