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The importance of '''Tamil loanwords in Hebrew''' lies in the fact that these words are the earliest recorded attestation of the [[Tamil language]]. At some point before 500 BCE, they were incorporated into the various writings of the [[Hebrew Bible]]. Although a number of authors have identified many biblical and post-biblical words originating from [[Old Tamil]] or the [[Dravidian languages]] in general, a number of them have competing etymologies, and some Tamil derivations are considered controversial. It is believed that Tamil's linguistic interaction with [[Biblical Hebrew]], which belongs to the [[Afroasiatic languages]], occurred amidst the wider international exchange of goods and ideas (e.g., the [[Spice trade|ancient spice trade]]) between merchants travelling throughout [[Eurasia]] via the [[Silk Road]].

==Origins==
[[File:Silk route copy.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Land (red) and sea (blue) routes of the [[Spice trade|ancient spice trade]] and the [[Silk Road]], which prompted extensive socio-cultural and economic intermingling between the civilizations of [[Ancient China|China]], [[Ancient India|India]], the [[Ancient Near East|Near East]], and [[Mediterranean Europe]].]]

The incorporation of Tamil loanwords into the [[Hebrew language]] originally came about through the interactions of merchants from the [[Levant]] and [[South India]]. The mainstream view is that the beginnings of trade between the [[Mediterranean basin|Mediterranean Basin]] and South India can be traced back to 500 BCE, when the word {{Transliteration|grc|zingiberis}} ({{lang|grc|ζιγγίβερις}}), which was derived from the [[Proto-South Dravidian]] ''*cinki-ver'' ({{script|Taml|சிங்கிவேர்}}) (for "[[ginger]]"), first appeared in [[Ancient Greek]].<ref name=Southworth/><ref name=Shipman>{{cite web | last1 = Zvelebil | first1 = Kamil |title = Dravidian languages| url =http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/sars238/shortencybrit.html | access-date = 5 January 2021}}</ref> This indicates South Indians possibly having been involved in trade with the various Mediterranean civilizations centuries earlier.<ref name=Southworth>Southworth, F.''Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia'', p. 251</ref> There is some evidence that trade between [[Greater India]] and the peoples inhabiting the Mediterranean may have been well established by 1500 BCE.<ref>{{cite web | last1 = Curry | first1 = Andrew |title = Philistines Had a Taste for Far-flung Foods, Fossilized Tooth Plaque Reveals| website = [[National Geographic Society]] | url = https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/12/philistines-taste-far-flung-foods-dental-plaque/#close | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201221205649/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/12/philistines-taste-far-flung-foods-dental-plaque/#close | url-status = dead | archive-date = December 21, 2020 | access-date = 28 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last1 = Wu | first1 = Catherine |title = Painted Bronze Age Monkeys Hint at the Interconnectedness of the Ancient World| url = https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/painted-bronze-age-monkeys-hint-interconnectedness-ancient-world-180973789/ | access-date = 5 January 2021}}</ref>

Due to its native speakers' location—in the critical path of trade between [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], [[Mesopotamia]], and India—ancient Hebrew lexicon contains both [[Wanderwort|cultural words]] that are common to many languages in the general area and loanwords from other languages, [[Tamil loanwords in Ancient Greek|including Greek]].<ref name=Khan>Khan, G.''Encyclopaedia of Hebrew Languages and Linguistics Volume 1 A-F '', p. 640-642</ref> Some of these loanwords are present in the earliest transcripts of the [[Hebrew Bible]] from [[History of ancient Israel and Judah|ancient Israel and Judah]]. By the mid-19th century, [[Christian missionaries]] trained in Biblical Hebrew noticed that there were words of Indian origin ([[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] and [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]]) in biblical texts, including from the Tamil language.<ref name=Caldwell>Caldwell, R. ''A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages'' p. 474</ref><ref name=Shulman20/> Some of the loanwords were borrowed directly from Old Tamil into Biblical Hebrew. Others were borrowed via [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]], [[Aramaic]], Greek, [[Old Persian|Persian]], and the [[Old South Arabian|South Arabian languages]].<ref name=Rabin438>Rabin, C. ''Proceedings of the Second International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies'', p. 438</ref> The period of these lexiconic borrowings range from 1000 BCE to 500 BCE.<ref name=Rabin438/><ref name=Rabin209>Rabin, C. ''The Song of Songs and Tamil Poetry'' p.208-209</ref><ref name=Price/> The dating of this borrowing depends on the acceptable ranges of dates for the compilation and redaction of the [[Books of Kings]].<ref name=Shulman20/>

==Linguistic influences==
Most of the borrowed words had to do with items of trade that were unique to South India and thus lacked native names in Hebrew.<ref name=Shulman20/><ref name=Rabin3>Rabin, C. ''The Song of Songs and Tamil Poetry'' p. 205-219</ref><ref name=Sugi33>Sugirtharajah R. ''Bible and Asia'' p.32-33</ref><ref name=Wald>{{cite web | last1 = Wald | first1 = Shalom | last2 = Kandel | first2 = Arielle | title = India, Israel and the Jewish people | url = http://jppi.org.il/en/article/india/toc/chapters/history/mishnah-talmud/#.X-ivSh7hWNw | access-date = 27 December 2020 | archive-date = 5 May 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210505184712/http://jppi.org.il/en/article/india/toc/chapters/history/mishnah-talmud/#.X-ivSh7hWNw | url-status = dead }}</ref> According to Israeli linguists [[Chaim Menachem Rabin]] and [[Abraham Mariaselvam]], the Tamil linguistic impact in Hebrew goes beyond just loanwords. The two languages' contact also influenced their poetic traditions and styles, such as those found in the Hebrew [[Song of Songs]], which, according to Rabin and Mariaselvam, shows the influence of [[Sangam literature|Cankam anthologies]].<ref name=Rabin3/><ref name=Sugi33/><ref name=Wald/><ref name=Parthasarathy>Parthsarathy, R.''The cilappatikāram of Iḷaṅko Aṭikaḷ : an epic of South India'', p. 282-283</ref>

In addition to serving as the earliest attestation of the Tamil language,<ref name=Price>Price, E. ''A history of Kannada literature'', p. 1</ref><ref>James, G. ''Tamil lexicography'', p.10</ref> Hebrew's Tamil loanwords are also an early attestation of the [[Dravidian languages]], to which Tamil belongs.<ref name=Shulman20/> This was before Tamil was widely written, using the [[Tamil-Brahmi script]] and dated variously from 600 BCE to 200 BCE.<ref>{{cite web | last1 = Government of Tamilnadu | first1 = Department of Archeology |title = Keeladi, Excavation Report, Urban Settlement, Sangam Age, River Vaigai| date = 19 September 2019 | url = https://archive.org/details/keeladibookenglish18092019/page/n59/mode/2up | access-date = 27 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Vishnupriya | first1 = Kolipakam |title = A Bayesian phylogenetic study of the Dravidian language family| journal = Royal Society Open Science | date = 2018 | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | doi = 10.1098/rsos.171504 | doi-access = free| pmid = 29657761 | pmc = 5882685 | bibcode = 2018RSOS....571504K | url = https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171504 | access-date = 6 January 2021}}</ref> Although a number of authors have identified many biblical and post-biblical words of Tamil, Old Tamil, or Dravidian origin, a number of them have competing etymologies and some Tamil derivations are considered controversial and disputed.<ref name=Shulman20/><ref>{{cite web | last1 = Noonan | first1 = Benjamin |title = Benjamin Noonan on Non-Semitic Loanwords in the Hebrew Bible| date = 17 June 2020 | url = https://amateurexegete.com/2020/06/16/benjamin-noonan-on-non-semitic-loanwords-in-the-hebrew-bible/ | access-date = 28 December 2020}}</ref> There is also a class of words that were borrowed ultimately from the [[Indo-Aryan languages]], which are spoken in [[North India]], but transmitted via Tamil.<ref name=Rabin438/>

=== In the Hebrew Bible ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Known biblical Tamil loanwords
|-
!Hebrew word||Meaning in Hebrew||Source language ||Tamil word||Meaning in Tamil
|-
|{{Transliteration|he|túkim}} {{lang|he|תוכים}}||[[parrots]] but meant [[peacocks]] in the past{{refn|group=nb|According to [[David Dean Shulman]] {{Transliteration|he|túki}} in modern Hebrew is translated as Parrots but in past meant [[Peacocks]], taken from {{Transliteration|ta|tōkai}} signifying a male Peacocks feathers in Tamil<ref name=Shulman20/>}}||Tamil{{refn|group=nb|According [[Ernest Klein]] Greek {{Transliteration|el|taôs}}, Aramaic {{lang|arc|טוסא}}, Arabic {{lang|ar|لطاووس}}, also Hebrew {{lang|he|תכי}} probably comes ultimately from Tamil {{Transliteration|ta|tōkai}}/{{lang|ta|தோகை}} for peacock.<ref name=BalashonT>{{cite web | last1 = Curvin | first1 = David |title = Balashon: Hebrew Language Detective| url = http://www.balashon.com/2007/03/tisa.html?m=1|access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref>}}||{{Transliteration|ta|tōkai}} {{lang|ta|தோகை}}||feather<ref>Rabin, C. "Lexical borrowings from Indian languages as Carriers of ideas and Technical concept" (in ''Between Jerusalem and Benares: Comparative Studies in Judaism and Hinduism'', p. 29)</ref><ref name="Shulman20" /><ref name="Caldwell" /><ref>{{cite web | last1 =Biblehub |title = Peacock| url = https://biblehub.com/topical/p/peacock.htm| access-date = 10 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="chandra">Chandra M. ''Trade And Trade Routes In Ancient India'', p.45</ref><ref name="BalashonT">{{cite web | last1 = Curvin | first1 = David |title = Balashon: Hebrew Language Detective| url = http://www.balashon.com/2007/03/tisa.html?m=1|access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="Parthasarathy" />
|-
|{{Transliteration|he|ahalim}} {{lang|he|אֲהָלִים}}||eagle-wood or agarwood||Tamil{{refn|group=nb|David Shulman believes {{Transliteration|he|ahalim}} is directly derived from Tamil {{Transliteration|ta|akil}}/{{lang|ta|அகில்}} rather than Sanskrit {{Transliteration|sa|aguru}}/{{lang|sa|अगुरु}} which in itself is a loan from Tamil.<ref name=Shulman20/>}}||{{Transliteration|ta|akil}} {{lang|ta|அகில்}}||[[agarwood]]<ref name="Khan" /><ref>Rabin C. ''Proceedings of the Second International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies'', p.434</ref><ref name="Shulman20" /><ref name="SwamninathaAyar">Swaminatha Ayar, R. ''Dravidian Theories'', p. 55</ref><ref name="chandra" /><ref name="Sugi33" /><ref name="Parthasarathy" />
|-
|{{Transliteration|he|kurkúm}} {{lang|he|כורכום}}||[[turmeric]]||probably Tamil but also possibly [[Sanskrit]]||{{Transliteration|ta|kūkai}} {{lang|ta|கூகை}} ({{lang|ta|கூவை}})||turmeric<ref name="Shulman20" /><ref>{{cite web | last1 = Melbourne | first1 = University of |title = Sorting Curcuma names| url = http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Curcuma.html | access-date = 6 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="Sugi33" />
|-
|{{Transliteration|he|armón}} {{lang|he|ארמון}}||[[palace]]||probably Tamil but has competing etymologies||{{Transliteration|ta|araṇmaṉai}} {{lang|ta|அரண்மனை}}||palace<ref name="Shulman20">Shulman, D. ''Tamil: A biography'', p. 20</ref>
|-
|{{Transliteration|he|kaḏ}} {{lang|he|כד}}||[[jug]]||probably Tamil, cognates in [[South Dravidian]] languages{{refn|group=nb| According to Podolsky, objects of trade travel together with their names, and cites Greek {{lang|el|κάδος}}, along with [[Proto-Malayic|Proto-Indonesian]], [[Batak languages|Batak]], [[Javanese language|Javanese]] and [[Malay language|Malay]] forms as examples of loanwords borrowed for a new form of jug due to early maritime contact with South India.<ref name=Podolsky/>}}||{{Transliteration|ta|kiṇṭi}} {{lang|ta|கிண்டி}}||small vessel<ref name="Podolsky">Podolsky, B.''Past links:Studies in the Languages and Cultures of the Ancient Near East'', p. 199-201</ref>
|-
|{{Transliteration|he|rg}} {{lang|he|ריג}}||weave||probably Tamil, cognates in South Dravidian languages ||{{Transliteration|ta|orukku}} {{lang|ta|ஒருக்கு}}||to draw out<ref name="Podolsky" />
|-
|{{Transliteration|he|minnith}} {{lang|he|מִנִּית}}||rice{{refn|group=nb|{{Transliteration|he|minnith}} in general means a place of the [[Ammonite language|Ammonites]] except Chaim Rabin postulated, it meant Rice.<ref name=minnith>{{cite web | last1 = | first1 = |title = Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature| url = https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/mse/m/minnith.html|access-date=28 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=Rabin435/>}}||Tamil via [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]||{{Transliteration|ta|uṇṭi}} {{lang|ta|உண்டி}}||boiled rice<ref name="Rabin435">Rabin, C. ''[https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0013043_Proceedings_Of_The_Second_International_Conference_Seminar_Of_Tamil_Studies.pdf Proceedings of the Second International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies]'', p. 435-436</ref>
|-
|{{Transliteration|he|pannag}} {{lang|he|פנג}}||millet{{refn|group=nb|{{Transliteration|he|pannag}} has no acceptable meaning, but millet is one of the proposed meanings.<ref name=pannag>{{cite web | last1 = | first1 = |title = Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature| url = https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/mse/p/pannag.html|access-date=28 January 2021}}</ref>}}||Tamil via [[Old South Arabian|South Arabian]]||{{Transliteration|ta|uṇaṅkal}} {{lang|ta|உணங்கல்}}||[[millet]]<ref name="Rabin435" />
|-
|{{Transliteration|he|bûts}} {{lang|he|בּוּץ}}||fine textile||Possibly related to Tamil, via South Arabian also possibly via Sanskrit. Already attested in Syrian and Akkadian inscriptions dating back to the 9th century BCE.||{{Transliteration|ta|panjcu}} {{lang|ta|பஞ்சு}}||[[cotton]]<ref name="Rabin435" />
|-
|{{Transliteration|he|mesukkan}} {{lang|he|מסכן}}||wood||Tamil via [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]||{{Transliteration|ta|mucukkaṭṭai}} {{lang|ta|முசுக்கட்டை}}||[[mulberry tree]]<ref name="Rabin435" />
|-
|{{Transliteration|he|piṭdâh}} {{lang|he|פִטְדָה}}||[[topaz]]||Tamil or Dravidian||{{Transliteration|ta|pitta}} {{lang|ta|பித்த}}||[[bile]] or [[yellow]]<ref name="Rabin435" /><ref>Waldman, N. ''The Recent Study of Hebrew: A Survey of the Literature with Selected Bibliography'' p. 61</ref>
|-
|{{Transliteration|he|qôph}} {{lang|he|קוף}}||[[monkey]]||probably Tamil but also possibly Sanskrit||{{Transliteration|ta|ka(p)vi}} {{lang|ta|கவி}}||monkey<ref>{{cite web | last1 = Curvin | first1 = David |title = Balashon: Hebrew Language Detective| url = http://www.balashon.com/2007/01/kuf.html|access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last1 = Bible Study Tools |title = Ape| url = https://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionaries/eastons-bible-dictionary/ape.html|access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref><ref>Dikshitar R. ''Origin And Spread Of The Tamils '', p.89-90</ref><ref name="chandra" />
|-
|}

==Post-biblical period==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Hebrew word||Meaning in Hebrew||Source language ||Tamil word||Meaning in Tamil
|-
|{{Transliteration|he|[[etrog]]}} {{lang|he|אתרוג}}|| yellow citron||Tamil via [[Persian language|Persian]]{{refn|group=nb|According Rabin, Hebrew {{Transliteration|he|etrog}} or {{Transliteration|he|ethrunga}} is borrowed from {{Transliteration|fa|turung}} in [[Persian language|Persian]] or {{Transliteration|mid|etrunga}} in [[Mandaic language|Mandaic]], that is ultimately related to {{Transliteration|ta|mātuḷam}}/{{lang|ta|மாதுளம்}} or {{Transliteration|ta|mātuḷamkāy}}/{{lang|ta|மாதுளம்காய்}} in Tamil for Pomegranate or lemon, where as [[Philologos]] derives it from Tamil {{Transliteration|ta| Nāṟṟaṅkāy}}/{{lang|ta| நாற்றங்காய்}}<ref name=Philologos>{{cite web | last1 = Philologos |title = The Etrog| date = 7 October 2006| url = https://forward.com/articles/4851/the-etrog/|access-date=13 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=etrog>{{cite web | last1 = Curvin | first1 = David |title = Balashon: Hebrew Language Detective| url = http://www.balashon.com/2006/10/etrog.html|access-date=5 January 2021}}</ref>}}||{{Transliteration|ta|mātuḷam}} {{lang|ta|மாதுளம்}}, or alternatively, {{Transliteration|ta|nārttaṅkāy}} {{lang|ta|நார்த்தங்காய்}}||[[pomegranate]] or [[citron]]<ref name=Philologos/><ref name=etrog/><ref name=Rabin1>Rabin, C. Lexical borrowings from Indian languages as Carriers of ideas and Technical concept (in ''Between Jerusalem and Benares: Comparative Studies in Judaism and Hinduism'', p. 30)</ref>
|-
|-
|{{Transliteration|he|orez}} {{lang|he|אורז}}||rice||Tamil via South Arabian{{refn|group=nb|According [[Chaim Rabin]] Greek {{Transliteration|grc|óruza}} ({{lang|grc|ὄρυζα}}), Hebrew {{lang|he|אורז}} are derived from South Arabian {{Transliteration|sem-x-oldsoara|areez}} that was ultimately derived from Tamil {{Transliteration|ta|arici}}/{{lang|ta|அரிசி}} for rice<ref name=Rabin436>Rabin, C. ''Proceedings of the Second International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies'', p. 436</ref>}}||{{Transliteration|ta|arici}} {{lang|ta|அரிசி}}||rice<ref name=Shipman/><ref name=Caldwell/><ref name=Wald/><ref name=SwamninathaAyar/><ref name=Shulman21>Shulman, D. ''Tamil: A biography'', p. 21</ref>
|-
|{{Transliteration|he|nul}} {{lang|he|נול}}
|[[loom]]
|probably Tamil, cognates in South Dravidian languages{{refn|group=nb| The Hebrew word for weavers loom {{Transliteration|he|nul}} is generally accepted to be derived from the Aramaic {{Transliteration|arc|nawlā}} per Ernest Klein, which is related to Arabic {{lang|ar|نَوْل}}, but Podolsky believes its highly improbable that the original word is preserved only in one language without cognates in other Semitic languages apart from those that were borrowed from it. He believes its related to the acquisition of a new weaving technology from South India.<ref name=Podolsky/>}}
|{{Transliteration|ta|nūl}} {{lang|ta|நூல்}}
|thread<ref name="Podolsky" />
|-
|{{Transliteration|he|mango}} {{lang|he|מנגו}}
|[[mango]]
|From English, via Portuguese originally from Tamil
|{{Transliteration|ta|māṅkāy}} {{lang|ta|மாங்காய்}}
|unripe mā (a species) fruit<ref>{{cite web | last1 =Definify |title = Mango| url = http://www.definify.com/word/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95| access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Tamil loanwords in other languages]]
** [[Tamil loanwords in Ancient Greek]]
* [[Indo-Mesopotamia relations]]
** [[Meluhha#Trade with Sumer|Meluhha § Trade with Sumer]], most likely an Indian trading partner of Mesopotamia's Sumerian civilization
* [[Indian maritime history]]
** [[Indo-Roman trade relations]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group="note"}}

{{reflist|group=nb}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Cited literature ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Caldwell |first=Robert | title=A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian, Or South-Indian Family of Languages| publisher=Harrison |date=1856|isbn=978-81-20-60117-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Moti | title=Trade And Trade Routes In Ancient India| publisher=Abhinav |date=1977|isbn=978-0-712-80117-1}}
* {{Citation |last=Dishitar |first=Ramachandra |title=Origin And Spread Of The Tamils |publisher=Oakley |year=1971 | isbn=978-3-111-59200-8}}
* {{Citation |last=James |first=Gregory |title=Tamil lexicography |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2008 | isbn=978-1-443-72658-0}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Khan |editor-first=Geoffrey | title=Encyclopedia of Hebrew Languages and Linguistics Volume 1 A-F | publisher=Brill |date=2013|isbn=978-90-04-17642-3}}
* {{cite book |translator-last=Parthasarathy |translator-first=R | title=The cilappatikāram of Iḷaṅko Aṭikaḷ : an epic of South India | publisher= Columbia University Press |date=1993|isbn= 978-02-31-07849-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Pdodolsky |first=Baruch|editor1-last=Izre'el |editor1-first=Shlomo |editor2-last=Singer |editor2-first=Itmamar |editor3-last=Zadok |editor3-first=Ran |title=Past links:Studies in the Languages and Cultures of the Ancient Near East| publisher=Eisenbrauns |date=1998|isbn=1-57506-035-3}}
* {{Citation | last=Price | first=Edward | title=A history of Kannada literature | publisher=Asian Educational Service |year=1982 | isbn=8120600630 }}
* {{cite journal |last1= Pugazhendhi|first1= D| date=Sep 2021 |title= Tamil, Greek, Hebrew and Sanskrit:Sandalwood (Σανηαλόξςλ)and it’s Semantics in Classical Literatures|url= https://www.athensjournals.gr/philology/2021-8-3-3-Pugazhendhi.pdf|journal= Athens Journal of Philology|volume=8 |issue=3|publisher=ATINER (Athens Institute for Education and Research) |pages=207-230 |doi= |pmc= |pmid= |access-date=2026-04-19}}
* {{Citation |last=Shulman |first=David |title=Tamil: A biography |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2016 | isbn=978-0-674-05992-4}}
* {{Citation | last=Sugirtharajah | first=R.S. | title=The Bible and Asia | publisher=Harvard University Press | year=2013 | isbn=978-0-674-04907-9}}
* {{Citation |last=Swamaninatha Aiyar |first=R |title=Dravidian Theories |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1987 | isbn= 978-8-120-80331-2}}
* {{cite book |last1= Rabin|first1= Chaim |editor-last=Goodman|editor-first=Hananya| title=Between Jerusalem and Benares| publisher=State University of New York |date=1994|isbn=0-7914-1715-8}}
* {{cite journal |last1= Rabin|first1= Chaim |date= Dec 1, 1973|title= The Song of Songs and Tamil Poetry |journal= Studies in Religion |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=205–219 |doi= 10.1177/000842987300300301|s2cid= 149367075 }}
* {{cite conference |title= Proceedings of the Second International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies|last1=Rabin |first1=Chaim |date=Oct 1971 |publisher=International Association of Tamil Research |pages=432–440 }}
* {{Citation |last=Southworth |first=Franklin |title=Linguistic Archeology of South Asia |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 | isbn=978-0-415-33323-8}}
* {{Citation |last=Waldman |first=Nahum |title=The Recent Study of Hebrew: A Survey of the Literature with Selected Bibliography |publisher=Eisenbrauns |year=1989 | isbn= 978-0-878-20908-8}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |first=Benjamin J. |last=Noonan |title=Non-Semitic Loanwords in the Hebrew Bible: A Lexicon of Language Contact |publisher=Penn State University Press |year=2019}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil loanwords in Biblical Hebrew}}
[[Category:Tamil language-related lists|Hebrew]]
[[Category:Lists of loanwords]]
[[Category:Hebrew words and phrases]]
[[Category:Language of the Hebrew Bible]]

Tamil loanwords in Hebrew - Revision history

WillisHeiman326: new basic post first draft