->Gharandune at 05:14, 10 December 2021

2021-12-10T05:14:47Z

imported>Masterthegator at 22:57, 5 August 2021

2021-08-05T22:57:05Z

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{{Infobox former subdivision
|subdivision = Semi-autonomous domain
|nation = [[Mughal Empire]] and [[British Empire]]
|native_name = سلسله تالپور
|conventional_long_name = Talpur Dynasty
|common_name = Silsila Talpur
|year_start = 1783
|year_end = 1843
|today = [[Pakistan]]
|p1 = Kalhora dynasty
|flag_p1 =
|p2 =
|flag_p2 =
|s1 = Bombay Presidency
|flag_s1 = British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg
|s2 =Khairpur (princely state)
|flag_s2 = Khairpurflag.png
|flag =
|image_flag = Flag of Talpur dynasty.gif
|image_map =
|image_map_caption =
|national_anthem =
|capital =[[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], [[Khairpur]], and [[Mirpur Khas]]
|government_type = Nobility ([[Mir (title)|Mir]]s)
|title_leader =
|leader1 =
|year_leader1 =
|leader2 =
|year_leader2 =
|demonym=|era=|event_end=continued in upper Sindh as the [[Khairpur (princely state)|Khairpur princely state]] until 1955|date_end=}}
{{History of Sind}}
{{History of Pakistan}}

The '''Talpur dynasty''' ({{lang-sd|ٽالپردور}}; {{lang-ur|سلسله تالپور}}) were rulers based in [[Sindh]], in what is now the modern-day [[Pakistan]]. Four branches of the dynasty were established following the defeat of the [[Kalhora dynasty]] at the [[Battle of Halani]] in 1783:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/230879/history-of-khairpur-and-the-royal-talpurs-of-sindh/|title=History of Khairpur and the royal Talpurs of Sindh|date=2018-04-21|website=Daily Times|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref> one ruled lower Sindh from the city of [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], another ruled over upper Sindh from the city of [[Khairpur]], a third ruled around the eastern city of [[Mirpur Khas]], and a fourth was based in [[Tando Muhammad Khan]]. The Talpurs were ethnically [[Baloch people|Baloch]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Solomon|first=R. V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC&pg=PA337&dq=talpur+sindh&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiu2LjPpIXoAhXVvZ4KHVzuB4sQ6AEwBnoECAcQAg#v=onepage&q=talpur%20sindh&f=false|title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey|last2=Bond|first2=J. W.|date=2006|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1965-4|language=en}}</ref> They ruled from 1783, until 1843, when they were in turn defeated by the [[British Raj|British]] at the [[Battle of Miani]] and [[Battle of Dubba|Battle of Dubbo]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.talpur.org/Home/historical-background|title=The Royal Talpurs of Sindh - Historical Background|website=www.talpur.org|accessdate=2020-02-23}}</ref> The northern Khairpur branch of the Talpur dynasty, however, continued to maintain a degree of sovereignty during British rule as the [[Khairpur (princely state)|princely state of Khairpur]],<ref name=":0" /> whose ruler elected to join the new [[Dominion of Pakistan]] in October 1947 as an autonomous region, before being fully amalgamated into [[West Pakistan]] in 1955.

== History ==
The Talpurs were ethnically [[Baloch people|Baloch]],<ref name=":0" /> and were descendants of Mir Sulaiman Kako Talpur, who had arrived in Sindh around 1680 from [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/861907/the-reality-of-talpur-rule|title=The reality of Talpur rule|date=2009-03-05|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref> The Talpurs had served the [[Kalhora dynasty]] until 1775,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Schimmel|first=Annemarie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYImm1TnemwC&pg=PA171&dq=talpur+hyderabad&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-n8_WsIXoAhXYsZ4KHTBxCZgQ6AEwB3oECAYQAg#v=onepage&q=talpur%20hyderabad&f=false|title=Islam in the Indian Subcontinent|date=1980|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-06117-0|language=en}}</ref> when the Kalhora ruler had ordered the assassination of the chief of the [[Talpur|Talpur clan]], Mir Bahram Khan, leading to a revolt among the Talpurs against the Kalhora crown. Mir Shahdad Khan Talpur, the great grandfather of the founder of the Talpur dynasty, was a Mughal bureaucrat, and established the city of [[Shahdadpur]] in 1713.<ref name=":1" />

The Talpur dynasty was established in 1783 by Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur, who declared himself the first ''Rais'', or ruler of Sindh, after defeating the [[Kalhora dynasty|Kalhoras]] at the [[Battle of Halani]].<ref name=":0" /> Early Talpur rule was termed the First ''Chauyari,'' or "rule of four friends" - Mir Fateh along with his brothers Mir Ghulam, Mir Karam, and Mir Murad.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Pathan|first=Mumtaz Husain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jMtqtAEACAAJ&dq=In+Talpurs+in+Sindh+(1783-1843),+Dr+Mumtaz+Hussain+Pathan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5yMjQxIXoAhUXrZ4KHXtLAG0Q6AEwAXoECAEQAQ|title=Talpurs in Sindh, 1783-1843|date=2017|publisher=Endowment Fund Trust|isbn=978-969-9860-11-9|language=en}}</ref> The Talpur capital was declared to be [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], which had served as the capital of the overthrown Kalhoras. After his success, Fateh Ali Khan ruled from Hyderabad, while his nephew established a branch of the dynasty in Khairpur. Another relative, Mir [[Tharo Khan Talpur|Thara Khan]], established the Mankani branch in southeast Sindh around the area around [[Mirpur Khas]] - a city which was founded by his son [[Ali Murad Talpur]].

The Talpur brothers extended their rule over neighboring regions such as [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]], [[Kutch district|Kutch]], and [[Kot Sabzal|Sabzalkot]],<ref name=":3" /> covering an area of over 100,000 square kilometers, with a population of approximately 4 million.<ref name=":3" /> They administered their realm by assigning ''jagirs'' to control individual land grants.<ref name=":3" /> In 1832, Afghan king Shah Shuja invaded Sindh, which the brother united against to defeat.<ref name=":3" /> During their rule, [[Syed Ahmad Barelvi]] tried to garner support for a campaign against the Sikh emperor [[Ranjit Singh]], but was perceived to be a British agent.<ref name=":3" /> Divisions among the Talpurs, such as the Khairpur chiefs request to the British to seize [[Karachi]] from the Hyderabadi chiefs, allowed the British to eventually conquer Sindh.<ref name=":3" /> The British conquered Karachi in 1839, and with the support of [[Khoja]]s and [[Hindus]], were able to quickly advance on Hyderabad, forcing the Talpurs to pay tribute.<ref name=":3" /> Seth Naumal, a Hindu merchant, was held responsible by the Talpurs for encouraging non-Baloch tribes in lower Sindh to defect and aid the British.<ref name=":3" /> He was later granted the title ''Sitara-e-Hind'' by the British for his service to them against the Talpurs.<ref name=":3" />

== Religious beliefs ==
[[File:Tomb of Mir Tharo Talpur — the ruler of Mirpur Khas — in Chitorri Graveyard.jpg|thumb|Tomb of [[Tharo Khan Talpur|Mir Thara Khan Talpur]] at [[Chitorri]]. The sandstone tombs are the finest examples of Sindh's architecture prevalent in 17th and 18th century.]]
The Talpurs were followers of the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] sect of [[Islam]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Tarun Tapas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKI5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52&dq=talpur+hyderabad&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-n8_WsIXoAhXYsZ4KHTBxCZgQ6AEwAXoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=talpur%20hyderabad&f=false|title=Chitrolekha International Magazine on Art and Design, Volume 5, Number 2, 2015|last2=Mukherjee|first2=Sreecheta|date=2015-08-01|publisher=Chitrolekha International Magazine on Art and Design|language=en}}</ref> Under their rule in both Hyderabad and Khairpur, Shia practices such as the building of ''Shabeeh'' and ''Zareeh Mubarak'', or replicas of shrines of [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Shia Imams]], were established.<ref name=":4" /> The first was built at Tando Agha in Hyderabad in 1785 by the founder of the Talpur dynasty, Mir Fateh Ali Khan.<ref name=":4" /> The ''Qadamgah Imam Ali'' was established in Hyderabad during his rule, and houses what are considered by the faithful to be the footprint of [[Imam Ali]], and were gifted to Mir Fateh Ali Khan by the Shah of Persia, [[Fath-Ali Khan Qajar|Fath Ali Khan Qajar]].<ref name=":4" /> The footprints were housed in a special shrine for the Talpur family, and were viewed by the public on certain holidays.<ref name=":4" /> Under the rule of the last Hyderabadi Talpur Mir, Naseer Khan, a new shrine was made in which the footprints were made accessible to the public.<ref name=":4" />
Others Shia replica shrines were eventually built by other Talpur rulers in several cities and towns in Sindh.<ref name=":4" /> These replicas were built for the poor who did not have resources to travel to the actual shrines in Iraq and Iran, and continue to operate until present day.<ref name=":4" />

{{Dynasties of Sindh}}

== Branches ==

=== Shahdadani Talpurs of Hyderabad ===
[[File:Tombs of Talpur Mirs - view 5.JPG|left|thumb|[[Tombs of the Talpur Mirs]] in Hyderabad.]]
The Talpur dynasty was established in 1783 by Mir Fateh Ali Khan, who declared himself the first ''Rais'', or ruler of Sindh, after defeating the [[Kalhora dynasty|Kalhoras]] at the [[Battle of Halani]].<ref name=":0" /> He ruled until his death in 1801, when he was succeeded by his son Mir Ghulam Ali Talpur until 1811. From 1811 to 1828, the Hyderabadi Talpur state was ruled by Mir Karam Ali Talpur. After his death in 1828, The Hyderabad branch of the Talpurs was ruled by Mir Murad Ali Khan until 1833. Mir Murad Ali Khan was succeeded by Mir Noor Muhammad, who was in turn succeeded by Mir Naseer Khan Talpur. The Hyderabadi branch of the Talpur Mirs were defeated by the [[British Raj|British]] at the [[Battle of Miani]] on 17 February 1843.<ref name=":2" />

=== Sohrabani Talpurs of Khairpur ===
[[File:FaizMahal.jpg|thumb|The [[Faiz Mahal]] in [[Khairpur]] was built by the Sohrabani Talpurs, and is considered to be the finest Sindhi haveli.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/talpur-palaces-of-khairpur/|title=Talpur Palaces of Khairpur|date=2018-05-18|website=The Friday Times|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>]]
The Talpur dynasty was established in 1783 by Mir Fateh Ali Khan, who declared himself the first ''Rais'', or ruler of Sindh, after defeating the [[Kalhora dynasty|Kalhoras]] at the [[Battle of Halani]].<ref name=":0" /> The nephew of Mir Fateh Ali Khan, Mir Sohrab Khan Talpur, established a branch of the Talpur dynasty in 1783 in Burahan, which was renamed [[Khairpur]] in 1783. The Khairpur branch of the dynasty maintained a degree of sovereignty during British rule as the [[Khairpur (princely state)|princely state of Khairpur]] until 1947.<ref name=":0" /> The death of Mir Sohrab Khan Talpur, founder of the [[Khairpur]] branch abdicated power to his eldest son Mir Rustam 'Ali Khan, in 1811.<ref name=":0" /> Rustam's youngest half brother, 'Ali Murad, strengthened his hand by signing a treaty with the British in 1832, in which he secured recognition as the independent ruler of Khairpur in exchange for surrendering control of foreign relations to the British, as well as use of Sindh's roads and the Indus River.<ref name=":0" /> The new state's economy became heavily dependent upon the production of [[opium]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Eaton|first=Richard M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0_xhdCScQkC&pg=PA98&dq=talpur+sindh&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiu2LjPpIXoAhXVvZ4KHVzuB4sQ6AEwCHoECAgQAg#v=onepage&q=talpur%20sindh&f=false|title=Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards|last2=Faruqui|first2=Munis D.|last3=Gilmartin|first3=David|last4=Kumar|first4=Sunil|last5=Richards|first5=John F.|date=2013-03-07|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-03428-0|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Khairpur map.gif|left|thumb|Khairpur State (marked in red) joined Pakistan as a princely state in 1947]]
Rustam ruled until 1842, when he in turn was replaced by Mir Ali Murad. Ali Murad helped the British in 1845 during the Turki campaign,<ref name=":0" /> but was later accused of plotting against the British, and so was stripped of his lands in upper Sindh. The remaining land under his control consisted mostly of Khairpur city, and its immediate environs. During the 1857 [[Sepoy Mutiny]], Ali Murad sided which the British, and prevented rebels from seizing the [[Shikarpur, Sindh|Shikarpur]] jail and treasury.<ref name=":0" /> In 1866, the British promised to recognize any future successors as rightful rulers of Khairpur.<ref name=":0" /> Ali Murad's rule went on uninterrupted until his death in 1894.

Ali Murad was succeeded by his second son, Mir Faiz Muhammad Khan, who died in 1909.<ref name=":0" /> He was in turn succeeded by his son, Mir Sir Imam Bakhsh Khan Talpur,<ref name=":0" /> who aided the British war effort during [[World War I]], and was thus awarded the honourary title Lieutenant-Colonel in 1918.<ref name=":0" /> He passed in 1921, and was succeeded by His Highness Mir Ali Nawaz Khan. Under his rule, the feudal ''Cherr'' system of forced labour was abolished, while new canals were laid for irrigation.<ref name=":0" />

Mir Ali Nawaz Khan died in 1935, and was succeeded by Mir Faiz Muhammad Khan II, who had suffered from an unstable and nervous affliction, then became nominal leader. The Khairpur government instituted a council of regency under local ministers and ordered the Mir to live outside the state. After a period of twelve years, and shortly before the transfer of power, he abdicated in favour of his minor son in July 1947. The state acceded to the Dominion of Pakistan in October that year, and merged into West Pakistan in 1955.

=== Manikani Talpurs of Mirpur Khas ===
Mir [[Tharo Khan Talpur|Thara Khan]], a relative of the Talpur founder Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur, established the Manikani branch in southeast Sindh around the area around [[Mirpur Khas]] - a city which was founded by his son [[Ali Murad Talpur]].
[[File:TheTalpurSons.jpg|thumb|''The Talpur Princes of Mirpurkhas'': Third from the left is Mir Ali Murad Talpur II, the great grandson of [[Mir Ali Murad Talpur]], the founder of Mirpur Khas.]]
[[Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur]] succeeded Mir Ali Murad Talpur in 1829, and built a fort in the city when he declared the ruler of the state, and ran a [[Court|kutchery]] from within the fort. Elaborate graves for the local rulers were built at [[Chitorri]] under his rule. and feature a syncretic architectural style that combines elements of Islamic and [[Rajasthan]]i architecture.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thesindhtimes.com/blogs/royal-palaces-of-talpurs-of-mirpurkhas/|title=Royal palaces of Talpurs of Mirpurkhas|date=17 April 2015|accessdate=20 December 2017|agency=Sindh Times}}</ref> Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur established friendly relations with the Sikh emperor [[Ranjit Singh]], but fought against the British.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.talpur.org/Home/mankani-talpurs/the-lion-of-sindh|title=Sher-i-Sindh - The Royal Talpurs of Sindh|website=www.talpur.org|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref> His battle for the Sindh state earned him the moniker "Lion of Sindh."<ref>The kutchery in the fort now has a tablet embedded at the entrance reading, "The fort within which this building stands was residence of Mir Sher Muhammad Khan, the Lion of Sind."</ref>

Mirpur Khas remained the capital of the Talpur Mirs of Mirpurkhas until 1843, when Sindh was annexed to British India under the [[East India Company]] following the conquest of Sindh by [[Charles James Napier]] and defeat of [[Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur]] on 24 March 1843 at the [[Battle of Dubba|battleground of Dubbo]].<ref name="CITEREFGazetteer1">{{Cite book|last=Hunter|first=William Wilson, Sir|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V17_371.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India|publisher=Clarendon Press (Oxford, 1908–1931)|volume=volume 17|page=365|accessdate=25 May 2008}}</ref> During the battle, some local Sindhi ''jagirs'' are reported to have taken bribes from British forces, and aimed their guns towards Talpur forces.<ref name=":3" /> Following British victory, the chief's [[harem]] was entered, and its women plundered of their jewelry before being imprisoned.<ref name=":3" />

=== Shahwani Talpurs of Tando Muhammad Khan ===
The Shahwani branch of the Talpur dynasty was established by Mir Muhammad Khan Talpur Shahwani, who died in 1813. Under his rule, the city of [[Tando Muhammad Khan]] was established.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Talpur dynasty| ]]
[[Category:History of Sindh]]
[[Category:Shia dynasties]]
[[Category:Princely rulers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Nawabs of Pakistan]]

Talpur dynasty - Revision history

->Gharandune at 05:14, 10 December 2021

imported>Masterthegator at 22:57, 5 August 2021