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{{short description|Geologic formation in India}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2023}}

{{Infobox rockunit
| name = Takli Formation
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Geological formation]]
| age = [[Maastrichtian]]
| period = Maastrichtian
| prilithology = [[Claystone]], [[siltstone]], [[marl]]
| otherlithology =
| namedfor = [[Tákli Plain]]
| namedby =
| region = [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|21.2|N|79.1|E|display=inline,title}}
| paleocoordinates = {{coord|26.2|S|61.5|E|display=inline}}
| unitof =
| subunits =
| underlies =
| overlies =
| thickness =
| extent =
| area =
| map = {{Location map+ | India
| relief = 1
| width = 250
| float = center
| places =
{{Location map~ | India
| lat_deg = 21.2
| lon_deg = 79.1
| mark = Lightgreen pog.svg
| marksize = 10
}}
}}
| map_caption =
}}

The '''Takli Formation''' is a [[Maastrichtian]] geologic [[Formation (geology)|formation]] in [[India]].<ref>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=119660 Tákli Plain, northwest of Nagpur] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref> [[Dinosaur]] remains diagnostic to the [[genus]] level are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.<ref name="dinosaurdistribution">Weishampel, et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution." Pp. 517-607.</ref>

== Paleobiota ==
{{Paleobiota-key-compact}}
=== Dinosaurs ===
; Sauropods
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Sauropod]]s from the Takli Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Location !! Time Period !! Notes !! Images
|-
|style="background:#E3F5FF;"| ''[[Fusioolithus]]''
|style="background:#E3F5FF;"| ''F. baghensis''
|style="background:#E3F5FF;"| eggshell fragments
|style="background:#E3F5FF;"| [[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:#E3F5FF;"| [[Maastrichtian]]
|style="background:#E3F5FF;"| [[Sauropoda|Sauropod]] Eggs.
|style="background:#E3F5FF;"|
|-
| [[Sauropoda]]<ref name="auto">A. Sahni and S. Bajpai. 1988. Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary events: the fossil vertebrate, palaeomagnetic and radiometric evidence from Peninsualr India. ''Journal of the Geological Society of India'' '''32(5)''':382-395 </ref><ref name=":2" />
| Indeterminate
| tooth
| [[Gujarat]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Sauropoda|Sauropod]].
|
|-
| [[Titanosauridae]]
| Indeterminate
| teeth
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Titanosauridae|Titanosaur]].
|
|-
|}
; Theropods
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Theropod]]s from the Takli Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Location !! Time Period !! Notes !! Images
|-
| ?[[Coelurosauria]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Vianey-Liaud |first1=Monique |last2=Jain |first2=Sohan L. |last3=Sahni |first3=Ashok |date=1988-01-22 |title=Dinosaur eggshells (Saurischia) from the Late Cretaceous Intertrappean and Lameta formations (Deccan, India) |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.1988.10011673 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=408–424 |doi=10.1080/02724634.1988.10011673 |bibcode=1988JVPal...7..408V |issn=0272-4634|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
| Indeterminate
| teeth
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| Coelurosauria was a common [[wastebasket taxon]].
|
|-
| ?[[Megalosauridae]]
| Indeterminate
| teeth
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| Megalosauridae was a common [[wastebasket taxon]].
|
|-
|style="background:#f3e9f3;" | ''[[Massospondylus]]''<ref>R. Lydekker. 1890. Note on certain vertebrate remains from the Nagpur district. ''Records of the Geological Survey of India'' '''23(1)''':21-24</ref><ref name=DBW90>{{cite book |last=Weishampel |first=David B. |author-link=David B. Weishampel |chapter=Dinosaur distribution |editor=David B. Weishampel |editor2=Peter Dodson |editor3=Halszka Osmólska|title=The Dinosauria |edition=1st |year=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-06727-1 |pages=63–139 }}</ref>
|style="background:#f3e9f3;" | ''M. rawesi''
|style="background:#f3e9f3;" | Tooth
|style="background:#f3e9f3;" | [[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:#f3e9f3;" | [[Maastrichtian]]
|style="background:#f3e9f3;" | Previously thought to be a ''[[Massospondylus]]'' now known to be an indeterminate [[Abelisauridae|abelisaurid]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hendrickx |first1=C. |last2=Soto Núñez |first2=M. |last3=Araújo |first3=R. |last4=Meso |first4=J. G. |last5=Maganuco |first5=S. |last6=Ben-Salahuddin |first6=A. |year=2025 |title=Isolated abelisaurid teeth from Gondwana and dental evolution in Abelisauridae |url=https://www.ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/libraryFiles/downloadPublic/145 |journal=Ameghiniana |doi=10.5710/AMGH.17.09.2025.3654}}</ref>
|style="background:#f3e9f3;" |
|-
|[[Theropoda]]<ref name="auto"/>
|Indeterminate
|Teeth.
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[Maastrichtian]]
|An indeterminate [[theropoda|theropod]].
|}

;

=== Other Archosaurs ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | Other '''[[Archosaur]]s from the Takli Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Location !! Time Period !! Notes !! Images
|-
| [[Archosauria]]<ref name=":2" />
| Indeterminate
| teeth
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| Either a [[saurischia]]n or a [[crocodilla]]<nowiki/>n.
|
|-
| [[Crocodyliformes]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rio |first1=Jonathan P. |last2=Mannion |first2=Philip D. |date=2021-09-06 |title=Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=9 |article-number=e12094 |doi=10.7717/peerj.12094 |doi-access=free |pmid=34567843 |pmc=8428266 |bibcode=2021PeerJ...912094R |issn=2167-8359}}</ref>
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Crocodyliformes|Crocodyliform]].
|
|-
|}

=== Lepidosaurs ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Lepidosaur]]s from the Takli Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Location !! Time Period !! Notes !! Images
|-
| [[Gekkonidae]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Kapur |first1=Vivesh V. |last2=Khosla |first2=Ashu |date=2018-12-03 |title=Faunal elements from the Deccan volcano-sedimentary sequences of India: A reappraisal of biostratigraphic, palaeoecologic, and palaeobiogeographic aspects |journal=Geological Journal |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=2797–2828 |doi=10.1002/gj.3379 |issn=0072-1050}}</ref>
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Gecko]].
|
|-
| [[Boidae]]<ref name=":4">S. L. Jain. 1989. Recent dinosaur discoveries in India, including eggshells, nests and coprolites. In D. D. Gillette & M. G. Lockley (ed.), ''Dinosaur Tracks and Traces'' 99-108</ref><ref name=":5">{{Citation |last1=Rage |first1=Jean-Claude |title=Anuran Lissamphibian and Squamate Reptiles from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Deccan Intertrappean Sites in Central India, with a Review of Lissamphibian and Squamate Diversity in the Northward Drifting Indian Plate |date=2020 |work=Biological Consequences of Plate Tectonics: New Perspectives on Post-Gondwana Break-up–A Tribute to Ashok Sahni |pages=99–121 |editor-last=Prasad |editor-first=Guntupalli V.R. |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-49753-8_6 |access-date=2024-08-18 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-49753-8_6 |isbn=978-3-030-49753-8 |last2=Prasad |first2=Guntupalli V. R. |last3=Verma |first3=Omkar |last4=Khosla |first4=Ashu |last5=Parmar |first5=Varun |editor2-last=Patnaik |editor2-first=Rajeev|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Snake]].
|
|-
| [[Scincomorpha]]<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Scincomorpha|Scincomorph]].
|
|-
| ?''[[Contogenys]]''<ref name=":3" />
| sp.
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Globauridae|Globaurid]].
|
|-
| [[Anguidae]]<ref name=":6" />
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
|[[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Anguidae|Anguid]].
|
|-
| ''[[Litakis]]''<ref name=":3" />
| sp.
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Platynota]].
|
|-
| ''[[Exostinus]]''
| ''E. estesi''<ref name=":3" />
''E. estesai''
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Xenosauridae|Xenosaurid]].
|
|-
|''[[Pristiguana]]''
|''P. sp.''
|
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Maastrichtian]]
|An [[Iguanidae|Iguanid]].
|-
|[[Iguanidae]]<ref name=":3" />
|Indeterminate
|
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Maastrichtian]]
|An [[Iguanidae|iguanid]].
|}

=== Amphibians ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Amphibian]]s from the Takli Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Location !! Time Period !! Notes !! Images
|-
| [[Frog|Anura]]<ref name=":0">S. Hislop. 1861. Remarks on the geology of Nágpur. ''Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society'' '''6''':194-204</ref>
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Frog]].
|
|-
| [[Pelobatidae]]<ref name=":5" />
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Pelobatidae|Spadefoot Toad]].
|
|-
|}

=== Fish ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Fish]]es from the Takli Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Location !! Time Period !! Notes !! Images
|-
| ''[[Pycnodus]]''
| ''P. lametae''
''P. bicresta''<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282319217|title=Vertebrate Fauna From the Infra- and Inter-trappean Beds of Andhra Pradesh: Age Implications}}</ref>
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Pycnodontidae|Pycnodontid]] Fish.
|
|-
| ''[[Belonostomus]]''<ref name=":4" />
| sp.
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| An [[Aspidorhynchidae|Aspidorhynchid]] Fish.
|
|-
| ''[[Sphyraena]]''<ref name=":6" />
| sp.
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Barracuda]].
|
|-
| ''[[Enchodus]]''
| ''E. ferox''<ref name=":6" />
sp.<ref name=":4" />
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| An [[Enchodontidae|Enchodontid]] Fish.
|
|-
| [[Clupeidae]]<ref name=":6" />
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Clupeidae|Clupeid]] Fish.
|
|-
| ''[[Apateodus]]''<ref name=":7" />
| ''A. striatus''
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| An [[Ichthyotringidae|Ichthyotringid]] Fish.
|
|-
| ''[[Stephanodus]]''<ref name=":7" />
| ''S. lybicus''
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| An [[Eotrigonodontidae|Eotrigonodontid]] Fish.
|
|-
| ''[[Ostracion]]''<ref name=":6" />
| sp.
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| An [[Ostraciidae|Ostraciid]] Fish.
|
|-
| ''[[Palaeolabrus]]''<ref name=":7" />
| ''P. dormaalensis''
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Palaeolabridae|Palaeolabrid]] Fish.
|
|-
| ''[[Lepisosteus]]''<ref name=":6" />
| ''L. indicus''
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Gar]].
|
|-
| ''[[Lepidotes]]''<ref name=":4" />
| sp.
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A possible late surviving [[Lepidotidae|lepidotid]].
|
|-
| ''[[Dasyatis]]''<ref name=":4" />
| sp.
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Whiptail stingray]].
|
|-
| ''[[Igdabatis]]''
| ''I. sigmodon''
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| An [[Eagle ray]].
|
|-
| ''[[Osteoglossum]]''
| ''O. deccanensis''
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Osteoglossidae|osteoglossid]] Fish.
|
|-
| [[Osteichthyes]]<ref name=":0" />
| Indeterminate
| Ganoid and Cycloid scales
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| An [[Osteichthyes|Bony fish]].
|
|}

=== Mammals ===

{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Mammal]]s from the Takli Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Location !! Time Period !! Notes !! Images
|-
| [[Symmetrodonta]]<ref name=":6">{{Cite web | url=http://palaeontologicalsociety.in/vol35/v11.pdf | title=Palaeontology and palaeoecology of the intertrappean (Cretaceous-Tertiary transition) beds of the peninsular India | website=palaeontologicalsociety.in}}</ref>
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| An [[Allotheria|Allotherian]] Mammal.
|
|-
|}

=== Molluscas ===

{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Mollusca]]s from the Takli Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Location !! Time Period !! Notes !! Images
|-
| [[Bivalvia]]
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Clam]].
|
|-
| ''[[Lymnaea|Limnaea]]''
| sp.
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Snail]].
|
|-
| ''[[Valvata]]''
| sp.
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Snail]].
|
|-
| ''[[Paludina]]''
| sp.
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Snail]].
|
|-
| ''[[Physa]]''
| ''P. prinsepii''
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
|[[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Snail]].
|
|-
|}

=== Crustaceans ===

{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Crustacean]]s from the Takli Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Location !! Time Period !! Notes !! Images
|-
| [[Ostracoda]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258963754|title=New Evidence for Paleobiogeographic Intercontinental Gondwana Relationships Based on Late Cretaceous-Earliest Paleocene Coastal Faunas from Peninsular India}}</ref>
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| An [[Ostracod]].
|
|-
|}

=== Turtles ===

{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Turtle]]s from the Takli Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Location !! Time Period !! Notes !! Images
|-
| [[Pelomedusidae]]<ref name=":6" />
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Pelomedusidae|Pelomedusid]] Turtle.
|
|-
| [[Testudinata]]
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Turtle]].
|
|-
|}

=== Insects ===

{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Insect]]s from the Takli Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Location !! Time Period !! Notes !! Images
|-
| ?[[Buprestidae]]<ref name=":1">A. Murray. 1860. Notes on some fossil insects from Nagpur. ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'' '''16''':182-186</ref>
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Jewel beetle]].
|
|-
| ''[[Lomatus]]''<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://cerambycids.com/Buprestidae/WorldCat/Classif/fossils.htm |title=Fossil Buprestidae |author=Bellamy, C. L. |date=2013 |work=A Checklist of World Buprestoidea |access-date=7 Sep 2021 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908023945/https://cerambycids.com/Buprestidae/WorldCat/Classif/fossils.htm }}</ref>
| ''L. hislopi''
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Jewel beetle]].
|
|-
| ?[[Curculionidae]]
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Snout beetle]].
|
|-
| ''[[Meristos]]''<ref name=":1" />
| ''M. hunteri''
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Snout beetle]].
|
|-
| ''[[Palaeotanymecides]]''<ref name=":1" />
| ''P. hislopi''
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Snout beetle]].
|
|-
|}

=== Flora ===

== See also ==
*[[List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations]]
**[[List of stratigraphic units with few dinosaur genera]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book |editor-last=[[David B. Weishampel|Weishampel]] |editor-first=David B. |editor-last2=[[Peter Dodson|Dodson]] |editor-first2=Peter |editor-last3=[[Halszka Osmólska|Osmólska]] |editor-first3=Halszka |year=2004 |title=The Dinosauria|edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZFDb_iw40C |location=Berkeley|publisher= University of California Press |pages=1–880 |access-date=2019-02-21|isbn=0-520-24209-2}}

[[Category:Geologic formations of India]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Asia]]
[[Category:Maastrichtian Stage]]
[[Category:Shale formations]]
[[Category:Siltstone formations]]
[[Category:Marl formations]]
[[Category:Fluvial deposits]]
[[Category:Lacustrine deposits]]
[[Category:Paleontology in India]]

Takli Formation - Revision history

Bhatti21: adding new post needs work!