Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah - Revision history

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	{{Refimprove\| date= May 2012}}{{Infobox royalty\|succession=Sultan of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]]\|reign=24 November 1397 to 1 ~~October 1422~~\|successor=[[Ahmad Shah I Wali]]\|birth_date=\|death_date=1 October 1422\|burial_place=[[Haft Gumbaz]]}}		{{Refimprove\| date= May 2012}}{{Infobox royalty\|succession=Sultan of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]]\|reign=16 November 1397 to 22 September 1422 {{Sfn\|Sherwani\|1946\|loc=''Tajuddin Firoz''
			[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68551/page/n163/mode/1up?view=theater 163]}}{{Sfn\|Eaton\|2000\|loc=''Death of Firoz Shah'' [https://archive.org/details/iB_in/1-8/page/n64/mode/1up?view=theater pp. 54]}}
			\|successor=[[Ahmad Shah I Wali]]\|birth_date=\|death_date=1 October 1422\|burial_place=[[Haft Gumbaz]]}}

	'''Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah''' (died 1422), also known as '''Firuz Shah Bahmani''', was the ruler of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] from 24 November 1397 to ~~1 October~~ 1422. Firuz Shah is considered an important ruler of the Bahamani Sultanate. He expanded his kingdom and even succeeded in conquering the [[Raichur Doab]] from Vijaynagara kingdoms.<ref>{{~~cite book~~\|~~last=Allan\|first=John Andrew\|title~~=The ~~Cambridge Shorter~~ History of ~~India~~\|~~author2~~=~~Thomas Wolseley Haig~~\|~~author3~~=~~Henry Dodwell~~\|~~publisher~~=~~[[Cambridge University Press]]\|year=1934\|pages=286–287\|authorlink2=Wolseley Haig}}<~~/~~ref><ref name~~=~~"sen2">{{Cite book~~ \|~~last~~=~~Sen~~ \|~~first~~=~~Sailendra~~ \|title=~~A Textbook of Medieval Indian History \|publisher=Primus Books \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 \|pages=106–108~~}}</ref>		'''Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah''' (died 1422), also known as '''Firuz Shah Bahmani''', was the ruler of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] from 16 November 1397 to 22 September 1422. Firuz Shah is considered an important ruler of the Bahamani Sultanate. He expanded his kingdom and even succeeded in conquering the [[Raichur Doab]] from Vijaynagara kingdoms.<ref>{{citation\|work=The History and culture of the Indian People-Vol 6\|editor-last1=Majumdar\|editor-first1=R C\|url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar/page/254/mode/1up?view=theater\|page=254\|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan\|title=''Firoz Shah Bahmani''}}</ref>

	Firuz Shah fought against the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] on many occasions and the rivalry between the two dynasties continued unabated throughout his reign, with victories in 1398 and 1406, but a defeat in 1419. One of his victories resulted in his marriage to [[Deva Raya]]'s daughter.<ref name="sen2" />		Firuz Shah fought against the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] on many occasions and the rivalry between the two dynasties continued unabated throughout his reign, with victories in 1398 and 1406, but a defeat in 1419. One of his victories resulted in his marriage to [[Deva Raya]]'s daughter.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book \|last=Sen \|first=Sailendra \|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History \|publisher=Primus Books \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 \|pages=106–108}}</ref>

	== Early life and background ==		== Early life and background ==
	He was the son of Daud Shah, the fourth sultan, and a grandson of [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah]], the first sultan.<ref name=":0" /> He, along with his brother Ahmed, was raised by Muhammad Shah II. Muhammad II married his daughters off to the two brothers. Firuz was deemed the [[heir presumptive]] to the throne.~~<ref name=":1" />~~		He was the son of Daud Shah, the fourth sultan, and a grandson of [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah]], the first sultan.<ref name=":0" /> He, along with his brother Ahmed, was raised by Muhammad Shah II. Muhammad II married his daughters off to the two brothers. Firuz was deemed the [[heir presumptive]] to the throne.

	After the birth of Ghiyas-ud-din, Muhammmad deemed him the successor to the throne. Firuz swore fealty to the new sultan. However, Ghiyas-ud-din was blinded and imprisoned by a Turkish nobleman who installed Shams-ud-din as a puppet ruler. Firuz and Ahmed marched to Gulbarga and Firuz declared himself the sultan. Taghalchin was killed and Shams-ud-din was blinded.~~<ref name=":1" />~~		After the birth of Ghiyas-ud-din, Muhammmad deemed him the successor to the throne. Firuz swore fealty to the new sultan. However, Ghiyas-ud-din was blinded and imprisoned by a Turkish nobleman who installed Shams-ud-din as a puppet ruler. Firuz and Ahmed marched to Gulbarga and Firuz declared himself the sultan. Taghalchin was killed and Shams-ud-din was blinded.

	==Reign ==		==Reign ==
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	Firuz led a successful expedition against [[Narsingh Rai]] of Kherla who had to surrender forty elephants and married his daughter to Firuz.{{Citation needed\|date= May 2012}} In 1420, an attack on Pangal, which had been taken by Vijayanagar, proved disastrous. Firuz was trounced by Vijayanagar and he retreated, surrendering the southern and eastern districts of his kingdom. This defeat had a deep impact on his morale and he was henceforth a broken man. He spend his final two years in asceticism and piety.		Firuz led a successful expedition against [[Narsingh Rai]] of Kherla who had to surrender forty elephants and married his daughter to Firuz.{{Citation needed\|date= May 2012}} In 1420, an attack on Pangal, which had been taken by Vijayanagar, proved disastrous. Firuz was trounced by Vijayanagar and he retreated, surrendering the southern and eastern districts of his kingdom. This defeat had a deep impact on his morale and he was henceforth a broken man. He spend his final two years in asceticism and piety.

	During his reign, Firuz was successful in integrating Hindus into the Bahmani office and army. He also formed alliances with Telugu warriors.~~<ref name=":2">~~{{~~Cite book~~\|~~last=M.~~\|~~first=Eaton, Richard~~\|~~url~~=~~http://worldcat~~.~~org/oclc/921054505\|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761 : Eight Indian Lives\|isbn=978-1-139-05390-7\|pages=~~48~~\|oclc=921054505~~}}~~</ref>~~		During his reign, Firuz was successful in integrating Hindus into the Bahmani office and army. He also formed alliances with Telugu warriors.{{Sfn\|Eaton\|2000\|loc=''Firoz'' pp.48}}

	He was determined to make the [[Deccan Plateau\|Deccan]] region the cultural centre of [[India]]. ~~He also paid much attention to the ports~~ [[~~Chaul~~]] and [[Dabhol]], ~~which attracted trade ships from~~ the [[Persian Gulf]] and [~~[Red Sea]~~].		He was determined to make the [[Deccan Plateau\|Deccan]] region the cultural centre of [[India]]. Each year he sent ships from his kingdom’s two principal western seaports, [[Goa]] and [[Chaul\|Dabhol]], to the Persian Gulf to recruit talented men of letters, administrators, soldiers, and artisans.{{Sfn\|Eaton\|2000\|loc='' A Cultural symbiosis in the Deccan''
			[https://archive.org/details/iB_in/1-8/page/n61/mode/1up?view=theater] pp.51}}

	~~He founded~~ [[Firozabad, Karnataka\|Firozabad]], a few kilometers south of Gulbarga.~~<ref name=":1">~~{{~~Cite book~~\|~~last=~~Sherwani\|~~first=Haroon Khan\|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68551\|title=The Bahmanis Of The Deccan\|date=~~1946\|~~pages~~=~~127, 132, 150,~~ 169~~\|authorlink=Haroon Khan Sherwani~~}}~~</ref>~~		With the raids of [[Timur]] ravaging Delhi, Firuz embarked on building a new city which was named [[Firozabad, Karnataka\|Firozabad]], a few kilometers south of Gulbarga.{{sfn\|Sherwani\|1946\|loc=''Firuzabad'' pp 169}}

	He abdicated the throne to his younger brother [[Ahmad Shah I Wali\|Ahmad]], "considered a saint by both the Muslims and Hindus."<ref name="sen2" />		He abdicated the throne to his younger brother [[Ahmad Shah I Wali\|Ahmad]], "considered a saint by both the Muslims and Hindus."<ref name="sen2" />

	== Personality ==		== Personality ==
	Firuz Shah was a particularly intellectual king. He was proficient in several languages and ~~gave~~ lectures in subjects like mathematics and geometry. He was also respectful of other faiths, and read the Christian and Jewish scriptures.~~<ref name~~=":2" />		Firuz Shah was particularly an intellectual king .He was compared to [[Muhammad bin Tughluq\|Muhammad Tughluk]] in this aspect. He was well versed in Quran and Islamic jurisprudence,took philosophical leanings in Sufism and proficient in several languages and took three days off in a week to give lectures on subjects like mathematics and Euclidean geometry. He was also a master of several languages like [[Persian language\|Persian]], [[Arabic language\|Arabic]], [[Konkani language\|Canarese]], [[Telugu Language\|Telugu]], [[Marathi Language\|Marathi]] and many other languages. He also was poet and wrote under the name of firozi.
			His interest in astronomy is quite evident when he instructs to build an observatory in Daulatabad which would get completed after his death.{{Sfn\|Eaton\|2000\|loc=''The Intellectual pursuits of the King''
			[https://archive.org/details/iB_in/1-8/page/n58/mode/1up?view=theater 55]}}
			He was also respectful of other faiths, and read the Christian and Jewish scriptures. He also maintained a vast harem consisting of inmates from different parts of the world. He would also contract temporary marriages known in the Shi'ah doctrine as [[Nikah mut'ah\|mutāh]] so as to not conflict with his strict Islamic observerence.{{Sfn\|Sherwani\|1946\|loc=''The Intellectual pursuits of the King'' [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68551/page/n165/mode/1up?view=theater] pp. 145}}

	== Death and burial ==		== Death and burial ==
	Firuz Shah died on 1 October 1422 in [[Gulbarga]]. He was buried in a large tomb in the [[Haft Gumbaz]], that was constructed during his lifetime.~~<ref name~~=~~":1" />~~		Firuz Shah died on 1 October 1422 in [[Gulbarga]]. He was buried in a large tomb in the [[Haft Gumbaz]], that was constructed during his lifetime.{{Sfn\|Sherwani\|loc=''Death'' pp. 170}}

	==References==		==References==
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	[[Category:Bahmani Sultans]]		[[Category:Bahmani Sultans]]
			==Bibliography==

			*{{Cite book\|title=The Bahmanis of Deccan, An objective study\|editor-last1=Sherwani\|editor-first1=H K\|year=1946\|publisher=Saood Manzil Limited}}
			*{{Cite book\|last=Eaton\|first=Richard Maxwell\|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/921054505\|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761 : Eight Indian Lives\|isbn=978-1-139-05390-7\|oclc=921054505\|year=2000}}


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← Older revision		Revision as of 20:30, 2 August 2021
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	{{Refimprove\| date= May 2012}}{{Infobox royalty\|succession=Sultan of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]]\|reign=24 November 1397 to 1 October 1422}}		{{Refimprove\| date= May 2012}}{{Infobox royalty\|succession=Sultan of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]]\|reign=24 November 1397 to 1 October 1422\|successor=[[Ahmad Shah I Wali]]\|birth_date=\|death_date=1 October 1422\|burial_place=[[Haft Gumbaz]]}}

	'''Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah''' was the ruler of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] from 24 November 1397 to 1 October 1422. Firuz ~~shah~~ is considered as an important ruler of the Bahamani Sultanate. He expanded his kingdom and even succeeded in conquering the Raichur Doab from Vijaynagara kingdoms. <ref>{{cite book \|title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India ~~\|last=Allan \|first=John Andrew~~ \|author2=Thomas Wolseley Haig \|author3=Henry Dodwell ~~\|pages=286–287 \|year=1934~~ \|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] }}</ref><ref name="sen2">{{Cite book \|last=Sen \|first=Sailendra \|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History \|publisher=Primus Books \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 \|pages=106–108}}</ref>		'''Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah''' (died 1422), also known as '''Firuz Shah Bahmani''', was the ruler of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] from 24 November 1397 to 1 October 1422. Firuz Shah is considered an important ruler of the Bahamani Sultanate. He expanded his kingdom and even succeeded in conquering the [[Raichur Doab]] from Vijaynagara kingdoms.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Allan\|first=John Andrew\|title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India\|author2=Thomas Wolseley Haig\|author3=Henry Dodwell\|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]\|year=1934\|pages=286–287\|authorlink2=Wolseley Haig}}</ref><ref name="sen2">{{Cite book \|last=Sen \|first=Sailendra \|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History \|publisher=Primus Books \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 \|pages=106–108}}</ref>

	~~==Life==~~		Firuz Shah fought against the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] on many occasions and the rivalry between the two dynasties continued unabated throughout his reign, with victories in 1398 and 1406, but a defeat in 1419. One of his victories resulted in his marriage to [[Deva Raya]]'s daughter.<ref name="sen2" />
	~~[[File:Farman Of Feroz Shah Bahmani - 14 -05 -1406 A.D.jpg\|thumb\|Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]]'s [[Firman]].]]~~Firuz Shah fought against the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] on many occasions and the rivalry between the two dynasties continued unabated throughout his reign, with victories in 1398 and 1406, but a defeat in 1419. One of his victories resulted in his marriage to [[Deva Raya]]'s daughter.<ref name="sen2" />

	At the ~~beginning~~ of ~~his reign~~, [[~~Harihara II~~]] of the ~~Vijayanagar Empire had advanced as far as~~ the [[~~Raichur Doab~~]] ~~and posed a threat~~ to the ~~Bahmanis. This threat was thwarted by a calculated and incisive attack by Firuz~~.~~{{fact\|date~~=~~October 2017}}~~		== Early life and background ==
			He was the son of Daud Shah, the fourth sultan, and a grandson of [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah]], the first sultan.<ref name=":0" /> He, along with his brother Ahmed, was raised by Muhammad Shah II. Muhammad II married his daughters off to the two brothers. Firuz was deemed the [[heir presumptive]] to the throne.<ref name=":1" />

	~~Firuz led a successful expedition against [[Narsingh Rai]]~~ of ~~Kherla who had~~ to ~~surrender forty elephants and his daughter~~ to ~~Firuz~~.~~{{Citation needed\|date= May 2012}} In 1420~~, ~~an attack on Pangal, which had been taken~~ by ~~Vijayanagar, proved disastrous~~. Firuz ~~was trounced by Vijayanagar~~ and Firuz ~~retreated, surrendering~~ the ~~southern and eastern districts of his kingdom~~. ~~This defeat had a deep impact on his morale~~ and he was ~~henceforth a broken man. He spend his final two years in asceticism and piety~~.		After the birth of Ghiyas-ud-din, Muhammmad deemed him the successor to the throne. Firuz swore fealty to the new sultan. However, Ghiyas-ud-din was blinded and imprisoned by a Turkish nobleman who installed Shams-ud-din as a puppet ruler. Firuz and Ahmed marched to Gulbarga and Firuz declared himself the sultan. Taghalchin was killed and Shams-ud-din was blinded.<ref name=":1" />

	Firuz was determined to make the [[Deccan Plateau\|Deccan]] region the cultural centre of [[India]]. ~~Firuz Shah~~ paid much attention to the ports Chaul and ~~Dhabol~~, which attracted trade ships from the [[Persian Gulf]] and [[Red Sea]].		==Reign ==
			[[File:Farman Of Feroz Shah Bahmani - 14 -05 -1406 A.D.jpg\|thumb\|Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]]'s [[Firman]].]]
			[[File:Haft_Gumbad.jpg\|thumb\|Tomb of Firuz Shah within the [[Haft Gumbaz]]]]
			At the beginning of his reign, [[Harihara II]] of the Vijayanagar Empire had advanced as far as the [[Raichur Doab]] and posed a threat to the Bahmanis. This threat was thwarted by a calculated and incisive attack by Firuz.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|last=Prasad\|first=Ishwari\|title=History Of Medieval India\|year=1933\|pages=423-428\|authorlink=Ishwari Prasad}}</ref>

			In 1406, he defeated the Vijayanagara Empire. A peace treaty was signed and the daughter of [[Deva Raya]] was married off to him.<ref name=":0" />

			Firuz led a successful expedition against [[Narsingh Rai]] of Kherla who had to surrender forty elephants and married his daughter to Firuz.{{Citation needed\|date= May 2012}} In 1420, an attack on Pangal, which had been taken by Vijayanagar, proved disastrous. Firuz was trounced by Vijayanagar and he retreated, surrendering the southern and eastern districts of his kingdom. This defeat had a deep impact on his morale and he was henceforth a broken man. He spend his final two years in asceticism and piety.

			During his reign, Firuz was successful in integrating Hindus into the Bahmani office and army. He also formed alliances with Telugu warriors.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book\|last=M.\|first=Eaton, Richard\|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/921054505\|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761 : Eight Indian Lives\|isbn=978-1-139-05390-7\|pages=48\|oclc=921054505}}</ref>

			He was determined to make the [[Deccan Plateau\|Deccan]] region the cultural centre of [[India]]. He also paid much attention to the ports [[Chaul]] and [[Dabhol]], which attracted trade ships from the [[Persian Gulf]] and [[Red Sea]].

			He founded [[Firozabad, Karnataka\|Firozabad]], a few kilometers south of Gulbarga.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|last=Sherwani\|first=Haroon Khan\|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68551\|title=The Bahmanis Of The Deccan\|date=1946\|pages=127, 132, 150, 169\|authorlink=Haroon Khan Sherwani}}</ref>

	He abdicated the throne to his younger brother [[Ahmad Shah I Wali\|Ahmad]], "considered a saint by both the Muslims and Hindus."<ref name="sen2" />		He abdicated the throne to his younger brother [[Ahmad Shah I Wali\|Ahmad]], "considered a saint by both the Muslims and Hindus."<ref name="sen2" />

	=== Death and burial ===		== Personality ==
	Firuz Shah died on 1 October 1422 in [[Gulbarga]].		Firuz Shah was a particularly intellectual king. He was proficient in several languages and gave lectures in subjects like mathematics and geometry. He was also respectful of other faiths, and read the Christian and Jewish scriptures.<ref name=":2" />

			== Death and burial ==
			Firuz Shah died on 1 October 1422 in [[Gulbarga]]. He was buried in a large tomb in the [[Haft Gumbaz]], that was constructed during his lifetime.<ref name=":1" />

	==References==		==References==
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Refimprove| date= May 2012}}{{Infobox royalty|succession=Sultan of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]]|reign=24 November 1397 to 1 October 1422}}

'''Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah''' was the ruler of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] from 24 November 1397 to 1 October 1422. Firuz shah is considered as an important ruler of the Bahamani Sultanate. He expanded his kingdom and even succeeded in conquering the Raichur Doab from Vijaynagara kingdoms. <ref>{{cite book |title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India |last=Allan |first=John Andrew |author2=Thomas Wolseley Haig |author3=Henry Dodwell |pages=286–287 |year=1934 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] }}</ref><ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=106–108}}</ref>

==Life==
[[File:Farman Of Feroz Shah Bahmani - 14 -05 -1406 A.D.jpg|thumb|Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]]'s [[Firman]].]]Firuz Shah fought against the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] on many occasions and the rivalry between the two dynasties continued unabated throughout his reign, with victories in 1398 and 1406, but a defeat in 1419. One of his victories resulted in his marriage to [[Deva Raya]]'s daughter.<ref name="sen2" />

At the beginning of his reign, [[Harihara II]] of the Vijayanagar Empire had advanced as far as the [[Raichur Doab]] and posed a threat to the Bahmanis. This threat was thwarted by a calculated and incisive attack by Firuz.{{fact|date=October 2017}}

Firuz led a successful expedition against [[Narsingh Rai]] of Kherla who had to surrender forty elephants and his daughter to Firuz.{{Citation needed|date= May 2012}} In 1420, an attack on Pangal, which had been taken by Vijayanagar, proved disastrous. Firuz was trounced by Vijayanagar and Firuz retreated, surrendering the southern and eastern districts of his kingdom. This defeat had a deep impact on his morale and he was henceforth a broken man. He spend his final two years in asceticism and piety.

Firuz was determined to make the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region the cultural centre of [[India]]. Firuz Shah paid much attention to the ports Chaul and Dhabol, which attracted trade ships from the [[Persian Gulf]] and [[Red Sea]].

He abdicated the throne to his younger brother [[Ahmad Shah I Wali|Ahmad]], "considered a saint by both the Muslims and Hindus."<ref name="sen2" />

=== Death and burial ===
Firuz Shah died on 1 October 1422 in [[Gulbarga]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taj Ud-Din Firuz Shah}}
[[Category:Bahmani Sultans]]

{{India-royal-stub}}