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	=== Monier-Williams ===		=== Monier-Williams ===
	According to the [[Monier Monier-Williams\|Monier-Williams]] Sanskrit Dictionary, Taittiri was a pupil of [[Yaska]] (estimated 4th-5th century BCE).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.sanskritdictionary.com/?q=tittiri&iencoding=iast&lang=sans\|title=Sanskrit Dictionary: 'tittiri'\|website=www.sanskritdictionary.com\|access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref> According to the Vishnu Purana, Yaska was in turn a pupil of [[Vaisampayana\|Vaiśampáyana]], (estimated 6th century BCE).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp079.htm\|title=The Vishnu Purana: Book III: Chapter V\|website=www.sacred-texts.com\|access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref> Taittiri is also stated in the [[Mahabharata]] to have attended 'the Yaga [<nowiki/>[[Vedas\|Vedic]] [[Yajna\|ritual sacrifice]]] conducted by [[Uparichara Vasu\|Uparicaravasu]]'.<ref name=":1" />		According to the great white scholar [[Monier Monier-Williams\|Monier-Williams]] Sanskrit Dictionary, Taittiri was a pupil of [[Yaska]] (estimated 4th-5th century BCE).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.sanskritdictionary.com/?q=tittiri&iencoding=iast&lang=sans\|title=Sanskrit Dictionary: 'tittiri'\|website=www.sanskritdictionary.com\|access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref> According to the Vishnu Purana, Yaska was in turn a pupil of [[Vaisampayana\|Vaiśampáyana]], (estimated 6th century BCE).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp079.htm\|title=The Vishnu Purana: Book III: Chapter V\|website=www.sacred-texts.com\|access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref> Taittiri is also stated in the [[Mahabharata]] to have attended 'the Yaga [<nowiki/>[[Vedas\|Vedic]] [[Yajna\|ritual sacrifice]]] conducted by [[Uparichara Vasu\|Uparicaravasu]]'.<ref name=":1" />

	=== Vishnu Purana ===		=== Vishnu Purana ===
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	=== Notable members ===		=== Notable members ===
	According to B.R. Modak, the scholar [[Sayana]] (died 1387 CE), notable for his commentaries on Vedic literature including the Taittirīya texts, was a member of the Taittiriya Shakha.<ref name=":132" /> According to G.R. Garg, [[Apastamba Dharmasutra\|Apastamba]] ~~(450–350 BCE)~~, notable for his [[Shrautasutra]]s, was also a member.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Garg\|first=Gaṅgā Rām\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WjDcd0cTFxQC~~&pg=PA552~~&dq=Apastamba#q=~~Apastamba~~\|title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World\|date=1992\|publisher=Concept Publishing Company\|isbn=978-81-7022-375-7\|pages=552\|language=en}}</ref>		According to B.R. Modak, the scholar [[Sayana]] (died 1387 CE), notable for his commentaries on Vedic literature including the Taittirīya texts, was a member of the Taittiriya Shakha.<ref name=":132" /> According to G.R. Garg, [[Apastamba Dharmasutra\|Apastamba]], notable for his [[Shrautasutra]]s, was also a member.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Garg\|first=Gaṅgā Rām\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WjDcd0cTFxQC&dq=Apastamba&pg=PA552\|title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World\|date=1992\|publisher=Concept Publishing Company\|isbn=978-81-7022-375-7\|pages=552\|language=en}}</ref>

	=== Commentaries ===		=== Commentaries ===
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	The 'Śrauta Sútras' (or [[Shrautasutra]]s) of [[Apastamba Dharmasutra\|Apastamba]] (450–350 BCE), [[Baudhayana sutras\|Bodhayana]] (500–200 BCE), and [[Vaikhanasas\|Vaikhanasa]].(300–100 BCE) are theological texts concerned with procedures and ceremonies of Vedic [[Yajna\|ritual]] practice. All are attached to the Taittiriya Samhita.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Āpastamba\|url=http://archive.org/details/rautastrapastam00pagoog\|title=The Śrauta Sútra of Ápastamba, Belonging to the Taittiríya Samhití, with the ...\|date=1885\|publisher=The Asiatic society\|others=University of California\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Baudhayana\|url=http://archive.org/details/baudhyanasrautas01bauduoft\|title=The Baudhyana srauta sutra, belonging to the Taittiriya samhita. Edited by W. Caland\|last2=Caland\|first2=Willem\|date=1904\|publisher=Calcutta Asiatic Society\|others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref>		The 'Śrauta Sútras' (or [[Shrautasutra]]s) of [[Apastamba Dharmasutra\|Apastamba]] (450–350 BCE), [[Baudhayana sutras\|Bodhayana]] (500–200 BCE), and [[Vaikhanasas\|Vaikhanasa]].(300–100 BCE) are theological texts concerned with procedures and ceremonies of Vedic [[Yajna\|ritual]] practice. All are attached to the Taittiriya Samhita.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Āpastamba\|url=http://archive.org/details/rautastrapastam00pagoog\|title=The Śrauta Sútra of Ápastamba, Belonging to the Taittiríya Samhití, with the ...\|date=1885\|publisher=The Asiatic society\|others=University of California\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Baudhayana\|url=http://archive.org/details/baudhyanasrautas01bauduoft\|title=The Baudhyana srauta sutra, belonging to the Taittiriya samhita. Edited by W. Caland\|last2=Caland\|first2=Willem\|date=1904\|publisher=Calcutta Asiatic Society\|others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref>

	There are other commentaries written by Sanskrit scholars and philosophers on the works of the Taittiriya Shakha. Most notably, according to B.R. Modak, [[Sayana]] wrote commentaries on the Taittirīya texts (and others).<ref name=":132">{{Cite book\|last=Modak\|first=B. R.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rL1RtLr2KkC&pg=~~PA17~~&~~lpg~~=PA17~~&dq=Arsheya+Brahmana+abbreviation#q=brahmana~~\|title=Sayana\|date=1995\|publisher=Sahitya Akademi\|isbn=978-81-7201-940-2\|pages=16–18\|language=en}}</ref> According to N. Sharva, the Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa was also commented upon by Bhava Swāmī (circa 700 CE or earlier); Kauśika Bhaṭṭa Bhāskara Miśra (preceding and referred to by Sayana in the [[Nirukta]] and by Devarāja Yajvā in the [[Nighantu]]); and Rāmānḍara / Rāmāgnichitta.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book\|last=Dr. Narinder Sharma\|url=http://archive.org/details/HistoryOfVedicLiteratureBrahmanaAndAranyakaWorksSShr\|title=History Of Vedic Literature Brahmana And Aranyaka Works S Shr\|pages=28-29, 191-200\|language=en}}</ref>		There are other commentaries written by Sanskrit scholars and philosophers on the works of the Taittiriya Shakha. Most notably, according to B.R. Modak, [[Sayana]] wrote commentaries on the Taittirīya texts (and others).<ref name=":132">{{Cite book\|last=Modak\|first=B. R.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rL1RtLr2KkC&dq=brahmana&pg=PA17\|title=Sayana\|date=1995\|publisher=Sahitya Akademi\|isbn=978-81-7201-940-2\|pages=16–18\|language=en}}</ref> According to N. Sharva, the Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa was also commented upon by Bhava Swāmī (circa 700 CE or earlier); Kauśika Bhaṭṭa Bhāskara Miśra (preceding and referred to by Sayana in the [[Nirukta]] and by Devarāja Yajvā in the [[Nighantu]]); and Rāmānḍara / Rāmāgnichitta.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book\|last=Dr. Narinder Sharma\|url=http://archive.org/details/HistoryOfVedicLiteratureBrahmanaAndAranyakaWorksSShr\|title=History Of Vedic Literature Brahmana And Aranyaka Works S Shr\|pages=28-29, 191-200\|language=en}}</ref>

	== Taittiriya Samhita ==		== Taittiriya Samhita ==
	{{See also\|Samhita\|Yajurveda\|Yajna}}		{{See also\|Samhita\|Yajurveda\|Yajna}}
	R. Dalal states that 'The Yajur Veda consists of passages in verse and prose, arranged for the performance of [[Yajna\|yajnas]] (sacrifices)... The two main versions of the Yajur are known as the Shukla (or "white") Yajur Veda and the Krishna (or 'Black') Yajur Veda... of the black Yajur Veda, five [[Shakha\|shakhas]] are known: the Taittiriya (Apastamba), Kapishthala (Hiranyakesi), Katha, Kathaka (school of the Kaṭhas), and Maitrayani (Kalapa), with four closely related [[Recension\|recensions]], known as the Kathaka [[Samhita]], the Kapishthala-Katha Samhita, Maitrayani Samhita, and the Taittiriya Samhita'.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Dalal\|first=Roshen\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UCEoAwAAQBAJ~~&pg=PT70&lpg=PT70~~&dq=kathaka+shakha%5D#q=~~kathaka%20shakha%5D~~\|title=The Vedas: An Introduction to Hinduism's Sacred Texts\|date=2014-04-15\|publisher=Penguin UK\|isbn=978-81-8475-763-7\|language=en}}</ref>		R. Dalal states that 'The Yajur Veda consists of passages in verse and prose, arranged for the performance of [[Yajna\|yajnas]] (sacrifices)... The two main versions of the Yajur are known as the Shukla (or "white") Yajur Veda and the Krishna (or 'Black') Yajur Veda... of the black Yajur Veda, five [[Shakha\|shakhas]] are known: the Taittiriya (Apastamba), Kapishthala (Hiranyakesi), Katha, Kathaka (school of the Kaṭhas), and Maitrayani (Kalapa), with four closely related [[Recension\|recensions]], known as the Kathaka [[Samhita]], the Kapishthala-Katha Samhita, Maitrayani Samhita, and the Taittiriya Samhita'.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Dalal\|first=Roshen\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UCEoAwAAQBAJ&dq=kathaka+shakha%5D&pg=PT70\|title=The Vedas: An Introduction to Hinduism's Sacred Texts\|date=2014-04-15\|publisher=Penguin UK\|isbn=978-81-8475-763-7\|language=en}}</ref>

	=== Structure and Content ===		=== Structure and Content ===
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	=== Nakshatras ===		=== Nakshatras ===
	{{Main articles\|Nakshatra}}		{{Main articles\|Nakshatra}}
	D.M. Harness states that 'The [[Vedas\|Vedic]] [[Nakshatra\|Nakshatras]] [stars] arose from a spiritual perception of the [[cosmos]]. Nakshatras are the mansions of the Gods or cosmic powers and of the [[Rishi\|Rishis]] or sages. They can also project negative or anti-divine forces, just as certain planets like [[Planets in astrology#Saturn\|Saturn]] have well known malefic effects. The term Nakshatra refers to a means (''tra'') of worship (''naksha'') or approach... The Nakshatras dispense the fruits of [[Karma in Hinduism\|karma]]... For this reason [[Yajna\|Vedic rituals]] and [[Meditation\|meditations]] to the present day follow the timing of the Nakshatras... [which] are of prime [importance] in [[muhurta]] or electional [[astrology]] for determining favorable times for actions, particularly sacramental or sacred actions like marriage'.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book\|last=Harness\|first=Dennis M.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16KCUhgCQHMC&~~printsec=frontcover&dq=Nakshatra#~~q=Nakshatra\|title=Nakshastras: The Lunar Mansions of Vedic Astrology\|date=2004\|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.\|isbn=978-81-208-2068-5\|pages=xv-xvii\|language=en}}</ref>		D.M. Harness states that 'The [[Vedas\|Vedic]] [[Nakshatra\|Nakshatras]] [stars] arose from a spiritual perception of the [[cosmos]]. Nakshatras are the mansions of the Gods or cosmic powers and of the [[Rishi\|Rishis]] or sages. They can also project negative or anti-divine forces, just as certain planets like [[Planets in astrology#Saturn\|Saturn]] have well known malefic effects. The term Nakshatra refers to a means (''tra'') of worship (''naksha'') or approach... The Nakshatras dispense the fruits of [[Karma in Hinduism\|karma]]... For this reason [[Yajna\|Vedic rituals]] and [[Meditation\|meditations]] to the present day follow the timing of the Nakshatras... [which] are of prime [importance] in [[muhurta]] or electional [[astrology]] for determining favorable times for actions, particularly sacramental or sacred actions like marriage'.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book\|last=Harness\|first=Dennis M.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16KCUhgCQHMC&q=Nakshatra\|title=Nakshastras: The Lunar Mansions of Vedic Astrology\|date=2004\|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.\|isbn=978-81-208-2068-5\|pages=xv-xvii\|language=en}}</ref>

	Reference to the [[Nakshatra\|Nakṣhatra]] Sūktam (star positions relating to new and full moon ceremonies), occurs in ''kāṇḍa'' (book) 3, ''prapāṭhaka'' (chapter) 5, ''anuvākaḥ'' (section) 1 (3.5.1).<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/yv/yv03.htm\|title=Yajur Veda Kanda III\|website=www.sacred-texts.com\|access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref>		Reference to the [[Nakshatra\|Nakṣhatra]] Sūktam (star positions relating to new and full moon ceremonies), occurs in ''kāṇḍa'' (book) 3, ''prapāṭhaka'' (chapter) 5, ''anuvākaḥ'' (section) 1 (3.5.1).<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/yv/yv03.htm\|title=Yajur Veda Kanda III\|website=www.sacred-texts.com\|access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref>
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	==== The Varaha Avatara of Vishnu ====		==== The Varaha Avatara of Vishnu ====
	{{See also\|Varaha\|Dashavatara}}		{{See also\|Varaha\|Dashavatara}}
	Varaha, the boar [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]] (listed in the [[Dashavatara]], or ten primary incarnation of Vishnu) is primarily associated with the [[Puranas\|Puranic]] legend of lifting the Earth out of the [[cosmic ocean]]. [[Arthur Anthony Macdonell\|A.A. Macdonell]] and R. Janmajit both state that the origin and development of the [[Wild boar\|boar]] avatar is found in the Taittiriya Samhita, albeit initially as a form of [[Prajapati]]:<ref name=":4">{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/vedicmythology00macd_0\|title=... Vedic mythology\|last=Macdonell\|first=Arthur Anthony\|date=1897\|publisher=Strassburg : Karl J. Trübner\|others=Princeton Theological Seminary Library\|pages=41, 151}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lr9pFQPwhXYC~~&pg=PA95&lpg=PA95~~&dq=~~Atharva+Veda+~~varaha+boar#q=~~varaha%20boar~~\|title=Theory of Avatāra and Divinity of Chaitanya\|last=Roy\|first=Janmajit\|date=2002\|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist\|isbn=978-81-269-0169-2\|pages=92\|language=en}}</ref>		Varaha, the boar [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]] (listed in the [[Dashavatara]], or ten primary incarnation of Vishnu) is primarily associated with the [[Puranas\|Puranic]] legend of lifting the Earth out of the [[cosmic ocean]]. [[Arthur Anthony Macdonell\|A.A. Macdonell]] and R. Janmajit both state that the origin and development of the [[Wild boar\|boar]] avatar is found in the Taittiriya Samhita, albeit initially as a form of [[Prajapati]]:<ref name=":4">{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/vedicmythology00macd_0\|title=... Vedic mythology\|last=Macdonell\|first=Arthur Anthony\|date=1897\|publisher=Strassburg : Karl J. Trübner\|others=Princeton Theological Seminary Library\|pages=41, 151}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lr9pFQPwhXYC&dq=varaha+boar&pg=PA95\|title=Theory of Avatāra and Divinity of Chaitanya\|last=Roy\|first=Janmajit\|date=2002\|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist\|isbn=978-81-269-0169-2\|pages=92\|language=en}}</ref>

	{{quote\|This was in the beginning the waters, the ocean. In it [[Prajapati]] becoming the [[Vayu\|wind]] moved. He saw her, and becoming a boar he seized her. Her, becoming Viçvakarma, he wiped. She extended, she became the earth, and hence the earth is called the earth (lit. 'the extended'). In her Prajapati made effort. He produced the gods, [[Vasu]]s, [[Rudras]], and [[Âdityas\|Adityas]].\|source=Taittiriya Samhita, translated by Arthur Berriedale Keith (1914), Kanda VII ('The Exposition of the Sattras; The Ahina Sacrifices'), Prapathaka I (vii.1.5)<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/yv/yv07.htm\|title=Yajur Veda Kanda VII\|website=www.sacred-texts.com\|access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref>\|sign=}}		{{quote\|This was in the beginning the waters, the ocean. In it [[Prajapati]] becoming the [[Vayu\|wind]] moved. He saw her, and becoming a boar he seized her. Her, becoming Viçvakarma, he wiped. She extended, she became the earth, and hence the earth is called the earth (lit. 'the extended'). In her Prajapati made effort. He produced the gods, [[Vasu]]s, [[Rudras]], and [[Âdityas\|Adityas]].\|source=Taittiriya Samhita, translated by Arthur Berriedale Keith (1914), Kanda VII ('The Exposition of the Sattras; The Ahina Sacrifices'), Prapathaka I (vii.1.5)<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/yv/yv07.htm\|title=Yajur Veda Kanda VII\|website=www.sacred-texts.com\|access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref>\|sign=}}
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	==== The Varaha Avatara of Vishnu ====		==== The Varaha Avatara of Vishnu ====
	A. Daniélou states that a hundred-armed black boar lifts the earth out of the waters in the Taittiriya Aranyaka (TA 10.1.8).<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HMXN9h6WX0C~~&pg=PA168&lpg=PA168~~&dq=Taittiriya+boar#q=~~Taittiriya%20boar~~\|title=The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series\|last=Daniélou\|first=Alain\|date=December 1991\|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co\|isbn=978-0-89281-354-4\|pages=168\|language=en}}</ref> [[Julius Eggeling\|J. Eggeling]] in note 451:1 to the [[Shatapatha Brahmana]] (relating to the [[Shukla Yajurveda\|Shukla or White Yajurveda]]) incorrectly states it was 'a black boar with a thousand arms'.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbr/sbe44/sbe44118.htm#fr_1199\|title=Satapatha Brahmana Part V (SBE44): Fourteenth Kânda: XIV, 1, 2. Second Brâhmana\|website=www.sacred-texts.com\|access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref> The ''Journal Of The Indian Society Of Oriental Art'' (volume 13) states 'in the ‘Taittiriya Aranyaka’, the earth is said to have been raised by a black boar with a hundred arms (‘''varahena krsnena satabahuna uddhrta''’). It is an easily understandable step to the making of the boar an incarnation of [[Vishnu\|Visnu]] himself, a step which is finally taken in the [[Itihasa\|epics]] and the [[Puranas]]'.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.106010\|title=Journal Of The Indian Society Of Oriental Art Vol.13\|date=1945\|pages=118}}</ref> This legend is also contained in the [[Mahanarayana Upanishad]] (p''rapāṭhaka'' 10 of the Taittiriya Aranyaka):		A. Daniélou states that a hundred-armed black boar lifts the earth out of the waters in the Taittiriya Aranyaka (TA 10.1.8).<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HMXN9h6WX0C&dq=Taittiriya+boar&pg=PA168\|title=The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series\|last=Daniélou\|first=Alain\|date=December 1991\|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co\|isbn=978-0-89281-354-4\|pages=168\|language=en}}</ref> [[Julius Eggeling\|J. Eggeling]] in note 451:1 to the [[Shatapatha Brahmana]] (relating to the [[Shukla Yajurveda\|Shukla or White Yajurveda]]) incorrectly states it was 'a black boar with a thousand arms'.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbr/sbe44/sbe44118.htm#fr_1199\|title=Satapatha Brahmana Part V (SBE44): Fourteenth Kânda: XIV, 1, 2. Second Brâhmana\|website=www.sacred-texts.com\|access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref> The ''Journal Of The Indian Society Of Oriental Art'' (volume 13) states 'in the ‘Taittiriya Aranyaka’, the earth is said to have been raised by a black boar with a hundred arms (‘''varahena krsnena satabahuna uddhrta''’). It is an easily understandable step to the making of the boar an incarnation of [[Vishnu\|Visnu]] himself, a step which is finally taken in the [[Itihasa\|epics]] and the [[Puranas]]'.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.106010\|title=Journal Of The Indian Society Of Oriental Art Vol.13\|date=1945\|pages=118}}</ref> This legend is also contained in the [[Mahanarayana Upanishad]] (p''rapāṭhaka'' 10 of the Taittiriya Aranyaka):

	{{quote\|<poem>''[[bhūmi]]<nowiki/>rdhenurdharaṇī [[loka]]dhāriṇī uddhṛtāsi varāheṇa [[Krishna\|kṛṣṇena]] śatabāhunā''		{{quote\|<poem>''[[bhūmi]]<nowiki/>rdhenurdharaṇī [[loka]]dhāriṇī uddhṛtāsi varāheṇa [[Krishna\|kṛṣṇena]] śatabāhunā''

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2020-12-17T17:53:25Z

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Taittiriya Shakha - Revision history

->Citation bot: Alter: url. URLs might have been anonymized. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by AManWithNoPlan | #UCB_webform 173/2103

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