Tadbhava - Revision history

NicolasBull1: brief update page to improve readability and corrected details after review

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brief update page to improve readability and corrected details after review

->Ira Leviton: Fixed a typo found with Wikipedia:Typo_Team/moss and added transliteration tags to prevent non-English words from being tagged as typos by spellcheckers.

2021-10-17T19:09:42Z

Fixed a typo found with Wikipedia:Typo_Team/moss and added transliteration tags to prevent non-English words from being tagged as typos by spellcheckers.

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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
'''{{IAST|Tadbhava}}''' ([[Sanskrit]]: तद्भव, {{IPA-sa|tɐdbʱɐʋɐ|IPA}}, lit. "arising from that") is the [[Sanskrit]] word for one of three etymological classes defined by native grammarians of [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages]], alongside [[tatsama]] and [[desi|deśi]] words.<ref name="Kahrs1992">{{cite journal | last=Kahrs | first=Eivind G. | title=What is a tadbhava word? | journal=Indo-Iranian Journal | volume=35 | issue=2–3 | pages=225–249 | year=1992 | doi=10.1007/BF00164933| s2cid=189783538 }} at pp. 67-69.</ref> A "tadbhava" is a word with an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] origin (and thus related to [[Sanskrit]]) but which has evolved through language change in the [[Middle Indo-Aryan]] stage and eventually inherited into a modern Indo-Aryan language. In this sense, tadbhavas can be considered the native (inherited) vocabulary of modern Indo-Aryan languages.

Tadbhavas are distinguished from [[tatsama]]s, a term applied to words borrowed from Classical Sanskrit after the development of the Middle Indo-Aryan languages; tatsamas thus retain their Sanskrit form (at least in the orthographic form). This can be compared to the use of borrowed Classical Latin vocabulary in modern Romance languages. Both tadbhavas and tatsamas are also distinguished from deśi ("local") words, a term applied to words that have a non-Indo-Aryan source, typically Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic, or Tibeto-Burman.<ref name="Grierson1920">{{cite journal | last=Grierson | first=George | title=Indo-Aryan Vernaculars (Continued) | journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies | volume=3 | issue=1 | pages=51–85 | year=1920| doi=10.1017/S0041977X00087152 | url=https://zenodo.org/record/2280870 }} at pp. 67-69.</ref> In the modern context, the terms "tadbhava" and "tatsama" are applied to Sanskrit loanwords not only in [[Indo-Aryan languages]], but also in [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]], [[Munda languages|Munda]] and other South Asian languages.<ref name="Staal1963">{{cite journal |last= Staal |first=J.F. |title= Sanskrit and Sanskritization |journal= The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=22 | issue=3 |pages= 261–275 |year=1963 |doi= 10.2307/2050186 |publisher= Association for Asian Studies |jstor= 2050186}} at p. 272.</ref>

== Tadbhavas in Indo-Aryan languages ==
Modern Indo-Aryan languages have two classes of words inherited from Sanskrit. The first covers words which have come to these languages from [[Old Indo-Aryan]] through Prakrit and Apabhraṃśa; these are the inherited tadbhava words, showing an unbroken chain of language evolution from Old Indo-Aryan to the modern form. A second class of Sanskrit-derived words in modern Indo-Aryan languages covers words which have their origin in [[Classical Sanskrit]] and which were originally borrowed into Prakrit or Apabhraṃśa as [[tatsamas]] but which, over the course of time, changed in form to fit the phonology of the recipient language; such words are often called ardhatatsamas or semi-tatsamas by modern linguists.<ref name="Grierson1920" /> These stand apart from the tatsamas, which are borrowings left relatively unchanged from Sanskrit.{{cn|date=March 2020}}

Tadbhava, tatsama and semi-tatsama forms derived from the same Indo-Aryan root sometimes coexist in modern Indo-Aryan languages. For example, the reflexes of {{IAST|śraddha}} in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] include Sanskrit borrowings in tatsama {{IAST|sroddha}} and semi-tatsama form {{IAST|chedda}} in addition to the inherited tadbhava form {{IAST|šadh}}.<ref name="Staal1963" /> Similarly, Sanskrit {{IAST|ājñā}} exists in modern [[Hindi]] as a semi-tatsama {{IAST|āgyā}} and an inherited tadbhava form {{IAST|ān}} (via Prakrit {{IAST|āṇa}}) in addition to the pure tatsama {{IAST|ājñā}}.<ref name="Grierson1920" /> In such cases, the use of tatsama forms in place of equivalent tadbhava or native forms is often seen by speakers of a language as a marker of a more chaste or literary form of the language as opposed to a more rustic or colloquial form.<ref name="Burghart1993">{{cite journal | last=Burghart | first=Richard | title=A Quarrel in the Language Family: Agency and Representations of Speech in Mithila | journal=Modern Asian Studies | volume=27 | issue=4 | pages=761–804 | year=1993 | doi=10.1017/S0026749X00001293}} at p. 766.</ref><ref name="Barannikov1936">{{cite journal | last=Barannikov | first=A. | title=Modern Literary Hindī | journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies | volume=8 | issue=2/3 | pages=373–390 | year=1936 | doi=10.1017/s0041977x00141023}} at p. 390.</ref> Often, however, a word exists only in one of the three possible forms, that is, only as a tadbhava, tatsama or semi-tatsama, or has different meanings in different forms. For example, reflexes of the Old Indo-Aryan word {{IAST|hṛdaya}} exists in Hindi both as a tatsama and as a tadbhava. However, the tatsama word {{IAST|hṛdaya}} means "heart" as in Sanskrit whereas the tadbhava {{IAST|hiyyā}} means "courage".<ref name="Grierson1920" />

=== Tadbhavas in Odia languages ===
[[Odia language|Odia]] words are divided into native words ({{transl|or|desaja}}), those borrowed from Sanskrit ({{transl|or|tatasam}}) and those adapted with little modification from Sanskrit ({{transl|or|tatbhaba}}). The 17th century dictionary ''Gitabhidhana'' by [[Upendra Bhanja]], ''Sabda Tattva [[Abhidhana]]'' (1916) by Gopinath Nanda, ''Purnachandra Oriya Bhashakosha'' (1931) by GC Praharaj containing 185000 Words, ''Promoda Abhidan'' (1942) containing 150000 words by PC Deb and ''Damodara Mishar'' classified the Odia words as deśi, tatsama or tadbhava.{{cn|date=March 2020}}

Those Odia words are derived from Odia verbal roots, and the Odia verbal roots are derived from Sanskrit verbal roots; these Odia words are called Tatabhaba Krudanta words. For example, "''kandana''" is derived from Odia "''dhatu kanda''" which is derived from Sanskrit "''kranda dhatu''".<ref name="ijee">{{cite journal |url= http://ijee.org/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/Dr_AK_Behra.273114506.pdf |orig-year= 30 September 2012 |title= International Journal of English and Education |journal= International Journal of English and Education : Ijee |issn= 2278-4012| volume=1| issue=2 |date= October 2012 |accessdate= 2015-08-20}}</ref><ref name="google">{{cite book |title= Dictionnaires |author= Hausmann, F.J. |publisher= Walter de Gruyter |isbn= 978-311012421-7 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Kwqc7xso22wC&pg=PA2515 |page=2515 |accessdate= 2015-08-20}}</ref>

== Tadbhavas in other South Asian languages ==
In the context of Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic, and Tibeto-Burman languages of South Asia, the terms "tatsama" and "tadbhava" are used to describe words which have been borrowed from Sanskrit either unmodified ("tatsama") or modified ("tadbhava"). Tadbhava as used in relation to these languages, therefore, corresponds more accurately with the categories of tatsama and semi-tatsama used in relation to the vocabulary of modern Indo-Aryan languages. All [[Dravidian languages]] contain a proportion of tadbhava and tatsama words, possibly exceeding over half of the vocabulary of literary [[Kannada]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]], with [[Malayalam]] having amongst the most in common with sanskrit and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] having comparatively less Sanskrit when compared to the former three.<ref name="Staal1963" />

==See also==
*[[Indo-Aryan loanwords in Tamil]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Linguistic history of India]]
[[Category:Etymology]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]

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			{{Short description\|Sanskrit borrowings with modified phonologies}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2016}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2016}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=May 2016}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=May 2016}}
	'''{{IAST\|Tadbhava}}''' ([[Sanskrit]]: तद्भव, {{IPA-sa\|tɐdbʱɐʋɐ\|IPA}}, lit. "arising from that") is the [[Sanskrit]] word for one of three etymological classes defined by native grammarians of [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages]], alongside [[tatsama]] and ~~[[desi\|~~deśi]] words.<ref name="Kahrs1992">{{cite journal \| last=Kahrs \| first=Eivind G. \| title=What is a tadbhava word? \| journal=Indo-Iranian Journal \| volume=35 \| issue=2–3 \| pages=225–249 \| year=1992 \| doi=10.1007/BF00164933\| s2cid=189783538 }} at pp. 67-69.</ref> A "tadbhava" is a word with an [[Indo-Aryan languages\|Indo-Aryan]] origin (and thus related to [[Sanskrit]]) but which has evolved through language change in the [[Middle Indo-Aryan]] stage and eventually inherited into a modern Indo-Aryan language. In this sense, tadbhavas can be considered the native (inherited) vocabulary of modern Indo-Aryan languages.		'''{{IAST\|Tadbhava}}''' ([[Sanskrit]]: तद्भव, {{IPA\|sa\|tɐdbʱɐʋɐ\|IPA}}, lit. "arising from that") is the [[Sanskrit]] word for one of three etymological classes defined by native grammarians of [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages]], alongside [[tatsama]] and deśi words.<ref name="Kahrs1992">{{cite journal \| last=Kahrs \| first=Eivind G. \| title=What is a tadbhava word? \| journal=Indo-Iranian Journal \| volume=35 \| issue=2–3 \| pages=225–249 \| year=1992 \| doi=10.1007/BF00164933\| s2cid=189783538 }} at pp. 67-69.</ref> A "tadbhava" is a word with an [[Indo-Aryan languages\|Indo-Aryan]] origin (and thus related to [[Sanskrit]]) but which has evolved through language change in the [[Middle Indo-Aryan]] stage and eventually inherited into a modern Indo-Aryan language. In this sense, tadbhavas can be considered the native (inherited) vocabulary of modern Indo-Aryan languages.

	Tadbhavas are distinguished from [[tatsama]]s, a term applied to words borrowed from Classical Sanskrit after the development of the Middle Indo-Aryan languages; tatsamas thus retain their Sanskrit form (at least in the orthographic form). This can be compared to the use of borrowed Classical Latin vocabulary in modern Romance languages. Both tadbhavas and tatsamas are also distinguished from deśi ("local") words, a term applied to words that have a non-Indo-Aryan source, typically Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic, or Tibeto-Burman.<ref name="Grierson1920">{{cite journal \| last=Grierson \| first=George \| title=Indo-Aryan Vernaculars (Continued) \| journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies \| volume=3 \| issue=1 \| pages=51–85 \| year=1920\| doi=10.1017/S0041977X00087152 \| url=https://zenodo.org/record/2280870 }} at pp. 67-69.</ref> In the modern context, the terms "tadbhava" and "tatsama" are applied to Sanskrit loanwords not only in [[Indo-Aryan languages]], but also in [[Dravidian languages\|Dravidian]], [[Munda languages\|Munda]] and other South Asian languages.<ref name="Staal1963">{{cite journal \|last= Staal \|first=J.F. \|title= Sanskrit and Sanskritization \|journal= The Journal of Asian Studies \|volume=22 \| issue=3 \|pages= 261–275 \|year=1963 \|doi= 10.2307/2050186 \|publisher= Association for Asian Studies \|jstor= 2050186}} at p. 272.</ref>		Tadbhavas are distinguished from [[tatsama]]s, a term applied to words borrowed from Classical Sanskrit after the development of the Middle Indo-Aryan languages; tatsamas thus retain their Sanskrit form (at least in the orthographic form). This can be compared to the use of borrowed Classical Latin vocabulary in modern Romance languages. Both tadbhavas and tatsamas are also distinguished from deśi ("local") words, a term applied to words that have a non-Indo-Aryan source, typically Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic, or Tibeto-Burman.<ref name="Grierson1920">{{cite journal \| last=Grierson \| first=George \| title=Indo-Aryan Vernaculars (Continued) \| journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies \| volume=3 \| issue=1 \| pages=51–85 \| year=1920\| doi=10.1017/S0041977X00087152 \| url=https://zenodo.org/record/2280870 \| doi-access=free }} at pp. 67-69.</ref> In the modern context, the terms "tadbhava" and "tatsama" are applied to Sanskrit loanwords not only in [[Indo-Aryan languages]], but also in [[Dravidian languages\|Dravidian]], [[Munda languages\|Munda]] and other South Asian languages.<ref name="Staal1963">{{cite journal \|last= Staal \|first=J.F. \|title= Sanskrit and Sanskritization \|journal= The Journal of Asian Studies \|volume=22 \| issue=3 \|pages= 261–275 \|year=1963 \|doi= 10.2307/2050186 \|publisher= Association for Asian Studies \|jstor= 2050186}} at p. 272.</ref>

	== Tadbhavas in Indo-Aryan languages ==		== Tadbhavas in Indo-Aryan languages ==
	Modern Indo-Aryan languages have two classes of words inherited from Sanskrit. The first covers words ~~which~~ have come to ~~these~~ languages from [[Old Indo-Aryan]] through Prakrit and Apabhraṃśa; ~~these~~ are the inherited tadbhava words~~, showing~~ an unbroken chain of language evolution from Old Indo-Aryan to the modern form. A second class of Sanskrit-derived words in modern Indo-Aryan languages covers words ~~which~~ have their origin in [[Classical Sanskrit]] and ~~which~~ were originally borrowed into Prakrit or Apabhraṃśa as [[tatsamas]] but ~~which~~, over the course of time, changed in form to fit the phonology of the recipient language~~; such~~ words are often called ardhatatsamas or semi-tatsamas by modern linguists.<ref name="Grierson1920" /> These stand apart from the tatsamas, which ~~are borrowings left relatively unchanged from~~ Sanskrit.~~{{cn\|date=March 2020}}~~		Modern Indo-Aryan languages have two classes of words inherited from Sanskrit. The first covers words that have come to the languages from [[Old Indo-Aryan]] through Prakrit and Apabhraṃśa; they are the inherited tadbhava words and show an unbroken chain of language evolution from Old Indo-Aryan to the modern form. A second class of Sanskrit-derived words in modern Indo-Aryan languages covers words that have their origin in [[Classical Sanskrit]] and were originally borrowed into Prakrit or Apabhraṃśa as [[tatsamas]] but, over the course of time, changed in form to fit the phonology of the recipient language. Such words are often called ardhatatsamas or semi-tatsamas by modern linguists.<ref name="Grierson1920" /> These stand apart from the tatsamas, which have the same Devanagari spelling in both Sanskrit and the modern language.

	Tadbhava, tatsama and semi-tatsama forms derived from the same Indo-Aryan root sometimes ~~coexist~~ in modern Indo-Aryan languages. For example, the reflexes of {{IAST\|śraddha}} in [[Bengali language\|Bengali]] include Sanskrit borrowings in tatsama {{IAST\|sroddha}} and semi-tatsama form {{IAST\|chedda}} in addition to the inherited tadbhava form {{IAST\|šadh}}.<ref name="Staal1963" /> Similarly, Sanskrit {{IAST\|ājñā}} exists in ~~modern~~ [[Hindi]] as a semi-tatsama {{IAST\|āgyā}} and an inherited tadbhava form {{IAST\|ān}} (via Prakrit {{IAST\|āṇa}}) in addition to the pure tatsama {{IAST\|ājñā}}.<ref name="Grierson1920" /> In such cases, the use of tatsama forms in place of equivalent tadbhava or native forms is often seen by speakers of a language as a marker of a more chaste or literary form of the language as opposed to a more rustic or colloquial form.<ref name="Burghart1993">{{cite journal \| last=Burghart \| first=Richard \| title=A Quarrel in the Language Family: Agency and Representations of Speech in Mithila \| journal=Modern Asian Studies \| volume=27 \| issue=4 \| pages=761–804 \| year=1993 \| doi=10.1017/S0026749X00001293}} at p. 766.</ref><ref name="Barannikov1936">{{cite journal \| last=Barannikov \| first=A. \| title=Modern Literary Hindī \| journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies \| volume=8 \| issue=2/3 \| pages=373–390 \| year=1936 \| doi=10.1017/s0041977x00141023}} at p. 390.</ref> Often, however, a word exists only in one of the three possible forms, that is, only as a tadbhava, tatsama or semi-tatsama, or has different meanings in different forms. For example, reflexes of the Old Indo-Aryan word {{IAST\|hṛdaya}} ~~exists~~ in Hindi both as a tatsama and as a tadbhava. However, the tatsama word {{IAST\|hṛdaya}} means "heart" as in Sanskrit ~~whereas~~ the tadbhava {{IAST\|hiyyā}} means "courage".<ref name="Grierson1920" />		Tadbhava, tatsama and semi-tatsama forms derived from the same Indo-Aryan root sometimes co-exist in modern Indo-Aryan languages. For example, the reflexes of {{IAST\|śraddha}} in [[Bengali language\|Bengali]] include Sanskrit borrowings in tatsama {{IAST\|sroddha}} and semi-tatsama form {{IAST\|chedda}}, in addition to the inherited tadbhava form {{IAST\|šadh}}.<ref name="Staal1963" /> Similarly, Sanskrit {{IAST\|ājñā}} exists in [[Modern Standard Hindi]] as a semi-tatsama {{IAST\|āgyā}} and an inherited tadbhava form {{IAST\|ān}} (via Prakrit {{IAST\|āṇa}}) in addition to the pure tatsama {{IAST\|ājñā}}.<ref name="Grierson1920" /> In such cases, the use of tatsama forms in place of equivalent tadbhava or native forms is often seen by speakers of a language as a marker of a more chaste or literary form of the language, as opposed to a more rustic or colloquial form.<ref name="Burghart1993">{{cite journal \| last=Burghart \| first=Richard \| title=A Quarrel in the Language Family: Agency and Representations of Speech in Mithila \| journal=Modern Asian Studies \| volume=27 \| issue=4 \| pages=761–804 \| year=1993 \| doi=10.1017/S0026749X00001293}} at p. 766.</ref><ref name="Barannikov1936">{{cite journal \| last=Barannikov \| first=A. \| title=Modern Literary Hindī \| journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies \| volume=8 \| issue=2/3 \| pages=373–390 \| year=1936 \| doi=10.1017/s0041977x00141023}} at p. 390.</ref> Often, however, a word exists only in one of the three possible forms, that is only as a tadbhava, tatsama or semi-tatsama, or it has different meanings in different forms. For example, reflexes of the Old Indo-Aryan word {{IAST\|hṛdaya}} exist in Hindi both as a tatsama and as a tadbhava. However, the tatsama word {{IAST\|hṛdaya}} means "heart", as in Sanskrit, but the tadbhava {{IAST\|hiyyā}} means "courage".<ref name="Grierson1920" />

	=== Tadbhavas in Odia ~~languages~~ ===		=== Tadbhavas in the Odia language ===
	[[Odia language\|Odia]] words are divided into native words ({{~~transl~~\|or\|desaja}}), those borrowed from Sanskrit ({{~~transl~~\|or\|tatasam}}) and those adapted with little modification from Sanskrit ({{~~transl~~\|or\|tatbhaba}}). The 17th century dictionary ''Gitabhidhana'' by [[Upendra Bhanja]], ''Sabda Tattva [[Abhidhana]]'' (1916) by Gopinath Nanda, ''Purnachandra Oriya Bhashakosha'' (1931) by GC Praharaj ~~containing 185000~~ Words, ''Promoda Abhidan'' (1942) ~~containing 150000~~ words by PC Deb and ''Damodara Mishar'' classified the Odia words as deśi, tatsama or tadbhava.{{cn\|date=March 2020}}		[[Odia language\|Odia]] words are divided into native words ({{Transliteration\|or\|desaja}}), those borrowed from Sanskrit ({{Transliteration\|or\|tatasam}}) and those adapted with little modification from Sanskrit ({{Transliteration\|or\|tatbhaba}}). The 17th-century dictionary ''Gitabhidhana'' by [[Upendra Bhanja]], ''Sabda Tattva [[Abhidhana]]'' (1916) by Gopinath Nanda and ''Purnachandra Oriya Bhashakosha'' (1931) by GC Praharaj with 185,000 Words, ''Promoda Abhidan'' (1942) with 150,000 words by PC Deb and ''Damodara Mishar'' classified the Odia words as deśi, tatsama or tadbhava.{{citation needed\|date=March 2020}}

	~~Those~~ Odia words are derived from Odia verbal roots, ~~and the Odia verbal roots~~ are derived from Sanskrit verbal roots~~; these~~ Odia words are called Tatabhaba Krudanta words. For example, "''kandana''" is derived from Odia "''dhatu kanda''" which is derived from Sanskrit "''kranda dhatu''".<ref name="ijee">{{cite journal \|url= http://ijee.org/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/Dr_AK_Behra.273114506.pdf \|orig-year= 30 September 2012 \|title= International Journal of English and Education \|journal= International Journal of English and Education ~~: Ijee~~ \|issn= 2278-4012\| volume=1\| issue=2 \|date= October 2012 \|accessdate= 2015-08-20}}</ref><ref name="google">{{cite book \|title= Dictionnaires \|author= Hausmann, F.J. \|publisher= Walter de Gruyter \|isbn= 978-311012421-7 \|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Kwqc7xso22wC&pg=PA2515 \|page=2515 \|accessdate= 2015-08-20}}</ref>		The Odia words are derived from Odia verbal roots, which are derived from Sanskrit verbal roots. The Odia words are called Tatabhaba Krudanta words. For example, ''kandana'' is derived from Odia ''dhatu kanda'', which is derived from Sanskrit ''kranda dhatu''.<ref name="ijee">{{cite journal \|url= http://ijee.org/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/Dr_AK_Behra.273114506.pdf \|orig-year= 30 September 2012 \|title= International Journal of English and Education \|journal= International Journal of English and Education \|issn= 2278-4012 \|volume= 1 \|issue= 2 \|date= October 2012 \|accessdate= 2015-08-20 \|archive-date= 6 March 2016 \|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160306062610/http://ijee.org/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/Dr_AK_Behra.273114506.pdf \|url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="google">{{cite book \|title= Dictionnaires \|author= Hausmann, F.J. \|publisher= Walter de Gruyter \|isbn= 978-311012421-7 \|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Kwqc7xso22wC&pg=PA2515 \|page=2515 \|accessdate= 2015-08-20}}</ref>

	== Tadbhavas in other South Asian languages ==		== Tadbhavas in other South Asian languages ==
	In the context of Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic, and Tibeto-Burman languages of South Asia, the terms "tatsama" and "tadbhava" are used to describe words which have been borrowed from Sanskrit either unmodified ("tatsama") or modified ("tadbhava"). Tadbhava as used in relation to these languages, therefore, corresponds more accurately with the categories of tatsama and semi-tatsama used in relation to the vocabulary of modern Indo-Aryan languages. All [[Dravidian languages]] contain a proportion of tadbhava and tatsama words, possibly exceeding over half of the vocabulary of literary [[Kannada]] and [[Telugu language\|Telugu]], with [[Malayalam]] ~~having amongst~~ the most in common with ~~sanskrit~~ and [[Tamil language\|Tamil]] having ~~comparatively~~ less Sanskrit ~~when compared to~~ the ~~former~~ three.<ref name="Staal1963" />		In the context of Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic, and Tibeto-Burman languages of South Asia, the terms "tatsama" and "tadbhava" are used to describe words which have been borrowed from Sanskrit either unmodified ("tatsama") or modified ("tadbhava"). Tadbhava as used in relation to these languages, therefore, corresponds more accurately with the categories of tatsama and semi-tatsama used in relation to the vocabulary of modern Indo-Aryan languages. All [[Dravidian languages]] contain a proportion of tadbhava and tatsama words, possibly exceeding over half of the vocabulary of literary [[Kannada]] and [[Telugu language\|Telugu]], with [[Malayalam]] being among the most in common with Sanskrit and [[Tamil language\|Tamil]] having less Sanskrit than the other three.<ref name="Staal1963" />

	==See also==		==See also==