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{{Infobox settlement


| name = Tabuk 
| official_name =
| native_name = {{lang|ar|تَبُوْك}}
| other_name = Tabouk
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = منظر عام مدينة تبوك يظهر فيه المحكمة وبرج الخزان 2014-06-18 14-51.jpg
| image_caption = Skyline of Tabuk
| image_flag =
| image_seal =
| image_shield =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Saudi Arabia
| coordinates = {{coord|28|23|50|N|36|34|44|E|region:SA_type:city_source:enwiki-GNS|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Saudi Arabia|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tabuk Province|Tabuk]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Settled
| established_date =
| leader_title =
| leader_name = 
| area_total_km2 = 
| area_land_km2 = 
| area_water_km2 = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m = 760
| elevation_max_m =
| elevation_min_m = 
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 667,000
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone = [[Arabia Standard Time|AST]]
| utc_offset = +3
| timezone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST = 
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code = +966 14
| website =
}}

'''Tabuk''' ({{lang-ar|تَبُوْك}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|Tabūk}}''), also spelled '''''Tabouk''''', is the capital city of the [[Tabuk Region]] in northwestern [[Saudi Arabia]]. It has a population of 667,000 (as of 2021). It is close to the [[Jordan–Saudi Arabia border]], and houses the largest air force base in Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{citation |last=Mackey |first=Sandra |title=The Saudis: Inside the Desert Kingdom |publisher=[[W.W. Norton and Company]] |location=New York |year=2002 |page=234 |isbn=0-393-32417-6}} Updated Edition. Norton Paperback. First edition: 1987; Pbk.</ref>

== History ==
[[Ptolemy]] mentioned a place by the name 'Tabawa', at the northwestern corner of [[Arabia]]. This name may be a reference to 'Tabuka' or 'Tabuk'. If this is true, the town may be as old as Ptolemy's time. [[Arabic poetry#Pre-Islamic poetry|Pre-Islamic Arab poets]], such as Antra and Nabiqa, mentioned its mountain 'Hasmi' in their poems.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Tabouk became famous for the [[Expedition to Tabuk]] in 630 [[Common Era|CE]], during the period of Prophet [[Muhammad]]. Since then, it remained a gateway of North Arabia. It was also visited by a number of European travelers such as [[Doughty]] in 1877 and Huber in 1884.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Tabuk was captured by the Arab forces in 1918, three weeks after the British [[capture of Damascus]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Saunders|first=Nicholas J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v771DwAAQBAJ|title=Desert Insurgency: Archaeology, T. E. Lawrence, and the Arab Revolt|date=2020-08-12|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-103071-0|pages=683|language=en}}</ref>

Tabuk became a centre of military activity during the [[Gulf War|1991 Gulf War]] as the city faced threats from [[Scud missile|Iraqi scuds]] and air attacks{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}.

== Archaeological or historical sites in the area ==
The region is rich in antiquities and archaeological sites such as petroglyphs, inscriptions, forts, palaces, walls, Syrian-Egyptian pilgrimage route, and the remains of the [[Hejaz Railway]] line, the main station of which is located in Tabuk.

=== Rock art and inscriptions' site in Wadi Dam ===
Hundreds of localities with rock art and inscriptions dating to different chronological periods and ranging from Paleolithic to the Islamic period were recorded at Wadi Dam and the region west of Tabuk. Study of the art revealed rich stylistic variability and both human and animal figures were represented in it. Tens of sites in the area with [[Thamudic]], [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Nabataean Arabic|Nabataean]] inscriptions have been found.

=== Tabuk Castle ===
{{Main|Tabuk Castle}}
It is also known as the castle of ''[[Aṣ-ḥāb al-Aykah]]'' ({{lang-ar|أَصْـحَـاب الْأَيْـكَـة}}, "Companions of the Wood"), who are mentioned in the [[Quran]].<ref>{{qref|15|78-79|b=y}}</ref><ref>{{qref|26|176-189|b=y}}</ref><ref>{{qref|38|13-15|b=y}}</ref><ref>{{qref|50|12-14|b=y}}</ref> The castle dates back to about 3500 BCE and has been restored many times; the last was in 1062 AH (1652 CE). Several forts and stations were built along the Syrian pilgrimage route, from the Jordanian border to Al-[[Medinah]] to welcome the [[Hajj|pilgrims]]. The fort consists of two floors built around an open courtyard with a mosque, a well, and a stairway leading to the watch towers used by the guards. Tabuk castle is considered an archaeological landmark of the region and is open to visitors.

=== Ain Sukkrah ===
This is an ancient ''‘ayn'' ({{lang-ar|عـيـن}}, 'spring') dating to the Era of ''[[Jahiliyyah]]'' ({{lang-ar|جَـاهـلـيّـة}}, 'Ignorance'). It is said that during the expedition of Tabuk, Prophet [[Muhammad]] camped more than ten days near the spring and drank from its water.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}

=== The Prophet's Mosque in Tabuk ===
It is also known as the Repentance Mosque. It was originally built with mud and roofed with palm trunk trees. It was restored in 1652. Eventually, its complete renewal was ordered by the late King Faisal ibn Abdul-Aziz, along the pattern of the [[Prophet's Mosque]] in Al-Medinah.

== Demographics ==
In 1950, Tabuk had a population of 12,000. By 2022, this number had grown to 667,000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tabuk, Saudi Arabia Population (2021) - Population Stat|url=https://populationstat.com/saudi-arabia/tabuk|access-date=2021-10-16|website=populationstat.com}}</ref>

== Education ==

[[File:Tabuk of university - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[University of Tabuk]]]]

Universities include:
* [[University of Tabuk]]
* [[Fahad bin Sultan University]]

[[File:British International School of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia - 20110428.jpg|thumb|British International School of Tabuk]]

Private schools include:
* [[British International School of Tabuk]]
* [[International Indian School Tabuk]]
* [[Pakistan International School of Tabuk]]
* [[Philippine International School]]
* [[King Abdulaziz Model schools]]
* [[Tabuk International School]]
* [[Bangladesh International School, Tabuk]]

== Geography and climate ==
{{Weather box
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|location=Tabuk (1985–2010)
|Jan record high C =
|Feb record high C =
|Mar record high C =
|Apr record high C =
|May record high C =
|Jun record high C =
|Jul record high C =
|Aug record high C =
|Sep record high C =
|Oct record high C =
|Nov record high C =
|Dec record high C =
|year record high C =
|Jan high C = 15.2
|Feb high C = 18.7
|Mar high C = 22.8
|Apr high C = 28.5
|May high C = 32.5
|Jun high C = 35.8
|Jul high C = 36.9
|Aug high C = 37.3
|Sep high C = 34.0
|Oct high C = 29.2
|Nov high C = 22.4
|Dec high C = 16.8
|year high C =
|Jan mean C = 8.7
|Feb mean C = 11.3
|Mar mean C = 15.2
|Apr mean C = 20.4
|May mean C = 24.6
|Jun mean C = 28.2
|Jul mean C = 29.2
|Aug mean C = 29.5
|Sep mean C = 26.5
|Oct mean C = 21.9
|Nov mean C = 15.6
|Dec mean C = 10.2
|year mean C =
|Jan low C = 2.2
|Feb low C = 4.0
|Mar low C = 7.6
|Apr low C = 12.4
|May low C = 16.7
|Jun low C = 20.7
|Jul low C = 21.6
|Aug low C = 21.8
|Sep low C = 19.0
|Oct low C = 14.6
|Nov low C = 8.8
|Dec low C = 3.7
|year low C =
|Jan record low C = -7.9
|Feb record low C = -7.4
|Mar record low C = -2.8
|Apr record low C = 1.0
|May record low C = 8.8
|Jun record low C = 12.0
|Jul record low C = 16.6
|Aug record low C = 16.4
|Sep record low C = 12.4
|Oct record low C = 6.4
|Nov record low C = -1.4
|Dec record low C = -5.0
|year record low C =
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 6.2
|Feb precipitation mm = 1.3
|Mar precipitation mm = 3.8
|Apr precipitation mm = 1.9
|May precipitation mm = 2.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 0.3
|Jul precipitation mm = 0.1
|Aug precipitation mm = 0.8
|Sep precipitation mm = 0.1
|Oct precipitation mm = 5.0
|Nov precipitation mm = 3.4
|Dec precipitation mm = 5.0
|year precipitation mm =
|Jan precipitation days = 4.5
|Feb precipitation days = 3.2
|Mar precipitation days = 3.7
|Apr precipitation days = 1.8
|May precipitation days = 2.7
|Jun precipitation days = 0.1
|Jul precipitation days = 0.3
|Aug precipitation days = 0.3
|Sep precipitation days = 0.5
|Oct precipitation days = 3.3
|Nov precipitation days = 2.7
|Dec precipitation days = 3.0
|year precipitation days = 26.1
|Jan humidity = 51
|Feb humidity = 42
|Mar humidity = 35
|Apr humidity = 27
|May humidity = 24
|Jun humidity = 22
|Jul humidity = 22
|Aug humidity = 24
|Sep humidity = 27
|Oct humidity = 34
|Nov humidity = 43
|Dec humidity = 51
|year humidity = 34
| Jan dew point C =0
| Feb dew point C =-1
| Mar dew point C =0
| Apr dew point C =0
| May dew point C =2
| Jun dew point C =4
| Jul dew point C =6
| Aug dew point C =7
| Sep dew point C =6
| Oct dew point C =5
| Nov dew point C =3
| Dec dew point C =1
|source 1 = Jeddah Regional Climate Center<ref name = JRCC>
{{cite web
| url = http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Tabuk.RTF
| title = Climate Data for Saudi Arabia
| publisher = Jeddah Regional Climate Center
| access-date = June 13, 2022
| url-status=dead
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401174647/http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Tabuk.RTF
| archive-date=1 April 2016}}
</ref>
|source 2 =[https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/saudi-arabia/tabuk/climate Time and Date] (dewpoints, 1985-2015)
}}

[[File:ثلوج علقان (11390714016).jpg|thumb|right|Snow in the [[Midian Mountains]] near Tabuk]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Saudi Arabia}}
* [[1068 Near East earthquake]], catastrophic event whose epicentre was in the area of Tabuk<ref name=Ambraseys>{{cite book |title= The Seismicity of Egypt, Arabia and the Red Sea: A Historical Review |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fxnnk2inWT0C&pg=PA31 |first1=N. N. |last1= Ambraseys |first2= C. P. |last2= Melville |first3= R. D. |last3= Adams |year= 2005 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-02025-1 |pages= 30–32, 101}}</ref>
* [[Al-Hijr Archaeological Site]] (Hegra)
* [[AlUla]]
* [[Hejaz]]
** [[Hijaz Mountains]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Tabuk}}
*[http://www.alnokhba.com/saudi-arabia/cities-information-tabouk.htm Tabouk - Saudi Arabia]
*[http://sauditourism.sa/en/Explore/Regions/Tabuk/Tabuk/Pages/default.aspx Tabuk City on Saudi Tourism Site]

{{Saudi cities}}
{{Ottoman Hajj Routes}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tabuk, Saudi Arabia| ]]
[[Category:Populated places in Tabuk Province]]
[[Category:Provincial capitals of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Jordan–Saudi Arabia border]]

Tabuk, Saudi Arabia - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article