47.161.46.214: minor cleaned up section to improve readability also

2025-05-01T21:56:03Z

minor cleaned up section to improve readability also

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:26, 2 May 2025
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	{{short description\|Asian type of battle axe}}		{{short description\|Asian type of battle axe}}
	[[File:Indian (Sind) tabar 2.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|Indian (~~Sind~~) tabar battle axe, late 18th century or earlier, crescent shape 5-inch-long head with a square hammer opposite of the blade, 22-inch-long steel haft, the end of the haft unscrews to reveal a 5-inch slim blade. Heavily patinated head and handle with traces of engraving.]]		[[File:Indian (Sind) tabar 2.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|Indian ([[Sindh]]) tabar battle axe, late 18th century or earlier, crescent shape 5-inch-long head with a square hammer opposite of the blade, 22-inch-long steel haft, the end of the haft unscrews to reveal a 5-inch slim blade. Heavily patinated head and handle with traces of engraving.]]
	The '''tabar''' (also called ''tabarzin'', which means "saddle axe" [in persian], [[~~Turkish~~ language\|~~Modern Turkish~~]]: ''~~teber~~'') is a type of [[battle axe]]. The term ''tabar'' is used for axes originating from the Ottoman Empire, Persia, India and surrounding countries and cultures. ~~As a loanword taken through [[Iranian languages\|Iranian]] [[Scythian languages\|Scythian]],~~ the word ''tabar'' is also used in most [[Slavic languages]] as the word for axe<ref name="auto1">{{cite book\|author=Boris Alexandrovič Rybakov\|title=Kievan Russia: History of Kievan Russia's First Feudal\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-JBAAAAYAAJ&dq=topor+russian+scythian\|year=1989\|publisher=Progress\|isbn=978-5-01-001154-3\|page=30}}</ref> (e.g. {{~~lang-~~ru\|топор}}).		The '''tabar''' (also called ''tabarzin'', which means "saddle axe" [in persian], [[Persian language\|Persian]]: ''تبر'') is a type of [[battle axe]]. The term ''tabar'' is used for axes originating from the Ottoman Empire, Persia, India and surrounding countries and cultures. the word ''tabar'' is also used in most [[Slavic languages]] as the word for axe<ref name="auto1">{{cite book\|author=Boris Alexandrovič Rybakov\|title=Kievan Russia: History of Kievan Russia's First Feudal\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-JBAAAAYAAJ&dq=topor+russian+scythian\|year=1989\|publisher=Progress\|isbn=978-5-01-001154-3\|page=30}}</ref> (e.g. {{langx\|ru\|топор}}).

	== Persia ==		== Persia ==
	The '''tabarzin''' (saddle axe) ({{~~lang-~~fa\| تبرزین}}; sometimes translated "saddle-hatchet") is the traditional battle axe of [[Persia]] ([[Iran]]). It bears one or two crescent-shaped blades. The long form of the tabar was about seven feet long, while a shorter version was about three feet long. What makes the Persian axe unique is the very thin handle, which is very light and always [[metal]]lic.<ref name="Dary">''Complete Persian culture (Dary dialect)'' by Gholam-reza Ensaf-pur</ref> The ''tabarzin'' was sometimes carried as a symbolic weapon by wandering [[dervish]]es (Muslim ascetic worshippers).{{cn\|date=July ~~2022~~}} The word ''tabar'' for axe was directly borrowed into [[Armenian language\|Armenian]] as ''tapar'' ({{~~lang-~~hy\|տապար}}) from [[Middle Persian]] ''tabar'',<ref>{{cite encyclopedia\|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/armenia-iv\|entry=ARMENIA AND IRAN iv. Iranian influences\|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica\|first=H. W. \|last=Bailey\|date=December 15, 1986 \|volume=II, Fasc. 4-5\|pages= 445–465}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite book\|author=Anatoly Liberman\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sMiRc-JFIfMC&pg=PA142&dq=armenia+tapar+axe\|title=Word Origins...And How We Know Them: Etymology for Everyone\|date=16 March 2009\|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA\|isbn=978-0-19-538707-0\|page=142}}</ref> as well as into Proto-~~Slavonic~~ as "topor" ''(*toporъ)'', the latter word known to be taken through [[Scythian languages\|Scythian]],<ref>{{harvtxt\|Sussex\|2011\|pp=111–112}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/> and is still the common [[Slavic languages\|Slavic]] word for axe.<ref name="auto1"/>		The '''tabarzin''' (saddle axe) ({{langx\|fa\| تبرزین}}; sometimes translated "saddle-hatchet") is the traditional battle axe of [[Persia]] ([[Iran]]). It bears one or two crescent-shaped blades. The long form of the tabar was about seven feet long, while a shorter version was about three feet long. What makes the Persian axe unique is the very thin handle, which is very light and always [[metal]]lic.<ref name="Dary">''Complete Persian culture (Dary dialect)'' by Gholam-reza Ensaf-pur</ref> The ''tabarzin'' was sometimes carried as a symbolic weapon by wandering [[dervish]]es (Muslim ascetic worshippers).{{cn\|date=July 2015}} The word ''tabar'' for axe was directly borrowed into [[Armenian language\|Armenian]] as ''tapar'' ({{langx\|hy\|տապար}}) from [[Middle Persian]] ''tabar'',<ref>{{cite encyclopedia\|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/armenia-iv\|entry=ARMENIA AND IRAN iv. Iranian influences\|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica\|first=H. W. \|last=Bailey\|date=December 15, 1986 \|volume=II, Fasc. 4-5\|pages= 445–465}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite book\|author=Anatoly Liberman\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sMiRc-JFIfMC&pg=PA142&dq=armenia+tapar+axe\|title=Word Origins...And How We Know Them: Etymology for Everyone\|date=16 March 2009\|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA\|isbn=978-0-19-538707-0\|page=142}}</ref> as well as into [[Proto-Slavic]] as "topor" ''(*toporъ)'', the latter word known to be taken through [[Scythian languages\|Scythian]],<ref>{{harvtxt\|Sussex\|Cubberley\|2011\|pp=111–112}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/> and is still the common [[Slavic languages\|Slavic]] word for axe.<ref name="auto1"/>

	== India ==		== India ==
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	File:Indian tabar-zaghnal.jpg\|Indian tabar-zaghnal, a combination tabar axe and zaghnal war hammer - pick, all-steel construction, 18th to 19th century		File:Indian tabar-zaghnal.jpg\|Indian tabar-zaghnal, a combination tabar axe and zaghnal war hammer - pick, all-steel construction, 18th to 19th century
	File:Indian tabar-shishpar.jpg\|Indian (Deccan) tabar-shishpar, an extremely rare combination tabar axe and shishpar eight-flanged mace, steel with hollow shaft, 21.75 inches, 17th to 18th century		File:Indian tabar-shishpar.jpg\|Indian (Deccan) tabar-shishpar, an extremely rare combination tabar axe and shishpar eight-flanged mace, steel with hollow shaft, 21.75 inches, 17th to 18th century
	File:Tabar Indo-Persian Axe.jpg\|18th century ~~Indo-~~Persian ceremonial tabar, crafted of steel with gold koftgari inlay, Kufic calligraphy and pierced decorations		File:Tabar Indo-Persian Axe.jpg\|18th century Persian ceremonial tabar, crafted of steel with gold koftgari inlay, Kufic calligraphy and pierced decorations
			File:Sindudesh flag.jpg\|Flag of [[Sindhudesh Movement\|Sindhudesh]] movement, the axe represents anger against enemies.
			File:Badge of Sind Regiment.png\|Badge of [[Sindh Regiment]] an infantry regiment in Pakistan army.
	</gallery>		</gallery>

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	*{{citation\| last1=Sussex \|first=Roland \|author1-link=Roland Sussex \|last2=Cubberley \|first2=Paul \|year=2011 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|title=The Slavic Languages \|isbn=978-0-521-29448-5}}		*{{citation\| last1=Sussex \|first=Roland \|author1-link=Roland Sussex \|last2=Cubberley \|first2=Paul \|year=2011 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|title=The Slavic Languages \|isbn=978-0-521-29448-5}}

	[[Category:Medieval weapons]]		[[Category:Medieval edged and bladed weapons]]
	[[Category:Indo-Persian weaponry]]		[[Category:Indo-Persian weaponry]]
			[[Category:Iranian martial arts]]
			[[Category:Weapons of Iran]]

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{{short description|Asian type of battle axe}}
[[File:Indian (Sind) tabar 2.jpg|thumb|200px|Indian (Sind) tabar battle axe, late 18th century or earlier, crescent shape 5-inch-long head with a square hammer opposite of the blade, 22-inch-long steel haft, the end of the haft unscrews to reveal a 5-inch slim blade. Heavily patinated head and handle with traces of engraving.]]
The '''tabar''' (also called ''tabarzin'', which means "saddle axe" [in persian], [[Turkish language|Modern Turkish]]: ''teber'') is a type of [[battle axe]]. The term ''tabar'' is used for axes originating from the Ottoman Empire, Persia, India and surrounding countries and cultures. As a loanword taken through [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] [[Scythian languages|Scythian]], the word ''tabar'' is also used in most [[Slavic languages]] as the word for axe<ref name="auto1">{{cite book|author=Boris Alexandrovič Rybakov|title=Kievan Russia: History of Kievan Russia's First Feudal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-JBAAAAYAAJ&dq=topor+russian+scythian|year=1989|publisher=Progress|isbn=978-5-01-001154-3|page=30}}</ref> (e.g. {{lang-ru|топор}}).

== Persia ==
The '''tabarzin''' (saddle axe) ({{lang-fa| تبرزین}}; sometimes translated "saddle-hatchet") is the traditional battle axe of [[Persia]] ([[Iran]]). It bears one or two crescent-shaped blades. The long form of the tabar was about seven feet long, while a shorter version was about three feet long. What makes the Persian axe unique is the very thin handle, which is very light and always [[metal]]lic.<ref name="Dary">''Complete Persian culture (Dary dialect)'' by Gholam-reza Ensaf-pur</ref> The ''tabarzin'' was sometimes carried as a symbolic weapon by wandering [[dervish]]es (Muslim ascetic worshippers).{{cn|date=July 2022}} The word ''tabar'' for axe was directly borrowed into [[Armenian language|Armenian]] as ''tapar'' ({{lang-hy|տապար}}) from [[Middle Persian]] ''tabar'',<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/armenia-iv|entry=ARMENIA AND IRAN iv. Iranian influences|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica|first=H. W. |last=Bailey|date=December 15, 1986 |volume=II, Fasc. 4-5|pages= 445–465}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite book|author=Anatoly Liberman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sMiRc-JFIfMC&pg=PA142&dq=armenia+tapar+axe|title=Word Origins...And How We Know Them: Etymology for Everyone|date=16 March 2009|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-538707-0|page=142}}</ref> as well as into Proto-Slavonic as "topor" ''(*toporъ)'', the latter word known to be taken through [[Scythian languages|Scythian]],<ref>{{harvtxt|Sussex|2011|pp=111–112}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/> and is still the common [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] word for axe.<ref name="auto1"/>

== India ==
During the 17th and 18th centuries, the tabar battle axe was a standard weapon of the mounted warriors of Punjab, Sikh Khalsa army and what is now modern day India and Pakistan. Made entirely of metal or with a wood haft, it had a strongly curved blade and a hammer-headed poll and was often decorated with scroll work. Sometimes a small knife was inserted in the tabar's hollow haft.

== Arabia ==
According to Adam Metz's "Islamic Civilization in the Fourth Century of the Hegira," the tabar was frequently not only a weapon used by police chiefs (Sahib al-Shurta), but also a mark of office for them.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Indian tabar (axe).jpg|Indian (Southern) tabar (axe), 18th century, the wooden haft has a steel tang running 3/4 of the way down, pinned by four rivets. The axe head is brass with a forged steel blade, L. 58 cm.
File:Indian tabar-zaghnal.jpg|Indian tabar-zaghnal, a combination tabar axe and zaghnal war hammer - pick, all-steel construction, 18th to 19th century
File:Indian tabar-shishpar.jpg|Indian (Deccan) tabar-shishpar, an extremely rare combination tabar axe and shishpar eight-flanged mace, steel with hollow shaft, 21.75 inches, 17th to 18th century
File:Tabar Indo-Persian Axe.jpg|18th century Indo-Persian ceremonial tabar, crafted of steel with gold koftgari inlay, Kufic calligraphy and pierced decorations
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Battle axe]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{citation| last1=Sussex |first=Roland |author1-link=Roland Sussex |last2=Cubberley |first2=Paul |year=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |title=The Slavic Languages |isbn=978-0-521-29448-5}}

[[Category:Medieval weapons]]
[[Category:Indo-Persian weaponry]]

Tabar (axe) - Revision history

47.161.46.214: minor cleaned up section to improve readability also

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