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{{Short description|Pakistani general}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix =
|name =Syed Ali Nawab
|image = General Ali Nawab.jpg
|caption =Nawab {{circa|1980s}}
|birth_name =Syed Ali Nawab
|nickname =''Anis Nawab'' ''Ali Nawab'' ''Anis Ali Syed''
|birth_date ={{birth-date|6 October 1925}}
|birth_place = [[Badaun]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[British India]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1994|2|22|1925|6|10}}
|death_place =[[Islamabad]]
|allegiance ={{PAK}}
|branch ={{army|PAK}}
|serviceyears =1951–1983
|rank =[[File:OF-7 Pakistan Army.svg|10px]][[File:US-O8 insignia.svg|20px]] [[Major-General]]
|unit =[[Pakistan Army Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering|Pakistan Army Corps of EME]]
|commands =[[Pakistan Ordnance Factories]] [[Director-General|DG]] [[Pakistan Army Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering|Corps of EME]]
|battles =[[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965]] [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]]
|awards =[[File:Crescent of Excellence Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|25px]][[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|Hilal-i-Imtiaz (military) 1979]] [[File:Star of Good Conduct Sitara-e-Basalat.png|25px]] [[Sitara-e-Basalat]] [[File:Pakistan Tamgha Pakistan.svg|25px]][[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces|Tamgha-i-Pakistan]]
|laterwork =Consultant for Pakistan Government.
}}

[[Major-General]] '''Syed Ali Nawab''' ([[Urdu]]: سید علی نواب; b. 6 October 1925–22 February 1994{{rp|220}}<ref name="Springer, 2001 A. Siddiqa">{{cite book|author=Siddiqa-Agha, A.|title=Pakistan's Arms Procurement and Military Buildup, 1979-99: In Search of a Policy|date=2001|publisher=Springer|location=London, UK|isbn=9780230513525|pages=255|edition=1st|chapter={{small|Bibliography: Interviews}}|author-link=Ayesha Siddiqa}}</ref>) {{small|([[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI (m) 1979]], [[Sitara-e-Basalat|SBt]], [[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces|TPk]], [[Professional engineer|PE]])}}, was an [[engineering officer]] in the [[Pakistan Army Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering|Pakistan Army Corps of EME]], and a [[Mechanical engineering|mechanical engineer]] with an [[Institution of Mechanical Engineers|MIMechE]] from UK and two bachelor's degrees, one in Electrical Engineering, and the other in Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics from [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (AMU). He was known for his classified works in the development of [[Atomic Bomb|atomic bomb]] at [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission|PAEC]] and the [[Engineering Research Laboratories]] (ERL) in the 1970s.<ref name="News International, AQ Khan :Part - XVI">{{cite news|author=Khan, A.Q.|title=Unsung heroes: Random Thoughts (Part - XVI)|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/531808-unsung-heroes|access-date=7 November 2017|work=www.thenews.com.pk|agency=The News International|publisher=News International, AQ Khan|date=20 October 2014|location=Islamabad}}</ref>

In 1979, in recognition of Nawab's contributions, head of the nuclear weapon's program, [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]] recommended Nawab for the highly prestigious [[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|Hilal e Imtiaz (Military)]] - a solid gold medal, that in its original format, conferred upon the recipient, allotments of residential as well as valuable irrigated agricultural lands reserved for recipients of gallantry awards and heroes of Pakistan. The first Hilal e Imtiaz (Military) in Pakistan's history, was awarded to 4 star General [[Zia ul Haq]] after he was appointed Chief of the Pakistan Army by [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto|Prime Minister Z A Bhutto]] in 1976. Three years later, 4 star Admiral of the Navy [[Mohammad Shariff]] and Nawab also became recipients of this highly prestigious and financially attractive award. Since all recipients prior to 1980 except Nawab had been 4 star General officers, Nawab was a member of a small but very influential, elite group of officers in Pakistan, at the time. After 1979, the medal was no longer reserved for military officers directly reporting to the [[Defence Secretary of Pakistan|Defense Secretary General of Pakistan]]. Accordingly, the military medal's format was changed by President General [[Zia ul Haq]] to a gold plated, largely ceremonial award, given without all the expensive irrigated land allotments reserved for recipients of gallantry awards and heroes of Pakistan that accompanied the original medal.

His engineering career is associated with research work at [[Engineering Research Laboratories]] (ERL), including the operations of [[computer numerical control]] (CNC) machines that he worked on throughout his career.<ref name="News International, AQ Khan :Part - XVI"/> Earlier in his career, he was posted twice as the military [[liaison officer]] at the [[High Commission of Pakistan, London|High Commission]] of Pakistan in [[London]] in the United Kingdom, to the [[British Army]].{{rp|23}}<ref name="H.M. Stationery Office">{{cite book|title=A Year Book of the Commonwealth|date=1983|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|language=en}}</ref> Later, as a [[General officer]] in the Pakistan Army, he used his knowledge of engineering and connections developed during his stay in Britain to establish a network and enable the import of critical engineering hardware, equipment and supplies from Europe that were used at ERL.

Among his colleagues at [[Khan Research Laboratories]] (KRL), he had a reputation of being a qualified [[machinist]] and a competent engineer who sought quick solutions. Later, he worked as a [[Engineering consultant|consultant engineer]] on [[electric power production]] and [[quality assurance]] at the [[Ministry of Defence Production (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defense Production]] of [[Government of Pakistan]] for many years.<ref name="Finance & Development"/>

==Biography==
===Early life and career in military===
Syed Ali Nawab was born in [[Budaun]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] in [[British Indian Empire|British India]], into an [[Urdu-speaking]] family on 6 October 1925.<ref name="Alumni Directory">{{cite web|title=Aligarh Muslim University - Alumni Directory|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/78291282/Aligarh-Muslim-University-Alumni-Directory#scribd|website=Scribd|publisher=Alumni Directory|pages=58–59}}</ref> Nawab attended [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (AMU) after his matriculation in 1941–43.<ref name="Alumni Directory"/> He initially studied [[physics]] and graduated with [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] in physics in 1946, before attending the engineering college.<ref name="Alumni Directory"/> In 1948, he graduated with [[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]] in [[electrical engineering]], and [[Immigration to Pakistan|emigrated]] to Pakistan in 1948– he went to attend the [[Pakistan Military Academy]] (PMA) in [[Kakul]], graduating top of his class of engineering.{{rp|58–59}}<ref name="Alumni Directory"/>

In 1949, Nawab was [[commissioned officer|commissioned]] in the [[Pakistan Army]]'s [[Pakistan Army Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering|Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering]] (PEME) and was one of few army officers directed by the [[Pakistani military]] to attend [[Loughborough University]] where he gained a diploma in [[mechanical engineering]] in 1951.<ref name="The News International (Part - VIII)"/> From 1951 to 1952 he trained in UK at workshops in Aldershot, Woolich, Ashford, Sterling, Borden and Arborfield.<ref name="The News International (Part - VIII)">{{cite news|author=Khan, A.Q.|title=Unsung heroes: Random Thoughts (Part - VIII)|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/521486-unsung-heroes|access-date=7 November 2017|work=www.thenews.com.pk|agency=The News International|publisher=The News International, AQ Khan|date=25 August 1925|location=Islamabad|quote={{small|Col Qazi was one of the early batches sent by the army to Loughborough University for Engineering. His colleagues were Gen Saeed Qadir, Gen Ali Nawab, Gen Shabbir H Shah and others.......}}}}</ref> He then passed the exam for [[Institution of Mechanical Engineers#Membership Grades and Post-nominals|"MIMechE:"]] at the [[Institution of Mechanical Engineers]] (IMechE) in the United Kingdom.<ref name="The Institution of Mechanical Engineering. 1954">{{cite book|title=The Chartered Mechanical Engineer: The Journal of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers|date=1954|publisher=The Institution of Mechanical Engineering|location=London, UK|page=104}}</ref>

Upon returning to Pakistan in 1954, [[Major]] Nawab was appointed, [[inspector]] of vehicle and engineering equipment in the [[Pakistan Army]], having responsible for quality inspection and equipment for military vehicles.<ref name="The Institution of Mechanical Engineering. 1954"/> Later in 1955–56, Major Nawab was posted to [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]] as a controller of inspection and technical development.<ref name="The Institution of Mechanical Engineering. 1954"/>

In 1954–56 Major Nawab was directed to attend the [[Royal Military College of Science]] in [[Shrivenham]] in England to study [[machine design]] [[Machine element|components]] on the military vehicles. Then in 1960, Nawab was sent to attend the [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]], [[United States Army]] facility, located in [[Maryland]].{{rp|44}}<ref name="Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited, 1960"/> At [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]] in [[Maryland]], Major Nawab attended the Ordnance Officer Career Course in the US Army Ordnance School, and qualified as an [[wikt:ordnance|ordnance]] specialist.<ref name="Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited, 1960"/>

In 1960–64, [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] Nawab was appointed assistant director of the EME directorate at [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]].{{rp|44;99}}<ref name="Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited, 1960">{{cite book|title=The Chartered Mechanical Engineer|year=1960|publisher=Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited|page=44}}</ref> In 1961 he completed training at US Army's Management Engineering Training Agency at Rock Island Illinois.

In 1965, [[Lieutenant-Colonel|Lt-Col.]] Nawab participated in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|second war]] with India, responsible for managing military ordnance and inspections of the military vehicles.

In 1965, [[Colonel]] Nawab was directed by the [[Minister of Defence (Pakistan)|Minister of Defence]] (MoD) to join the staff of the [[High Commission of Pakistan, London|High Commission]] of Pakistan in [[London]] as a military [[liaison officer]] to the [[British Army]].{{rp|43}}<ref name="H.M. Stationery Office, 1970">{{cite book|title=The London Diplomatic List|year=1970|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|page=43}}</ref><ref name="H.M. Stationery Office, 1983">{{cite book|title=A Year Book of the Commonwealth|year=1983|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|page=23}}</ref> [[Colonel|Col.]] Nawab served in this assignment until 1971 after which he returned to his country to participate in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|third war]] with India.<ref name="H.M. Stationery Office, 1983"/><ref name="H.M. Stationery Office, 1970"/>

===Postwar career===
In 1974, Nawab was promoted by [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto|Prime Minister Bhutto]] to two star or Major General. As such, he became the ranking officer of the [[Pakistan Army Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering|EME Corps]].

Nawab's first appointment as a Major General was in the Ministry of Defense, where he worked directly with the Secretary of Defense, Mr Ghulam Ishaq Khan who was running Pakistan's nuclear weapons program. Nawab was later transferred as Director General [[Pakistan Army Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering|Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering]] (EME) from 6 May 1976 until 6 December 1976.<ref name="Pakistan Army Museum">{{cite web|author=Army Museum|title=DIRECTOR GENERALS OF EME|url=http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/director-generals-of-eme/|website=www.pakarmymuseum.com|publisher=Pakistan Army Museum|access-date=8 November 2022}}</ref> by [[Defence Secretary of Pakistan|Defence Secretary]] [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]] to supervise the establishment of [[Engineering Research Laboratories]] (ERL); and for procuring metallurgical equipments, [[Ore|elemental ores]], and [[metalworking]] that was crucial for scientific and research work at the ERL.<ref name="News International, Khan 2015">{{cite news|author=Khan, AQ|title=An indomitable man: Ghulam Ishaq Khan|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/21756-an-indomitable-man|access-date=8 November 2017|work=www.thenews.com.pk|agency=News International|publisher=News International|date=2 February 2022}}</ref>

As DG EME Nawab used his British connections to the [[British Ministry of Defence]] to import and procure industrial equipments, and the [[computerized numerical control]] machines from the United Kingdom that were installed in the ERL.<ref name="News International, Khan 2015"/>

At ERL, Nawab established the [[machine shop]]. He was noted among the civilian scientists as a competent [[mechanical engineer]] and able machinist, while working on [[machine design]] and [[Machine element|components]] that were crucial for the feasibility of [[Zippe-type centrifuge|gas centrifuges]], where Nawab designed and built the machine components using the [[lathe]], [[drill press]], [[bandsaw]], and the [[CNC machine]]s.<ref name="News International, Khan 2015"/><ref>{{cite journal|author=Wood, Houston|author2=Glasser, Alexander|author3=Kemp, Scott|title=The gas centrifuge and nuclear weapons proliferation|journal=Physics Today|volume=61|issue=9|pages=40–45|year=2008|doi=10.1063/1.2982121|bibcode=2008PhT....61i..40W|doi-access=free}}</ref> Major-General Nawab officiated his role towards establishing the engineering branch at the [[Kahuta Research Laboratories|KRL]] as a senior engineer and researcher while partially completing the engineering staffing composed of EME army officers.{{rp|157–158}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan 2012">{{cite book|author=Khan, Feroz Hassan|title=Eating Grass: The making of the Pakistani bomb|year=2012|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Palo Alto|isbn=9780804784801|pages=401|edition=1st|chapter={{small|Mastery of Uranium Enrichment}}}}</ref>

Major-General Nawab also used his influence as DG EME in carefully selecting and deputing EME officers posted as military liaison officers and staff at the Office of Military Procurement (PALTO) that was used by ERL at the [[High Commission of Pakistan, London|High Commission of Pakistan]] in the United Kingdom.<ref name="News International, AQ Khan :Part - XVI"/> All this was done clandestinely, without [[Abdul Qadeer Khan|Dr A.Q. Khan]] knowing that Nawab was actually DG EME to maintain deniability. Brigadier Islamullah Khan who incognito represented himself as DG EME to [[Abdul Qadeer Khan|Dr. A Q Khan]] assisted in maintaining the clandestine aspect of this operation and in building ERL. Brigadier Islamullah Khan as well as other EME officers who assisted in the operation were recommended by Nawab and later promoted to the rank of Major General.

In 1977 Major-General Nawab was appointed as [[Chairman]] of [[Ordnance Factories]] (POF) in Wah, from where he assisted ERL as well as PAEC's [[Munir Ahmad Khan]] with international equipment procurement, facilities establishment, man power and management expertise at [[Muhammad Hafeez Qureshi|WGS]] (Wah Group Scientists), Acid Plant, MDX Plant etc.<ref name="The News International, 2015 Part XV">{{cite news|author=Khan, AQ|title=RANDOM THOUGHTS: Unsung Heroes (Part XV)|url=http://www.sapulse.com/new_comments.php?id=9404_0_1_370_M1|access-date=10 November 2017|work=South Asian Pulse|agency=The News International|publisher=www.sapulse.com|date=14 October 2022}}</ref> COAS General [[Zia ul Haq|Zia]] was instructed by Secretary Defence, Ghulam Ishaq Khan to recommend this transfer. Nawab used his appointment at POFs to make additional personnel allocations to ERL and to procure ores of [[natural uranium|uranium]] in the country, and relocating them at a secure location for the expansion of nuclear infrastructure.<ref name="The News International, 2015 Part XV"/>

In 1978, during [[Zia ul Haq|General Zia's]] military regime, Major-General Nawab was superseded, as junior officers were promoted to higher ranks. This was unsurprising since [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto|Prime Minister Bhutto]] and [[Tikka Khan|General Tikka Khan]] who had promoted Nawab to [[General officer]] rank were both jailed after the military coup by General [[Zia ul Haq|Zia]]; and Nawab's boss Defense Secretary [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]] was transferred out of the Ministry of Defense to the Ministry of Finance. Subsequently, however, Ghulam Ishaq Khan brought General Zia up to speed on details of Nawab's role in the ERL project and convinced Zia to give Nawab an extension as well as award him the original Hilal e Imtiaz Military in 1979 with all its accompanying, valuable land allocations reserved for heroes of Pakistan. Immediately after this medal was awarded to Nawab, the format of the medal was changed by General Zia to a gold plated ceremonial award, given without all the expensive irrigated agricultural land allocations, reserved for heroes of Pakistan. This prevented arousing suspicion and attracting unwarranted attention to these generous land allocations made by the state of Pakistan to Nawab.

In 1981, Major-General Nawab again provided a crucial technical support when he assisted the KRL scientists in redesigning, and eventually machining of the [[gyration]]al beds and [[Bearing (mechanical)|bearing components]] of the [[gas centrifuge]]s with the goal of developing powerful and effective methods of gaseous method that were employed in the [[Uranium enrichment]].{{rp|157–160}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan 2012"/>

==Later life==
In 1981, Major-General Nawb was again posted by the [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defence]] as the military liaison officer at the [[High Commission of Pakistan, London|High Commission of Pakistan]] in the United Kingdom, working closely with maintaining Pakistan Army's military relations with [[British Army]].<ref>A Year Book of the Commonwealth. H.M. Stationery Office. 1983.</ref> His assignment did not last long, and eventually decided to seek [[Honorable discharge|retirement]] from his [[military service]] with the Army in 1983.<ref name="Finance & Development"/>

After his retirement, Nawab founded the small [[Engineering consultant|engineering consulting firm]], the Experts Advisory Cell (EAC), where he worked for the [[Government of Pakistan]] as a [[Consulting engineer|consultant engineer]] to advise and monitor state owned enterprises.<ref name="Finance & Development"/> Later, he became involved in consulting on the [[Energy consumption|electricity manufacturing]] and [[electric power production]] to the [[Ministry of Industries and Production (Pakistan)|Ministry of Industries and Production]].<ref name="Finance & Development"/> He also co-authored a paper while consulting on the industrial [[nuclear power generation]] to the [[Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)|Ministry of Finance]] as he opined: "Evaluating Public Manufacturing Enterprises: An experimental monitoring system".<ref name="Finance & Development">{{cite journal|author=Hartman, Arntraud|author2=Nawab, Syed Ali|title=Evaluating Public Manufacturing Enterprises in Pakistan: An experimental monitoring system|journal=Finance & Development|volume=22|number=3|pages=27–30|year=1985}}</ref> In addition, the contributions of Nawab's and his firm, the EAC, to industrialization of Pakistan were recognized by the World Bank and IMF in the 1983 World Development Report.<ref>"Managing State Owned Enterprises". World Development Report 1983. World Bank Publications. {{ISBN|0195204328}}. 1983: 82. Print.</ref>

He later consulted the [[Ministry of Defence Production (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defence Production]] on product safety and quality assurance for many years, until living a quiet live in [[Karachi]] in 1990.<ref>Levy, Adrian and Catherine Scott-Clark, Deception: Pakistan, the United States, and the Secret Trade in Nuclear Weapons. New York. Walker Publishing Company. 1977: page 112. Print.</ref>

On 22 February 1994, Nawab died at his estate in [[Karachi]], and was buried in [[List of cemeteries in Karachi|Military Cemetery]] in [[Defence Housing Authority, Karachi|DHA Society]] in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.{{rp|220}}<ref name="Springer, 2001 A. Siddiqa"/> For many years, Nawab's work and role at the [[Kahuta Research Laboratories|KRL]] was not known to the public and details of his work was kept well hidden until the memoirs were published by Dr. [[Abdul Qadeer Khan|AQ Khan]] in 2009.<ref name="The News International (Part - VIII)"/>

According to the various admission, Nawab often used the codename: ''Anis Ali Syed'' and ''Anis Nawab'', to hide his identity while working on classified works at the ERL. For example, when he reportedly met with journalist Peter Griffin to discuss the issue of [[Industry of Pakistan|industrialization]] in Pakistan.<ref>Levy, Adrian and Catherine Scott-Clark, Deception: Pakistan, the United States, and the Secret Trade in Nuclear Weapons. New York. Walker Publishing Company. 1977: pages 101-102. Print.</ref><ref>Levy, Adrian and Catherine Scott-Clark, Deception: Pakistan, the United States, and the Secret Trade in Nuclear Weapons. New York. Walker Publishing Company. 1977: page 39. Print.</ref> Also in Chapter 9, on page 64, in the book “Last Days of Bhutto” by Kausar Niazy <ref>http://www.millat.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/bhutto/ENG/Last%20Dayf%20of%20Premier%20Bhutto.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Pakistan Army]]
*[[Army engineer]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{small|{{cite book|author=Siddiqa-Agha, Ayesha|title=Pakistan's arms procurement and military build-up, 1979-99 in search of a policy|year=2001|publisher=Palgrave|location=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire|isbn=9780230513525}} }}
*{{small|{{cite book|author=Khan, Feroz Hassan|title=Eating grass the making of the Pakistani bomb|year=2012|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Palo Alto|isbn=9780804784801}} }}
{{Pakistan Army template}}
{{Project-706}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nawab, Syed Ali}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Budaun]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Pakistan]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]
[[Category:Pakistan Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of Loughborough University]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers]]
[[Category:Pakistani military personnel of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
[[Category:Pakistani mechanical engineers]]
[[Category:Pakistani military engineers]]
[[Category:Pakistani nuclear engineers]]
[[Category:Machinists]]
[[Category:Pakistani generals]]
[[Category:Pakistani diplomats]]
[[Category:People associated with nuclear power]]
[[Category:People associated with electricity]]
[[Category:Engineers from Karachi]]
[[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Pakistani management consultants]]

Syed Ali Nawab - Revision history

VernellSteward1: expand references as per guidelines

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