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	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{Portal\|India\|Music}}~~
	*[[List of Carnatic composers]]		*[[List of Carnatic composers]]

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{{short description|Indian musician}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Syama Sastri
| image = Shyama Shastri 1985 stamp of India.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| other_names = Syama Krishna
| birth_name = Venkata Subrahmanya
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1762|4|26}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvarur]],<ref name="Thiruvaiyaru Thyagaraja Aradhana">{{cite web|title=Thiruvaiyaru Thyagaraja Aradhana|url=http://thiruvaiyaruthyagarajaaradhana.org/biography.html|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114185914/http://thiruvaiyaruthyagarajaaradhana.org/biography.html|archive-date=14 January 2016}}</ref> [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom]]
| death_date = 1827 (aged 64–65)
| occupation = [[Carnatic music]] composer
}}
{{Carnatic}}
'''Syama Sastri''' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]] : శ్యామ శాస్త్రి; {{IAST3|Śyāma Śāstri}}; 26 April 1762 – 1827) or '''Shyama Shastri''' was a musician and composer of [[Carnatic music]]. He was the oldest among the [[Trinity of Carnatic music]], [[Tyagaraja]] and [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] being the other two.<ref>{{cite book|author=P. Sambamoorthy|title=Great Composers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZPjAAAAMAAJ|year=1962|publisher=Indian Music Publishing House|pages=69–94}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Syama Sastri, whose birth name was Venkata Subrahmanya, was born on 26 April 1762 in a [[Tamil Brahmin]] family.<ref name="Shyama Shastri">{{cite web|title=SYAMA SASTRI (1762 - 1827 ) - PART 1|url=http://www.carnatica.net/composer/syama1.htm|access-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201040042/http://www.carnatica.net/composer/syama1.htm|archive-date=1 December 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was also known as one of the trinity of carnatic music.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rajagopalan|first=N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y0YGAQAAMAAJ|title=A Garland: A Biographical Dictionary of Carnatic Composers and Musicians|date=1994|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|isbn=|location=|pages=264|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramakrishna|first=Lalita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1o4HAQAAMAAJ&q=syama+sastri+cumbub|title=Musical Heritage of India|date=2003|publisher=Shubhi Publication|isbn=978-81-87226-61-1|location=|pages=176|language=en}}</ref> To later generations, he is better known by his adopted name Syama Sastri or by his musical [[Mudra (music) | mudra]] (signature) '''Syama Krishna'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shankarmahadevanacademy.com/blog/Shyama-Shastri/|title=SMA Article: Shyama Shastri - A Blessed Composer}}</ref> He was born in [[Tiruvarur]], in what is now the state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He received his instruction in the vedas, astrology, and other traditional subjects early on and learned music from his maternal uncle. He was later trained in music by [[Pacchimiriam Adiyappa|Adiappayya]], a noted durbar musician of [[Thanjavur]].{{sfn|OEMI:SS}}


Although Śyāma Śastri did not compose as many ''[[Kriti (music)|kriti]]s'' as his two prolific contemporaries, his compositions are still well known due to the literary, melodic and rhythmic proficiency observed in them. It is said that he composed about three hundred pieces in all.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Foltinek |first=Herbert |date=2005 |title=Imagination All Compact. How did Charles Dickens Compose His Novels? |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/0x0007eaf1 |doi=10.1553/0x0007eaf1|isbn=978-3-7001-3528-9 }}</ref>

He did not have many disciples to propagate his compositions, nor was the [[printing press]] widely accessible during his time. More importantly, the scholarly nature of his compositions made them more appealing to the learned than to the lay. Additionally, they feature a more formal form of Telugu which borrows heavily from Sanskrit. In contrast, Tyagaraja composes in generally more colloquial dialect of Telugu.{{citation needed|date= October 2022}}

There are also a number of krithis in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] attributed to him. Most of his compositions propitiate the Goddess [[Kamakshi]].<ref name=":0" />

He composed ''kritis'', ''varṇa(s)'' and ''svarajati(s)'' with the ''ankita'' or ''[[Mudra (music)|mudra]]'' (signature) '''Śyāma Krishna'''. He was probably the first to compose in a new form of the ''svarajati'' musical genre, where the compositions could be rendered solely in a singing or instrumental manner. Prior to this, the ''svarajati'' was primarily a dance form, and was close in structure to the dance ''Varṇaṃ'' (''padavarṇaṃ'').<ref>{{Cite news |last=V |first=Sriram |date=2019-07-18 |title=Songs in praise of Kanchi Varada |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/songs-in-praise-of-kanchi-varada/article28547249.ece |access-date=2023-01-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

His set of three famous ''svarajati(s)'' are intended to be sung in concert rather than danced, and are sometimes referred to as "''Ratnatrayam''" (Three jewels). They are ''Kāmākṣhī Anudinamu'', ''Kāmākṣhī Padayugamē'', and ''Rāvē himagiri kumāri'', composed in the ''ragas'' ''[[Bhairavi (Carnatic)|Bhairavi]]'', ''[[Yadukulakamboji|Yadukula kambhoji]]'' and ''[[Hanumatodi|Todi]]'' respectively. The former two are set to ''Miśra Cāpu Tāḷa'', while the third is set to ''Ādi Tāḷa''.{{citation needed|date= October 2022}}

He is known for his ability to compose in the most complex of tāḷas.<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|author=Madan Gopal|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/231 231]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref>

==Legacy==

Sastri had a number of disciples who excelled at the art. Alasur Krishna Iyer became a musician at the royal durbar in [[Mysore]]. Porambur Krishna Iyer popularised many of his guru's works. Another disciple, Talagambadi Panchanada Iyer also made his mark as a composer. Another disciple named Dasari gained fame as a noted [[nagaswaram|nāgaswaram]] player.{{sfn|OEMI:SS}}

== Compositions ==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2022}}
The below sections mention some of his compositions.

=== Svara Jati ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Composition !! [[Raga]] !! [[Tala (music)|Tāḷa]] !! Language!! Description
|-
| ''Kāmākṣhī anudinamu maruvakanē'' ''కామాక్షీ అనుదినము మరువకనే'' || ''[[Bhairavi (Carnatic)|Bhairavi]]'' || ''Miśra Cāpu'' || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Kāmākṣhī nī padayugame sthiramaninē'' || ''[[Yadukulakamboji]]'' || ''Miśra Cāpu'' || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Rāvē himagiri kumāri'' ''రావే హిమగిరి కుమారీ'' || ''[[Hanumatodi|Todi]]'' || ''Ādi'' || Telugu ||
|}

=== Kriti ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Composition !! [[Raga]] !! [[Tala (music)|Tāḷa]] !! Language !! Description
|-
| ''Śaṅkari Śaṃkuru candra mukhī'' ''[[Sanskrit]]: शङ्करि शंकुरु चन्द्र मुखी '' ''[[Telugu language|Telugu Script]]: శఙ్కరి శంకురు చన్ద్ర ముఖీ ''|| ''[[Saveri|Sāvēri]]'' || ''Ādi – Tiśra Gati'' || [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] ||
|-
| ''pAlayAshu mAM paradEvatE'' || ''Arabhi'' || || Sanskrit ||
|-
| ''kanaka śaila vihāriṇī'' ''[[Sanskrit]]: कनक शैल विहारिणी'' ''[[Telugu language|Telugu Script]]: కనక శైల విహారిణీ'' || ''Punnāga Varāḷi'' || ''Ādi'' || [[Sanskrit]] ||
|-
| ''Birāna varālicci brōvave'' ''బిరాన వరాలిచ్చి బ్రోవవె'' || ''[[Kalyani (raga)|Kaḷyāṇi]]'' || ''Ādi – Tiśra Gati'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''Dēvī brōva samayamu'' ''దేవీ బ్రోవ సమయము'' || ''Cintāmaṇi'' || || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''kAmAkSi lOka sAkSiNi'' || ''madhyamAvati'' || || Sanskrit ||
|-
| ''Himādri sutē pāhimāṃ'' ''హిమాద్రి సుతే పాహిమాం''|| ''Kaḷyāṇi'' || ''Ādi'' || [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]||
|-
| ''Māyammā yani nē pilacite'' ''మాయమ్మా యని నే పిలచితె'' || ''[[Ahiri]]'' || ''Ādi'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''Mari vērē gati evvarammā'' ''మరి వేరే గతి ఎవరమ్మా'' || ''[[Anandabhairavi]]'' || ''Miśra Cāpu'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''Nannu brōvu lalitā'' ''నన్ను బ్రోవు లలితా''|| ''Lalita'' || ''Miśra Cāpu'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''O jagadambā nannu'' ''ఓ జగదమ్బా నన్ను'' || ''Anandabhairavi'' || ''Ādi'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''Pārvati ninu nē nera nammiti'' ''పార్వతీ నిను నే నెర నమ్మితి'' || ''kalkaḍa'' || || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''Sarōja daḷa nētri himagiri putrī'' ''సరోజ దళ నేత్రి హిమగిరి పుత్రీ'' || ''[[Sankarabharanam (raga)|śaṃkarābharaṇaṃ]]'' || ''Ādi'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''Tallī ninnu nera namminānu vinavē'' ''తల్లీ నిన్ను నెర నమ్మినాను వినవే'' || ''Kaḷyāṇi'' || ''Miśra Cāpu'' || ''[[Telugu language|Telugu]]'' ||
|-
| ''Pāhi Srī Girirājasutē Karuṇākalitē'' || ''Anandabhairavī'' || ''Rūpakaṃ'' || Telugu-Sanskrit ||
|-
| ''Devī Mīna Nētrī Brōva'' || ''Shankarabharanam'' || ''Adi'' || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Ennēramum un Nāmam'' என்னேரமும் உன் நாமம் || ''Pūrvikalyāni'' || Misra caapu || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Kamakshi Bangaru'' కామాక్షి బంగారు || ''Varali'' || Misra caapu || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Ennēramum un Pāda Kamalam'' என்னேரமும் உன் பாத கமலம் || ''Punnāgavarāḷi'' || ''Miśra Cāpu'' || Tamil ||
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
*[[List of Carnatic composers]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Śyāma Śāstri |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195650983 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195650983.001.0001/acref-9780195650983-e-4881 |access-date=20 September 2018 |ref={{harvid|OEMI:SS}} |language=en |url-access=subscription |date=2011}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r7KjBAAAQBAJ |title=Tamil Brahmans: The Making of a Middle-Class Caste |last1=Fuller |first1=C. J. |last2=Narasimhan |first2=Haripriya |date=11 November 2014 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-15288-2 }}

==External links==
* [http://www.medieval.org/music/world/carnatic/shyama.html Compositions of Syama Sastri]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shastri, Shyama}}
[[Category:Carnatic composers]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Performers of Hindu music]]
[[Category:1762 births]]

[[Category:1827 deaths]]

[[Category:People from Tiruvarur district]]

Syama Sastri - Revision history

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