Swatantra Party - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 11:33, 26 July 2023
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	{{Infobox Indian political party		{{Infobox Indian political party
	\|party_name = Swatantra Party		\|party_name = Swatantra Party
	\|symbol = ~~[[File:Swatantra Party symbol.png\|100px]]~~		\|symbol =
	\|abbreviation = SWA		\|abbreviation = SWA
	\|colorcode = {{party color\|Swatantra Party}}		\|colorcode = {{party color\|Swatantra Party}}

->Ffffrr: Short description

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Short description

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			{{Short description\|Defunct Indian political party (1959–1974)}}
	{{more footnotes\|date=January 2018}}		{{more footnotes\|date=January 2018}}
	{{Infobox Indian political party		{{Infobox Indian political party
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	\|symbol = [[File:Swatantra Party symbol.png\|100px]]		\|symbol = [[File:Swatantra Party symbol.png\|100px]]
	\|abbreviation = SWA		\|abbreviation = SWA
	\|colorcode = {{Swatantra Party~~/meta/color~~}}		\|colorcode = {{party color\|Swatantra Party}}
	\|colours = {{Swatantra Party~~/meta/color~~}}		\|colours = {{party color\|Swatantra Party}}
	\|foundation = 4 June 1959		\|foundation = 4 June 1959
	\|dissolution = 1974		\|dissolution = 1974
	\|founder = [[C. Rajagopalachari]]		\|founder = [[C. Rajagopalachari]]
	\|ideology = [[Conservatism]] ([[Conservatism in India\|Indian]])<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Erdman \|first1=H. L. \|title=The Swatantra Party and Indian Conservatism \|date=28 October 2017 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=9781527802711 \|pages=2, ~~62-63~~}}</ref><br>[[Classical liberalism]]<ref>{{cite book\|title=The Elephant Paradigm\|page=244\|year=2002\|publisher=Penguin\|first=Gurcharan\|last=Das}}</ref><br>[[Liberal conservatism]]<ref>{{cite book\|title=Swatantra Party: a political biography\|year=1997\|page=199\|publisher=Dattsons\|first=Vasanti\|last=Pratapchandra Rasam}}</ref><br>[[Secularism]]<ref>{{cite book\|title=South Asian Politics and Religion\|first=Donald E.\|last=Smith\|page=110\|year=1966\|publisher=Princeton Univeraity Press}}</ref>		\|ideology = [[Conservatism]] ([[Conservatism in India\|Indian]])<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Erdman \|first1=H. L. \|title=The Swatantra Party and Indian Conservatism \|date=28 October 2017 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=9781527802711 \|pages=2, 62–63}}</ref><br>[[Classical liberalism]]<ref>{{cite book\|title=The Elephant Paradigm\|page=244\|year=2002\|publisher=Penguin\|first=Gurcharan\|last=Das}}</ref><br>[[Liberal conservatism]]<ref>{{cite book\|title=Swatantra Party: a political biography\|year=1997\|page=199\|publisher=Dattsons\|first=Vasanti\|last=Pratapchandra Rasam}}</ref><br>[[Secularism]]<ref>{{cite book\|title=South Asian Politics and Religion\|first=Donald E.\|last=Smith\|page=110\|year=1966\|publisher=Princeton Univeraity Press}}</ref>
	\|position = [[Centrism\|~~Centre~~]] to [[Right-wing]]<ref>{{cite book\|page=100\|title=Forged in Crisis: India and the United States Since 1947\|first=Rudra\|last=Chaudhuri\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|year=2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|page=263\|title=Facets of India's Economy and Her Society\|volume=1\|year=2018\|publisher=Springer\|first=Raghbendra\|last=Jha}}</ref>		\|position = [[Centre-right politics\|Centre-right]]<ref>{{cite book\|editor=Raghbendra Jha \|title=Facets of India's Economy and Her Society Volume I \|date=2014 \|page=263 \|publisher=Springer }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|editor=Lancy Lobo, Jayesh Shah \|title=The Trajectory of India’s Middle Class: Economy, Ethics and Etiquette \|date=2015 \|page=123 \|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|editor=Rudra Chaudhuri \|title=Forged in Crisis: India and the United States Since 1947 \|date=2014 \|page=100 \|publisher=Oxford University Press, Incorporated }}</ref>{{NoteTag\|It is also sometimes rated as "[[Centrism\|centrist]]"<ref>{{cite book\|editor=Snippet view \|title=Triveni: Journal of Indian Renaissance - Volume 47 \|date=1978 \|page=24 \|publisher=Triveni Publishers }}</ref> or "[[Right-wing politics\|right-wing]]".<ref>{{cite book\|page=100\|title=Forged in Crisis: India and the United States Since 1947\|first=Rudra\|last=Chaudhuri\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|year=2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|page=263\|title=Facets of India's Economy and Her Society\|volume=1\|year=2018\|publisher=Springer\|first=Raghbendra\|last=Jha}}</ref>}}
	\|split = [[Indian National Congress]]		\|split = [[Indian National Congress]]
	\|merged = [[Bharatiya Lok Dal]]		\|merged = [[Bharatiya Lok Dal]]
	\|eci=\|party_logo=Swatantra-Party-flag.svg}}		\|eci=\|party_logo=Swatantra-Party-flag.svg
			}}
	The '''Swatantra Party''' was an Indian [[classical liberal]] political party, that existed from 1959 to 1974. It was founded by [[C. Rajagopalachari]]<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/XlvTGlfJcdJu9mQGZcksTI/C-Rajagopalachari--Why-Swatantra.html\|title=C. Rajagopalachari {{!}} Why Swatantra?\|last=Rajagopalachari\|first=C.\|date=2016-07-16\|website=Mint\|language=en\|access-date=2019-03-24}}</ref> in reaction to what he felt was the [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]-dominated [[Indian National Congress]]'s increasingly [[socialist]] and [[statist]] outlook.<ref name="Erdman 2007 p. 75">		The '''Swatantra Party''' was an Indian [[classical liberal]] political party, that existed from 1959 to 1974. It was founded by [[C. Rajagopalachari]]<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/XlvTGlfJcdJu9mQGZcksTI/C-Rajagopalachari--Why-Swatantra.html\|title=C. Rajagopalachari {{!}} Why Swatantra?\|last=Rajagopalachari\|first=C.\|date=2016-07-16\|website=Mint\|language=en\|access-date=2019-03-24}}</ref> in reaction to what he felt was the [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]-dominated [[Indian National Congress]]'s increasingly [[socialist]] and [[statist]] outlook.<ref name="Erdman 2007 p. 75">
	{{cite book		{{cite book
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	\| year=2007		\| year=2007
	\| isbn=978-0-521-04980-1		\| isbn=978-0-521-04980-1
	\| url=https://books.google.com/?id=BkLbuvY8HwEC&pg=PA75		\| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BkLbuvY8HwEC&pg=PA75
	\| access-date=2019-07-02		\| access-date=2019-07-02
	\| page=75}}</ref>		\| page=75}}</ref>

	It had a number of distinguished leaders, most of them old Congressmen, for example, [[C. Rajagopalachari]], [[Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu]], [[Minoo Masani]], [[N.G. Ranga]], [[Darshan Singh Pheruman]],<ref name=sa>{{cite book\|last1=Singh\|first1=Ranjit\|title=Sikh Achievers\|date=2008\|publisher=Hemkunt Publishers\|location=New Delhi, India\|isbn=978-8170103653\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=qfuDnpVlmlcC\|pages=36–37}}</ref><ref name=sh>{{cite web\|title=Darshan Signh Pheruman (1885–1969)\|url=http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/personalities/sewadars/pheruman.html\|access-date=20 January 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105014455/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/personalities/sewadars/pheruman.html\|archive-date=5 January 2015\|url-status=dead\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Udham Singh Nagoke]]<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPageContent.jsp?ID=2123&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched=W3GX\|title= Fifty Years of Punjab Politics (1920-70)\|website=[[Panjab Digital Library]]\|access-date=2019-07-21}}</ref> and [[K.M. Munshi]]. The provocation for the formation of the party was the left turn which the Congress took at Avadi<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl2919/stories/20121005291902500.htm\|title=Long way from Avadi\|last=Ramakrishnan\|first=Venkitesh\|date=2012-09-22\|website=frontline.thehindu.com\|access-date=2019-08-12}}</ref> and the Nagpur Resolutions. Swatantra stood for a [[market economy\|market-based economy]] with the "[[Licence Raj]]" dismantled, although it opposed ''[[laissez faire]]'' policies. Considered to be on the economic right of the Indian political spectrum, Swatantra was not a religion-based party, unlike the [[Hindu-nationalist]] [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]. In 1960, Rajagopalachari and his colleagues drafted a 21-point manifesto detailing why Swatantra had to be formed, even though they were hitherto Congressmen and associates of Nehru during the [[Indian independence struggle\|struggle for independence]].<ref>[http://www.liberalpartyofindia.sabhlokcity.com/party/21prin.doc The 21 Principles of the Swatantra Party]. 1959.</ref> The Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru was highly critical of Swatantra, dubbing the party as belonging to "the middle ages of lords, castles and [[zamindar]]s".<ref>Erdman, 1963–64</ref>		It had a number of distinguished leaders, most of them old Congressmen, for example, [[C. Rajagopalachari]], [[Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu]], [[Minoo Masani]], [[N.G. Ranga]], [[Darshan Singh Pheruman]],<ref name=sa>{{cite book\|last1=Singh\|first1=Ranjit\|title=Sikh Achievers\|date=2008\|publisher=Hemkunt Publishers\|location=New Delhi, India\|isbn=978-8170103653\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qfuDnpVlmlcC\|pages=36–37}}</ref><ref name=sh>{{cite web\|title=Darshan Signh Pheruman (1885–1969)\|url=http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/personalities/sewadars/pheruman.html\|access-date=20 January 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105014455/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/personalities/sewadars/pheruman.html\|archive-date=5 January 2015\|url-status=dead\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Udham Singh Nagoke]]<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPageContent.jsp?ID=2123&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched=W3GX\|title= Fifty Years of Punjab Politics (1920-70)\|website=[[Panjab Digital Library]]\|access-date=2019-07-21}}</ref> and [[K.M. Munshi]]. The provocation for the formation of the party was the left turn which the Congress took at Avadi<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl2919/stories/20121005291902500.htm\|title=Long way from Avadi\|last=Ramakrishnan\|first=Venkitesh\|date=2012-09-22\|website=frontline.thehindu.com\|access-date=2019-08-12}}</ref> and the Nagpur Resolutions. Swatantra stood for a [[market economy\|market-based economy]] with the "[[Licence Raj]]" dismantled, although it opposed ''[[laissez faire]]'' policies. Considered to be on the economic right of the Indian political spectrum, Swatantra was not a religion-based party, unlike the [[Hindu-nationalist]] [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]. In 1960, Rajagopalachari and his colleagues drafted a 21-point manifesto detailing why Swatantra had to be formed, even though they were hitherto Congressmen and associates of Nehru during the [[Indian independence struggle\|struggle for independence]].<ref>[http://www.liberalpartyofindia.sabhlokcity.com/party/21prin.doc The 21 Principles of the Swatantra Party]. 1959.</ref> The Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru was highly critical of Swatantra, dubbing the party as belonging to "the middle ages of lords, castles and [[zamindar]]s".<ref>Erdman, 1963–64.</ref>

	==Swatantra Party of India==		==Swatantra Party of India==
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	! Year \|\|data-sort-type="text" \|Election \|\| Popular-<br/>vote \|\|Seats		! Year \|\|data-sort-type="text" \|Election \|\| Popular-<br/>vote \|\|Seats
	\|-		\|-
	\| 1962 \|\|data-sort-value="1962 Indian general election"\|[[1962 Indian general election]]\|\| style="text-align:right"\|7.89 % \|\|data-sort-value="18"\| {{Composition bar\|18\|494\|{{Swatantra Party~~/meta/color~~}}}}<ref>{{cite web\| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf \| title=Statistical Report On General Elections, 1962 To The Third Lok Sabha \| publisher=Election Commission of India ~~\|format=PDF~~\| accessdate=30 April 2014 \| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185518/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf\|archivedate= 18 July 2014}}</ref>		\| 1962 \|\|data-sort-value="1962 Indian general election"\|[[1962 Indian general election]]\|\| style="text-align:right"\|7.89 % \|\|data-sort-value="18"\| {{Composition bar\|18\|494\|{{party color\|Swatantra Party}}}}<ref>{{cite web\| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf \| title=Statistical Report On General Elections, 1962 To The Third Lok Sabha \| publisher=Election Commission of India \| accessdate=30 April 2014 \| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185518/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf\|archivedate= 18 July 2014}}</ref>
	\|-		\|-
	\| 1967 \|\|data-sort-value="1962 Indian general election"\|[[1967 Indian general election]]\|\| style="text-align:right"\|8.67 % \|\|data-sort-value="44"\| {{Composition bar\|44\|520\|{{Swatantra Party~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| 1967 \|\|data-sort-value="1962 Indian general election"\|[[1967 Indian general election]]\|\| style="text-align:right"\|8.67 % \|\|data-sort-value="44"\| {{Composition bar\|44\|520\|{{party color\|Swatantra Party}}}}
	\|-		\|-
	\| 1971 \|\|data-sort-value="1962 Indian general election"\|[[1971 Indian general election]]\|\| style="text-align:right"\|3.07 % \|\|data-sort-value="8"\| {{Composition bar\|8\|518\|{{Swatantra Party~~/meta/color~~}}}}		\| 1971 \|\|data-sort-value="1962 Indian general election"\|[[1971 Indian general election]]\|\| style="text-align:right"\|3.07 % \|\|data-sort-value="8"\| {{Composition bar\|8\|518\|{{party color\|Swatantra Party}}}}
	\|}		\|}

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	* [[Venkatesh Geriti]]		* [[Venkatesh Geriti]]
	* [[Indian National Congress breakaway parties]]		* [[Indian National Congress breakaway parties]]

			== Notes ==
			{{NoteFoot}}

	==References==		==References==
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	[[Category:1974 disestablishments in India]]		[[Category:1974 disestablishments in India]]
	[[Category:Classical liberal parties]]		[[Category:Classical liberal parties]]
			[[Category:Liberal conservative parties]]
	[[Category:Defunct political parties in India]]		[[Category:Defunct political parties in India]]
	[[Category:Political parties established in 1959]]		[[Category:Political parties established in 1959]]
	[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1974]]		[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1974]]
	[[Category:Conservative parties in India]]		[[Category:Conservative parties in India]]

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			{{Orphan\|date=February 2021}}

	The '''Swatantra Party''' was an Indian [[classical liberal]] political party that existed from 1959 . Still having members in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Prof. Babu Joseph from Kottayam, National executive member of Swatantra Party who attended the meeting of 50th year of Commemorating Swatantra Party which is held in Mumbai on August 1, 2009. It was founded by [[C. Rajagopalachari]] in reaction to what he felt was the [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]-dominated [[Indian National Congress]]'s increasingly socialist and statist outlook. Swatantra (''Freedom'') stood for a market-based economy.The party was thus favoured by some traders and industrialists, but at the state-level its leadership was dominated by the traditional wealthy classes such as ''zamindars'' (landlords) and formerly princely states. Its membership was not restricted on the basis of religion, unlike the Hindu-nationalist [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]. In 1960, Rajagopalachari and his colleagues drafted a 21-point manifesto detailing why Swatantra Party had to be formed, even though they were formerly Congressmen and associates of Nehru during the struggle for independence.<ref>[http://www.liberalpartyofindia.sabhlokcity.com/party/21prin.doc The 21 Principles of the Swatantra Party]. 1959.</ref> The Prime Minister was highly critical of Swatantra, dubbing the party as belonging to "the middle ages of lords, castles and zamindars.<ref>Erdman, 1963–64</ref>		The '''Swatantra Party''' was an Indian [[classical liberal]] political party that existed from 1959 . Still having members in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Prof. Babu Joseph from Kottayam, National executive member of Swatantra Party who attended the meeting of 50th year of Commemorating Swatantra Party which is held in Mumbai on August 1, 2009. It was founded by [[C. Rajagopalachari]] in reaction to what he felt was the [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]-dominated [[Indian National Congress]]'s increasingly socialist and statist outlook. Swatantra (''Freedom'') stood for a market-based economy.The party was thus favoured by some traders and industrialists, but at the state-level its leadership was dominated by the traditional wealthy classes such as ''zamindars'' (landlords) and formerly princely states. Its membership was not restricted on the basis of religion, unlike the Hindu-nationalist [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]. In 1960, Rajagopalachari and his colleagues drafted a 21-point manifesto detailing why Swatantra Party had to be formed, even though they were formerly Congressmen and associates of Nehru during the struggle for independence.<ref>[http://www.liberalpartyofindia.sabhlokcity.com/party/21prin.doc The 21 Principles of the Swatantra Party]. 1959.</ref> The Prime Minister was highly critical of Swatantra, dubbing the party as belonging to "the middle ages of lords, castles and zamindars.<ref>Erdman, 1963–64</ref>

	In the [[Indian general election, 1962\|1962 general election]], the first after its formation, Swatantra received 6.8 percent of the total votes and won 18 seats in the [[third Lok Sabha]] (1962–67). It emerged as the main opposition to the dominant Congress in four states—Bihar, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Orissa. By the [[Indian general election, 1967\|next general election in 1967]], Swatantra had become a significant force in some parts of India; it won 8.7 percent of the votes and became the single-largest opposition party in the [[fourth Lok Sabha]] (1967–71) with 44 seats. In [[Indian general election, 1971\|1971]], Swatantra joined a "Grand Alliance" of parties from across the political spectrum who aimed to defeat Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]. The party secured eight seats, winning only 3% of the votes. The next year, in 1972, its founder Rajagopalachari died, and Swatantra declined rapidly. By 1974, with many of its members joining the [[Charan Singh]]-led [[Bharatiya Lok Dal]], another coalition committed to anti-Congressism.{{citation needed\|date=January 2019}}		In the [[Indian general election, 1962\|1962 general election]], the first after its formation, Swatantra received 6.8 percent of the total votes and won 18 seats in the [[third Lok Sabha]] (1962–67). It emerged as the main opposition to the dominant Congress in four states—Bihar, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Orissa. By the [[Indian general election, 1967\|next general election in 1967]], Swatantra had become a significant force in some parts of India; it won 8.7 percent of the votes and became the single-largest opposition party in the [[fourth Lok Sabha]] (1967–71) with 44 seats. In [[Indian general election, 1971\|1971]], Swatantra joined a "Grand Alliance" of parties from across the political spectrum who aimed to defeat Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]. The party secured eight seats, winning only 3% of the votes. The next year, in 1972, its founder Rajagopalachari died, and Swatantra declined rapidly. By 1974, with many of its members joining the [[Charan Singh]]-led [[Bharatiya Lok Dal]], another coalition committed to anti-Congressism.{{citation needed\|date=January 2019}}

	==~~Reference~~==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}

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The '''Swatantra Party''' was an Indian [[classical liberal]] political party that existed from 1959 . Still having members in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Prof. Babu Joseph from Kottayam, National executive member of Swatantra Party who attended the meeting of 50th year of Commemorating Swatantra Party which is held in Mumbai on August 1, 2009. It was founded by [[C. Rajagopalachari]] in reaction to what he felt was the [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]-dominated [[Indian National Congress]]'s increasingly socialist and statist outlook. Swatantra (''Freedom'') stood for a market-based economy.The party was thus favoured by some traders and industrialists, but at the state-level its leadership was dominated by the traditional wealthy classes such as ''zamindars'' (landlords) and formerly princely states. Its membership was not restricted on the basis of religion, unlike the Hindu-nationalist [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]. In 1960, Rajagopalachari and his colleagues drafted a 21-point manifesto detailing why Swatantra Party had to be formed, even though they were formerly Congressmen and associates of Nehru during the struggle for independence.<ref>[http://www.liberalpartyofindia.sabhlokcity.com/party/21prin.doc The 21 Principles of the Swatantra Party]. 1959.</ref> The Prime Minister was highly critical of Swatantra, dubbing the party as belonging to "the middle ages of lords, castles and zamindars.<ref>Erdman, 1963–64</ref>

In the [[Indian general election, 1962|1962 general election]], the first after its formation, Swatantra received 6.8 percent of the total votes and won 18 seats in the [[third Lok Sabha]] (1962–67). It emerged as the main opposition to the dominant Congress in four states—Bihar, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Orissa. By the [[Indian general election, 1967|next general election in 1967]], Swatantra had become a significant force in some parts of India; it won 8.7 percent of the votes and became the single-largest opposition party in the [[fourth Lok Sabha]] (1967–71) with 44 seats. In [[Indian general election, 1971|1971]], Swatantra joined a "Grand Alliance" of parties from across the political spectrum who aimed to defeat Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]. The party secured eight seats, winning only 3% of the votes. The next year, in 1972, its founder Rajagopalachari died, and Swatantra declined rapidly. By 1974, with many of its members joining the [[Charan Singh]]-led [[Bharatiya Lok Dal]], another coalition committed to anti-Congressism.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

==Reference==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Political parties in India]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1950s establishments in India]]
[[Category:1974 disestablishments]]
[[Category:20th century disestablishments in India]]