Mittie94U89577: small rework article based on references and improved wording for clarity

2026-03-26T12:51:12Z

small rework article based on references and improved wording for clarity

imported>TompaDompa: Per Template:Infobox country/doc, "Present-day countries that overlap with the territorial extent of the former country. Do not use this parameter if there are more than four such countries."

2021-07-28T18:03:12Z

Per Template:Infobox country/doc, "Present-day countries that overlap with the territorial extent of the former country. Do not use this parameter if there are more than four such countries."

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{{short description|Historical empire that ruled the northern part of the Indian subcontinent between 1540 and 1556}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Sur Empire
|common_name = Sur Empire
|year_start = 1540
|year_end = 1556
|date_start = 17 May
|date_end =
|event_start =
|event_end =
|p1 = Mughal Empire
|flag_p1 =
|p2 =
|flag_p2 =
|s3 =
|flag_s3 =
|s1 = Mughal Empire
|flag_s1 =
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|coa_size =
|image_map = Suri dynasty 1540 - 1556 ad.PNG
|image_map_caption = Territory of Sur Empire.<ref>For a map of their territory see: {{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.4 (i)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186}}</ref>
|religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
|capital = [[Sasaram]]
|government_type = [[Sultanate]]
|legislature =
|title_leader = [[Padishah]]
|leader1 = [[Sher Shah Suri]] (first)
|year_leader1 = 1540-1545
|year_deputy1 =
|leader2 = [[Adil Shah Suri]] (last)
|year_leader2 = 1555-1556
|year_deputy2 =
|common_languages = [[Hindustani language|Hindavi]], [[Persian language|Persian]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Alam|first=Muzaffar|s2cid=146630389|date=1998|title=The pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics|journal=Modern Asian Studies|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=32|issue=2|pages=317–349|quote=Hindavi was recognized as a semi-official language by the Sor Sultans (1540-55) and their chancellery rescripts bore transcriptions in the Devanagari script of the Persian contents. The practice is said to have been introduced by the Lodis (1451–1526).|doi=10.1017/s0026749x98002947}}</ref>
}}
{{Part of History of India}}
{{Pashtuns}}
The '''Sur Empire''' was an [[Afghan]] dynasty<ref>{{cite book|title=Pakistan & the Karakoram Highway |last1=Singh|first1=Sarina|author2=Lindsay Brown |author3=Paul Clammer |author4=Rodney Cocks |author5= John Mock |volume=7, illustrated|year=2008|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-542-0|page=137|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zn8I4qEew9oC&q=Pashtun+Sher+Shah+Suri|access-date=23 August 2010}}</ref> which ruled a large territory in the northern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]] for nearly 16 years,<ref name=The-Last-Great-Muslim-Empires>{{cite book|title=The Last Great Muslim Empires |first1=H. J. |last1=Kissling|author2=N. Barbour |author3=Bertold Spuler |author4=J. S. Trimingham |author5=F. R. C. Bagley |author6=H. Braun |author7= H. Hartel |year=1997|publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-02104-3|pages=262–263|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-AznJs58wtkC&pg=PA262|access-date=20 July 2011}}</ref> between 1540 and 1556, with [[Sasaram]], in modern-day [[Bihar]], serving as its capital.<ref name=The-Last-Great-Muslim-Empires/><ref name="Berndl">{{cite book|last1=Berndl|first1= Klaus|year=2005|title=National Geographic Visual History of the World|publisher=National Geographic Society|pages=318–320|isbn=978-0-7922-3695-5}}</ref>

The Sur dynasty held control of nearly all the Mughal territories, from eastern [[Balochistan]] in the west to modern-day [[Bangladesh]] in the east.

== History ==
Sher Shah, an ethnic [[Afghan]] of the tribal house of [[Sur (Pashtun tribe)|Sur]],<ref name=The-Last-Great-Muslim-Empires/> first served as a [[private (rank)|private]] before rising to become a commander in the [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal army]] under [[Babur]] and then the governor of [[Bihar]]. In 1537, when Babur's son [[Humayun]] was elsewhere on an expedition, Sher Shah overran the state of [[Bengal]] and established the Suri dynasty,<ref name="Columbia">{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0844870.html |title=Sher Khan|website=|publisher=[[Columbia Encyclopedia]]|year=2010|access-date=24 August 2010}}</ref> who supplanted the [[Mughal dynasty]] as rulers of North India during the reign of the relatively ineffectual second Mughal [[Humayun]]. Sher Shah defeated ''badshah-i-Hind'' ('Hindustani emperor') Humayun in the [[Battle of Chausa]] (26 June 1539) and again in the Battle of Bilgram (17 May 1540).<ref name="Columbia2">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0844870.html |title=Sher Khan |encyclopedia=The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th edition |publisher=[[Columbia Encyclopedia]] |year=2007|access-date=25 August 2010}}</ref>

[[Sher Shah Suri]] was known for the destruction of some old cities while conquering parts of India. He has been accused by [[`Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni]] and other Muslim historians for destroying old cities in order to build new ones on their ruins after his own name. One example included [[Shergarh, Rajasthan|Shergarh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jain inscription from Shergarh (Dr. D. C. Sircar) |url=https://whatisindia.com/inscriptions/epigraphica_indica/vol31_1955-56/sircar19.html |website=South Indian Inscriptions |publisher=Manager of Publications, Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=`Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni |title=Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh |date=1898 |location=Calcutta |page=472 |edition=English translation (Bib. Ind.)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=K. R. |last1=Qanungo |title=Sher Shah |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.52228 |date=1921 |page=404}}</ref> Sher Shah is also said to have destroyed [[Dinpanah]], which [[Humayun]] was constructing as the "sixth city of [[Delhi]]". The new city built by him, was itself destroyed in 1555 after Humayun re-conquered the territory from the Surs.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Territories and States of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2uPAgAAQBAJ&q=shergarh+humayun+destroyed&pg=PA288 |first1=Tara|last1=Bolande-Crew|first2=David|last2=Lea|isbn = 9781135356255|date = 2 September 2003}}</ref> Tarikh-i-Da'udi states, however, that he destroyed [[Siri Fort|Siri]]. [[Abbas Sarwani]] states that he had the older city of [[Delhi]] destroyed. Tarikh-i-Khan Jahan states that [[Islam Shah Suri|Salim Shah Suri]] had built a wall around [[Humayun|Humayun's]] imperial city.<ref>{{cite book|first=Diana|last=D'Ayala|title=Structural Analysis of Historic Construction: Preserving Safety and Significance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVnRBQAAQBAJ&q=humayun+sher+shah+purana+qila&pg=PA290|pages= 290, 291|isbn=9781439828229|date=2 June 2008}}</ref>

The Sur dynasty held control of nearly all the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] territories, from [[Balochistan]] in the west to modern-day [[Bangladesh]] in the east.

Their rule came to an end by a defeat that led to the restoration of the [[Mughal Empire]].
{{quote|It was at the time of this bounty of Sultán [[Bahlul Lodi|Bahlol]] [Lodi], that the grandfather of Sher Sháh, by name Ibráhím Khán Súr,*The [[Sur (Pashtun)|Súr]] represent themselves as descendants of Muhammad Súr, one of the princes of the [[Ghurid Dynasty|house of the Ghorian]], who left his native country, and married a daughter of one of the Afghán chiefs of Roh. with his son Hasan Khán, the father of Sher Sháh, came to [[Hindustan|Hindu-stán]] from [[Name of Afghanistan|Afghánistán]], from a place which is called in the [[Pashto language|Afghán tongue]] "Shargarí",* but in the Multán tongue "Rohrí". It is a ridge, a spur of the [[Sulaiman Mountains|Sulaimán Mountains]], about six or seven kos in length, situated on the banks of the [[Gomal River|Gumal]]. They entered into the service of Muhabbat Khán Súr, Dáúd Sáhú-khail, to whom Sultán Bahlol had given in jágír the Parganas of Hariána and Bahkála, etc., in the [[Punjab region|Panjáb]], and they settled in the pargana of Bajwára.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201014&ct=78 |title=Táríkh-i Sher Sháhí; or, Tuhfat-i Akbar Sháhí, of 'Abbás Khán Sarwání. CHAPTER I. Account of the reign of Sher Sháh Súr. |author=Abbas Khan Sarwani |publisher=[[Packard Humanities Institute]] |year=1580 |access-date=4 September 2010 |author-link= Tarikh-i-Sher Shahi}}</ref>|[[Tarikh-i-Sher Shahi|Abbas Khan Sarwani]]|1580}}

== List of Sur dynasty rulers ==
[[File:Sher shah's rupee.jpg|150px|thumb|The 178 grams silver coin, ''[[Rupee|Rupiya]]'' released by [[Sher Shah Suri]], 1540–1545 CE, was the first [[Rupee]]<ref>[http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html Mughal Coinage] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516085855/http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html |date=16 May 2008}} [[Reserve Bank of India]] [[RBI Monetary Museum]],</ref><ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Rupee |volume=23|page=885}}</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Picture
! Reign started
! Reign ended
|-
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Sher Shah Suri]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[File:Shershah.jpg|100px]]
| align=center | 17 May 1540<ref name="p.83">Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, p.83</ref>
| align=center | 22 May 1545<ref name="p.83"/>
|-
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Islam Shah Suri]]
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[File:Islam Shah Suri.jpg|100 px]]
| align=center | 26 May 1545<ref name="p.90-33">Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, pp.90–93</ref>
| align=center | 22 November 1554<ref name="p.90-33"/>
|-
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Firuz Shah Suri]]
| rowspan=1 align=center |
| align=center | 1554<ref name="p.94">Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, p.94</ref>
| align=center |
|-
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Muhammad Adil Shah (died 1557)|Muhammad Adil Shah]]
| rowspan=1 align=center |
| align=center | 1554<ref name="p.94"/>
| align=center | 1555<ref name="p.94-96">Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, pp.94–96</ref>
|-
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Ibrahim Shah Suri]]
| rowspan=1 align=center |
| align=center | 1555<ref name="p.94-96"/>
| align=center |1555
|-
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Sikandar Shah Suri]]
| rowspan=1 align=center |
| align=center | 1555<ref name="p.94-96"/>
| align=center | 22 June 1555<ref name="p.94-96"/>
|-
| rowspan=1 align=center | [[Adil Shah Suri]]
| rowspan=1 align=center |
| align=center | 22 June 1555<ref name="p.94-96"/>
| align=center | 1556<ref name="p.94-96"/>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Sur (Pashtun)]]
* [[Delhi Sultanate]]
* [[List of Sunni Muslim dynasties]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Sur Empire}}{{Authority control}}
{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suri Dynasty}}
[[Category:Sur Empire| ]]
[[Category:1556 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1540]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1556]]
[[Category:History of Bengal]]
[[Category:History of Bihar]]
[[Category:History of West Bengal]]
[[Category:History of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:History of India]]
[[Category:History of Pakistan]]
[[Category:1540 establishments in India]]
[[Category:16th century in Delhi]]
[[Category:Sunni dynasties]]

Sur Empire - Revision history

Mittie94U89577: small rework article based on references and improved wording for clarity

imported>TompaDompa: Per Template:Infobox country/doc, "Present-day countries that overlap with the territorial extent of the former country. Do not use this parameter if there are more than four such countries."