Saurabhoaoindia: expand structure further and added references

2026-03-22T17:36:27Z

expand structure further and added references

>Slazenger: Reverted edits by Pastamangonewild (talk) (HG) (3.4.10)

2021-12-02T11:06:59Z

Reverted edits by Pastamangonewild (talk) (HG) (3.4.10)

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{{short description|Speed that exceeds the speed of sound}}
{{Other uses|Supersonic (disambiguation)}}
[[Image:F-18-diamondback blast.jpg|thumb|275px|A [[United States Navy]] [[F/A-18F Super Hornet]] in [[transonic]] [[flight]]]]
[[Image:FA-18 Hornet breaking sound barrier (7 July 1999) - filtered.jpg|right|thumb|275px|U.S. Navy [[F/A-18 Hornet|F/A-18]] approaching the sound barrier. The white cloud forms as a result of the [[Prandtl–Meyer expansion fan|supersonic expansion fans]] dropping the air temperature below the [[dew point]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap070819.html |title=APOD: 2007 August 19 - A Sonic Boom |website=antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eng.vt.edu/fluids/msc/gallery/conden/mpegf14.htm |title=F-14 CONDENSATION CLOUD IN ACTION |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040602214201/http://www.eng.vt.edu/fluids/msc/gallery/conden/mpegf14.htm |archive-date=2004-06-02 |website=www.eng.vt.edu}}</ref>]]

'''Supersonic speed''' is the speed of an object that exceeds the [[speed of sound]] ([[Mach number|Mach]] 1). For objects traveling in dry air of a temperature of 20 °C (68 °F) at [[sea level]], this speed is approximately {{convert|343.2|m/s|ft/s mph kn km/h|abbr=on}}. Speeds greater than five times the speed of sound (Mach 5) are often referred to as [[hypersonic]]. Flights during which only some parts of the air surrounding an object, such as the ends of rotor blades, reach supersonic speeds are called [[transonic]]. This occurs typically somewhere between Mach 0.8 and Mach 1.2.

Sounds are traveling vibrations in the form of pressure waves in an elastic medium. Objects move at supersonic speed when the objects move faster than the speed at which sound propagates through the medium. In gases, sound travels longitudinally at different speeds, mostly depending on the [[molecular mass]] and [[temperature]] of the gas, and [[pressure]] has little effect. Since air temperature and composition varies significantly with altitude, the speed of sound, and [[Mach number]]s for a steadily moving object may change. In water at [[room temperature]] supersonic speed can be considered as any speed greater than 1,440 m/s (4,724 ft/s). In solids, sound waves can be polarized longitudinally or transversely and have even higher velocities.

[[Supersonic fracture]] is crack [[motion]] faster than the speed of sound in a [[brittle]] material.

==Early meaning==
At the beginning of the 20th century, the term "supersonic" was used as an adjective to describe sound whose frequency is above the range of normal human hearing. The modern term for this meaning is "[[ultrasound|ultrasonic]]".

'''Etymology''': The word supersonic comes from two Latin derived words; 1) super: above and 2) sonus: sound, which together mean above sound or in other words faster than sound.

==Supersonic objects==
[[File:British Concorde.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|[[British Airways]] Concorde in early BA livery at [[London-Heathrow Airport]], in the early 1980s]]

The tip of a [[bullwhip]] is thought to be the first object designed to break the sound barrier, resulting in the telltale "crack" (actually a small [[sonic boom]]). The [[wave motion]] traveling through the bullwhip is what makes it capable of achieving supersonic speeds.<ref>[http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/2002/9/crackin-good-mathematics Mike May, ''Crackin' Good Mathematics'', American Scientist, Volume 90, Number 5, 2002]</ref><ref>[http://www.hypography.com/article.cfm?id=32479 Hypography - Science for everyone - Whip Cracking Mystery Explained]</ref> However, the first man-made supersonic boom was likely caused by a piece of cloth, spurring the whip's eventual development.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hiviz.com/PROJECTS/towel/towel.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111145719/http://www.hiviz.com/PROJECTS/towel/towel.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-11-11}}</ref>

Most modern [[firearm]] [[bullets]] are supersonic, with rifle [[projectiles]] often travelling at speeds approaching and in some cases<ref name="hornady">[http://www.hornady.com/images/ballistics/ballistics_charts.pdf Hornady Ammunition Charts]</ref> well exceeding [[Mach (speed)|Mach 3]].

Most [[spacecraft]], most notably the [[Space Shuttle]] are supersonic at least during portions of their reentry, though the effects on the spacecraft are reduced by low air densities. During ascent, launch vehicles generally avoid going supersonic below 30 km (~98,400 feet) to reduce air drag.

Note that the [[Speed of sound#Speed in ideal gases and in air|speed of sound]] decreases somewhat with altitude, due to lower temperatures found there (typically up to 25 km). At even higher altitudes the temperature starts increasing, with the corresponding increase in the speed of sound.<ref>[http://bpesoft.com/s/wleizero/xhac/?M=s eXtreme High Altitude Conditions Calculator]</ref>

When an inflated [[balloon]] is burst, the torn pieces of [[latex]] contract at supersonic speed, which contributes to the sharp and loud popping noise.

===Supersonic land vehicles===

To date, only one land vehicle has officially travelled at supersonic speed. It is [[ThrustSSC]], driven by [[Andy Green]], which holds the world land speed record, having achieved an average speed on its bi-directional run of {{convert|763|mph|abbr=on|order=flip}} in the [[Black Rock Desert]] on 15 October 1997.

The [[Bloodhound LSR]] project planned an attempt on the record in 2020 at [[Hakskeenpan]] in South Africa with a combination jet and hybrid rocket propelled car. The aim was to break the existing record, then make further attempts during which [the members of] the team hope to reach speeds of up to {{convert|1000|mph|abbr=on|order=flip}}. The effort was originally run by [[Richard Noble]] who was the leader of the ThrustSSC project, however following funding issues in 2018, the team was bought by [[Ian Warhurst]] and renamed Bloodhound LSR. Later the project was indefinitely delayed due to the [[Covid-19 pandemic]] and the vehicle was put up for sale.

===Supersonic flight===
{{main|Supersonic aircraft}}
Most modern [[fighter aircraft]] are supersonic aircraft, but there have been [[supersonic transport|supersonic passenger aircraft]], namely [[Concorde]] and the [[Tupolev Tu-144]]. Both these passenger [[aircraft]] and some modern fighters are also capable of [[supercruise]], a condition of sustained supersonic flight without the use of an [[afterburner]]. Due to its ability to supercruise for several hours and the relatively high frequency of flight over several decades, Concorde spent more time flying supersonically than all other aircraft combined by a considerable margin. Since Concorde's final retirement flight on November 26, 2003, there are no supersonic passenger aircraft left in service. Some large [[bombers]], such as the [[Tupolev Tu-160]] and [[Rockwell B-1 Lancer]] are also supersonic-capable.

The [[aerodynamics]] of [[supersonic aircraft]] is simpler than subsonic aerodynamics because the airsheets at different points along the plane often cannot affect each other. Supersonic jets and rocket vehicles require several times greater thrust to push through the extra [[aerodynamic drag]] experienced within the [[transonic]] region (around Mach 0.85–1.2). At these speeds [[aerospace engineer]]s can gently guide air around the [[fuselage]] of the aircraft without producing new [[shock wave]]s, but any change in cross area farther down the vehicle leads to shock waves along the body. Designers use the [[Supersonic area rule]] and the [[Whitcomb area rule]] to minimize sudden changes in size.
[[File:Dopplereffectsourcemovingrightatmach1.4.gif|thumb|The sound source has now broken through the sound speed barrier, and is traveling at 1.4 times the speed of sound, c (Mach 1.4). Because the source is moving faster than the sound waves it creates, it actually leads the advancing wavefront. The sound source will pass by a stationary observer before the observer actually hears the sound it creates.]]
{{supersonic_shockwave_cone.svg}}
However, in practical applications, a supersonic aircraft must operate stably in both subsonic and supersonic profiles, hence aerodynamic design is more complex.

The main key to having low supersonic drag is to properly shape the overall aircraft to be long and thin, and close to a "perfect" shape, the [[Nose cone design#Haack series|von Karman ogive]] or [[Sears-Haack body]]. This has led to almost every supersonic cruising aircraft looking very similar to every other, with a very long and slender fuselage and large delta wings, cf. [[SR-71 Blackbird|SR-71]], [[Concorde]], etc. Although not ideal for passenger aircraft, this shaping is quite adaptable for bomber use.

==See also==
* [[Area rule]]
* [[Hypersonic speed]]
* [[Transonic|Transonic speed]]
* [[Sonic boom]]
* [[Supersonic aircraft]]
* [[Supersonic airfoils]]
* [[Vapor cone]]
* [[Prandtl–Glauert singularity]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=PyEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA72&dq=motor+gun+boat&hl=en&ei=LxTqTMfGI4-bnwfEyNiWDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=motor%20gun%20boat&f=true "Can We Ever Fly Faster Speed of Sound", October 1944, Popular Science] one of the earliest articles on shock waves and flying the speed of sound
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=NSEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA114&dq=popular+science+January+1946&hl=en&ei=vb7kTIbiC4uQnwfUwpT4BQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&sqi=2&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=popular%20science%20January%201946&f=true "Britain Goes Supersonic", January 1946, Popular Science] 1946 article trying to explain supersonic flight to the general public
* [http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath109/kmath109.htm MathPages - The Speed of Sound]
* [http://www.makeitlouder.com/Decibel%20Level%20Chart.txt Supersonic sound pressure levels]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Aerodynamics]]
[[Category:Aerospace engineering]]
[[Category:Airspeed]]
[[Category:Sound]]
[[Category:Temporal rates]]

Supersonic speed - Revision history

Saurabhoaoindia: expand structure further and added references

>Slazenger: Reverted edits by Pastamangonewild (talk) (HG) (3.4.10)