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Removing Category:Garudas per Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2019 August 10#Category:Garudas

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{{Rquote|quote=Shout, thunder, reach the clouds; these waters of thine shall be level with the mountain-tops... Undefined, wholly water, the shore shall be: the frog-female shall croak all the night. (The winds) shall milk the cloud (cow) whose trail drips with milk, the wild beast shall come seeking firm land.|align=right|source =''Suparṇākhyāna'', ix.3 (conjuring of a storm)<ref>[[Maurice Bloomfield]] (1896), [https://books.google.com/books?id=9MJBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA179 "On the 'Frog-hymn,' Rig-Veda vii.103, together with some remarks on the composition of the Vedic hymns"], in ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', Volume 17, pp. 173–179</ref>}}
[[File:Bharhut portable Garuda pillar.jpg|thumb|upright|Relief depicting a portable Garuda pillar, one of the oldest images of Garuda, [[Bharhut]], 100 BCE.<ref>Gupta, The Roots of Indian Art, 1980, p.29</ref>]]
The '''''Suparṇākhyāna''''', also known as the '''''Suparṇādhyāya''''' (meaning "Chapter of the Bird"), is a short [[epic poem]] or cycle of ballads in [[Sanskrit]] about the divine bird [[Garuda]], believed to date from the late [[Vedic period]].<ref name="Winternitz1996">{{cite book|author=Moriz Winternitz|title=A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&pg=PA292|year=1996|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0264-3|pages=291–292}}</ref><ref name="Winternitz1985">{{cite book|author1=Maurice Winternitz|title=History of Indian Literature, Volume 3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ql0BmInD1c4C&pg=PA180|year=1985|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0056-4|pages=180}}</ref><ref name="Vogel1995">{{cite book|author=Jean Philippe Vogel|title=Indian Serpent-lore: Or, The Nāgas in Hindu Legend and Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caskYEbIQDoC&pg=PA53|year=1995|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1071-2|pages=53–54}}</ref><ref>Barnett, L. D. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/607489 “Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London.”] Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, vol. 2, no. 4, 1923, pp. 807–810.</ref> Considered to be among the "earliest traces of epic poetry in India," the text only survives "in very bad condition,"<ref name="Winternitz1996" /> and remains "little studied."<ref name=jamisonwitzelp2>{{cite web|first1=Stephanie|last1=Jamison|first2= Michael|last2=Witzel |year=1992| url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/vedica.pdf|title=Vedic Hinduism|publisher=Harvard University|pages=14}}</ref>

The subject of the poem is "the legend of [[Kadru|Kadrū]], the snake-mother, and [[Vinata|Vinatā]], the bird-mother, and enmity between [[Garuda]] and the snakes."<ref name="Winternitz1996" /> It relates the birth of Garuda and his elder brother [[Aruṇa]]; Kadru and Vinata's wager about the color of the tail of the divine white horse [[Uchchaihshravas]]; Garuda's efforts to obtain freedom for himself and his mother; and his theft of the divine [[soma (drink)|soma]] from [[Indra]], whose thunderbolt is unable to stop Garuda, but merely causes him to drop a feather.<ref name="Vogel1995" /> It was the basis for the later, expanded version of the story, which appears in the ''Āstīka Parva'', within the ''[[Adi Parva|Ādi Parva]]'' of the ''[[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]]''.<ref name="Winternitz1996" /><ref name="Vogel1995" />

The ''Suparṇākhyāna'''s date of composition is uncertain; its unnamed author attempted to imitate the style of the [[Rigveda]],<ref name="Winternitz1996" /> but scholars agree that it is a significantly later composition, possibly from the time of the early [[Upanishads]].<ref name="Vogel1995" /> On metrical grounds, it has been placed closest to the [[Katha Upanishad]].<ref name="Winternitz1996" /> A date of c. 500 BCE has been proposed, but is unproven, and is not agreed upon by all scholars.<ref name="Winternitz1985" />

==See also==
*[[Indian epic poetry]]
*[[Vedic mythology]]
*[[Nāga]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Epic poems in Sanskrit]]
[[Category:Vedic period]]
[[Category:Hindu mythology]]

Suparṇākhyāna - Revision history

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