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{{Short description|Human settlements in West Bengal, India}}
{{other uses|Sundarbans (disambiguation)}}
The '''Sundarbans settlements''' refer to the areas of the [[Sundarbans]] that were cleared of forests for human habitation in the present [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Paganas]] and the [[South 24 Parganas]] districts in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Sunderbans village 1839.jpg
| caption1 = Village in a clearing of Sundarbans. Drawing by Frederic Peter Layard after an original sketch of 1839
| width1 = 190
| image2 = FarmHouseSunderban.JPG
| caption2 = House in Sundarbans with a pond and rice fields, 2010
| width2 = 210
}}

==Overview==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=530| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|22|4|0|N|88|35|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Sundarbans settlements: Some important administrative locations in the area cleared of forests for the purpose of human habitation''' R: rural/ urban centre, CT: census town Places linked with coastal activity are marked in blue Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|34|20|N|88|54|50|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Hasnabad| numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[Hasnabad]] (R)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#C42222|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|26|37|N|88|50|32|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Nazat| numbered2=R| mark-title2= [[Nazat]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|21|59|N|88|52|35|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Sandeshkhali| numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Sandeshkhali]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|30|28|N|88|43|52|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Minakhan| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Minakhan, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)|shape-color4=#A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|36|37|N|88|40|38|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Haroa| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Haroa, North 24 Parganas]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|28|14|N|88|57|40|E}} | label-pos6=bottom|label6=Hingalganj| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Hingalganj, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)|shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|18|37|N|88|39|28|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Canning| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Canning, South 24 Parganas]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|28|1|N|88|41|46|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Deuli| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Deuli, Canning]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|12|14|N|88|25|42|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Baharu| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Baharu]] (CT)|shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|9|26|N|88|26|23|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Nimpith| numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Nimpith]] (CT)|shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|7|13|N|88|23|39|E}} | label-pos11=bottom|label11=Mathurapur| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Mathurapur, South 24 Parganas]] (CT)|shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|0|4|N|88|26|7|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Raidighi| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Raydighi Abad]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|21|44|44|N|88|5|39|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Rudranagar| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Rudranagar]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|5|11|N|88|35|37|E}} | label-pos14=bottom|label14=Kultali| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Kultali]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|6|59|N|88|34|13|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=Jamtala| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Jamtala]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|21|47|38|N|88|21|19|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16=Patharpratima| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Patharpratima]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|21|48|14|N|88|22|17|E}} | label-pos17=top|label17=Ramganga| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Ramganga, Patharpratima]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|21|52|33|N|88|11|7|E}} | label-pos18=bottom|label18=Kakdwip| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Kakdwip]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|21|46|11|N|88|13|53|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19=Namkhana| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Namkhana]] (R)
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|11|53|N|88|42|50|E}} | label-pos20=bottom|label20=Basanti| numbered20=CT| mark-title20= [[Basanti, South 24 Parganas]] (CT)|shape-color20=#A40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|13|5|N|88|42|47|E}} | label-pos21=top|label21=Sonakhali| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Sonakhali, Basanti]] (R)
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|9|45|N|88|48|28|E}} | label-pos22=bottom|label22=Gosaba| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Gosaba]] (R)
|mark-coord23={{coord|21.8958 |N|88.0763|E}}| label23=Hooghly River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23=-60| label-pos23=right| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23=none
|mark-coord24={{coord|21.7482 |N|88.7552|E}}| label24=Sundarbans National Park| label-color24 = Black| label-angle24=-60| label-pos24=right| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24=none
|mark-coord25={{coord|22.3408|88.9273}}| label25=India| label-color25 = black| label-angle25=-100| label-pos25=bottom| label-size25=10| mark-size25=0| mark-title25 =none
|mark-coord26={{coord|22.3408|89.0073}}| label26=Bangladesh| label-color26 = black| label-angle26=-100| label-pos26=bottom| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|25|20|N|88|39|53|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Jibantala| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Jibantala]] (R)
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|1|34|N|88|41|12|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= Jharkhali| numbered28=R| mark-title28= [[Jharkhali]] (R) |shape-color28=#0048BA
|mark-coord29={{coord|21|38|50|N|88|4|31|E}} | label-pos29=right|label29= Gangasagar| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Gangasagar]] (R) |shape-color29=#0048BA
|mark-coord30={{coord|21|38|53|N|88|24|16|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Gobardhanpur| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Gobardhanpur]] (R) |shape-color30=#0048BA
|mark-coord31={{coord|21|33|47|N|88|15|34|E}} | label-pos31=right|label31= Bakkhali| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Bakkhali]] (R) |shape-color31=#0048BA
|mark-coord32={{coord|22|12|58|N|88|58|53|E}} | label-pos32=bottom|label32= Hemnagar| numbered32=R| mark-title32= [[Hemnagar, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color32=#0048BA
|mark-coord33={{coord|22|13|19|N|88|53|55|E}} | label-pos33=top|label33= Chhota|labela33= Mollakhali| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Chhota Molla Khali]] (R) |shape-color33=#0048BA
|mark-coord34={{coord|21|55|17|N|88|32|40|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Maipit | numbered34=R| mark-title34= [[Maipit]] (R) |shape-color34=#0048BA
|arc-coordC={{coord|21.4958|N|88.2363|E}}| arc-textC= Bay of Bengal | arc-text-colorC = soft blue| arc-angleC=190| arc-gapC=-1.0| arc-radiusC=1.6| arc-text-sizeC=14}}

As per the ''District Human Development Report'' for the [[South 24 Parganas]], the Sundarbans area, in the southern part of the erstwhile [[24 Parganas]] district, includes 102 deltaic islands, out of which 54 are inhabited and the rest is reserved forest. The area spread over 25,500 km2 having around 3.9 million people or about 40% of the total population of the area. According to the December 2001 census there were 271 [[Bengal tiger|Royal Bengal Tigers]] and other animals in the [[India]]n portion of the Sundarban forest, spread across 9.630 km2. The floor of the Sundarbans varies from 0.9 m to 2.11 m above sea level. Tidal saline water from the [[Bay of Bengal]] alternatively drowns and exposes the islands twice a day throughout the year. Around 3,500 km of earthen embankments, protecting the inhabited islands, have been facing the daily onslaught in a cyclone-prone area for more than a century.<ref name="Sundar">{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 3 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Amitav Ghosh]] writes that, [[Daniel Hamilton (businessman)|Sir Daniel Mackinnon Hamilton]], a [[Scotsman]], had travelled to [[Kolkata]] to work for the MacKinnon & McKenzie, a company with which he had family connections. The company sold tickets for [[P&O]] shipping line, then one of the largest in the world. Hamilton became head of the company and master of an immense fortune, one of the richest men in [[British India]]. Another man may have taken his money and gone away but Hamilton set his eyes on the deltaic islands in south Bengal. In 1903, he bought {{convert|10000|acre|km2|disp=flip}} of the tide country from the government – it included such islands as Gosaba, Rangabelia, and Satjelia. His efforts at developing these places brought in other people into these islands. They were people who dared not only to struggle against nature but also the predators that lived there – tigers, crocodiles, sharks and lizards. They killed so many people that Hamilton gave rewards to people who killed them.<ref>Ghosh, Amitav, ''The Hungry Tide'', 2004, pp. 49-53, [[HarperCollins]]/[[India Today]], {{ISBN|81-7223-613-1}}.</ref>

In December 1932, [[Rabindranath Tagore]] visited and stayed at [[Gosaba]] in the house of Sir Daniel Hamilton.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v08xxlHuWtUC&q=rabindranath+hamilton+gosaba&pg=PA381|title=Selected Letters of Rabindranath Tagore|last=Rabindranath Tagore|access-date=28 December 2017|isbn=9780521590181|date=26 June 1997}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.epw.in/journal/2014/50/reports-states-web-exclusives/digitising-endangered-village-archives.html|title=Digitising Endangered Village Archives|journal=[[Economic & Political Weekly]]|volume=50, 50, 50, 50, 50|issue=23, 23, 23, 23, 23|pages=7, 7, 7, 7, 7–8, 8, 8, 8, 8|date=13 December 2014|issn=2349-8846|access-date=28 December 2017}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable administrative locations in the Sundarbans settlements. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==History==
Our knowledge of the past of the Sundarbans area is patchy. However, various tracts of what is now the [[South 24 Parganas]] have recognisable historical antecedents. Scholars accept that the more accessible and less hostile areas of the Indian portion of the Sundarbans had human habitation till the 15-16th century. From that time, geological and tectonic movements resulted in the main course of the [[Ganges]] shifting eastward and the [[Padma River|Padma]] becoming the main distributary of the Ganges. Consequently, there was a marked decline in the supply of fresh water to what is now the Indian Sundarbans. Long before the [[British people|British]] came, there were people like Mubarra Ghazi, a [[fakir]], who converted the forested western (left) bank of the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]] into paddy lands. The forests were the Sundarbans fresh water swamp forests, now virtually extinct. In the early 16th century, the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] arrived on the scene. The [[Estuary|estuarine]] southern parts of Bengal remained under effective control of the Portuguese pirates and free-booters. The [[Rakhine people|Arakanese]] pirates were also there. The area got depopulated and the forests extended.<ref name="past">{{cite web | url = http://aquaticcommons.org/16973/1/The%20Sundarbans%20fishers_2014.pdf | title = The Sundarbans Fishers | first=Santanu|last= Chacraverti | publisher = International Collective in Support of Fishworkers| access-date = 16 December 2019}}</ref>

With the treaty of 1757 between [[Mir Jafar]] and the [[East India Company]], the British acquired the [[zamindar]]i rights of the [[24 Parganas]]. The area around [[Kolkata]] was uncultivated waste land and the western limit of the Sundarbans was just about 7 miles away. The British were keen to bring the Sundarbans under cultivation and convert them into revenue paying assets. The forest was not given a thought. Reclamation of the Sundarbans meant surveying and mapping the area. It started in 1810. Lieutenant W.E.Morrieson and his brother Captain Hugh Morrieson, worked for about a decade, and produced the base materials on which later maps of the area were developed. Subsequently, Ensign Prinsep worked on mapping the area. Since places did not have names, he termed the geographical areas as “lots”. In the 1830s, William Dampire and Lieutenant Hodges mapped the entire area, renumbering the lots from 1-236. “Prinseps Line” and “Dampire-Hodges Line” mark the furthest limits of the Sundarbans.<ref name="past"/>

Ideas about conservation of forests started seeping in from the 1830s but the Sundarbans have shrunk dramatically. From a reasonable estimate of the forested area, at the beginning of the 19th century, at 6,550 sq miles or almost 17,000 sq km down to 10,217 sq km (5.955 sq km in Bangladesh and 4,262 sq km in India).<ref name="past"/>

==Forest clearing==
Clearing of the forests effectively started in 1781. The "present settlements originate from the plan conceived by Clod Russell, then Collector General in 1771, whereby the forest land had been divided into plots to be leased out to prospective landlords. Clearing of the forest effectively started from 1781 by Tillman Henkel, then magistrate of Jessore district". In about a century the [[Hingalganj]], [[Hasnabad (community development block)|Hasnabad]], [[Sandeshkhali I]], [[Sandeshkhali II]], [[Minakhan]] and [[Haroa (community development block)|Haroa]] CD blocks (all in the [[North 24 Parganas]] district in 2016), the [[Canning I]], [[Canning II]], [[Jaynagar I]], [[Jaynagar II]], [[Mathurapur I]], [[Mathurapur II]] and [[Sagar (community development block)|Sagar]] CD blocks (all in the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in 2016) had been fully or substantially cleared of forests. Thereafter, much of the interiors of the [[Kakdwip (community development block)|Kakdwip]], [[Namkhana (community development block)|Namkhana]], [[Patharpratima (community development block)|Patharpratima]], [[Basanti (community development block)|Basanti]], [[Kultali (community development block)|Kultali]] and [[Gosaba (community development block)|Gosaba]] CD blocks were cleared for human settlement. People started moving into the area. The refugees from the erstwhile [[East Pakistan]] were the last to come in large numbers between 1951 and 1971. The [[Canning I]], [[Canning II]], [[Jaynagar I]], [[Jaynagar II]], [[Mathurapur I]], [[Mathurapur II]], [[Kakdwip (community development block)|Kakdwip]] and [[Namkhana (community development block)|Namkhana]] CD blocks are a little away from the forests and are being attached/ connected to the mainland. Their conditions are similar to the other mainland CD blocks in the district, but the [[Basanti (community development block)|Basanti]], [[Gosaba (community development block)|Gosaba]], [[Kultali (community development block)|Kultali]], [[Patharpratima (community development block)|Patharpratima]] and [[Sagar (community development block)|Sagar]] CD blocks are largely isolated from the mainland. These islands are mostly separated from the deep forest by a river.<ref name="Sundar"/>

Electric connections are rare, and transport and communications, other than river transport, are not there. Around 95% people depend on rain-fed agriculture. The [[Sagar (community development block)|Sagar]] CD block lies at the mouth of the [[Hooghly River]], which carries fresh water and so things are a little different there. The sea level, around [[India]], is estimated to be rising at 2.55 mm per year. In the last 70 years, 220 km2 of forest land has been submerged and the process continues.<ref name="Sundar"/>

==Poverty==
As per the ''[[Human Development Report]]'' for the [[South 24 Parganas]] district, published in 2009, the poverty rates were very high in the Sundarban region with all the thirteen CD blocks registering poverty ratios above 30% and eight CD blocks had more than 40% of the population in the [[Below Poverty Line|BPL category]]. The Sundarban region remains the most backward region in terms of quality of life. As per rural household survey in 2005, the proportion of households in the South 24 Parganas with poverty rates below poverty line was 34.11%, way above the state and national poverty ratios.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 42-43, Chapter 3.8: Poverty Scenario in South 24 Parganas | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 14 December 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> As per the Human Development Report for [[North 24 Parganas]] district, the economic scenario is equally gloomy, except for [[Hasnabad (community development block)|Hasnabad]] and [[Sandeshkhali II]] CD blocks, both of which had population below poverty line at slightly below 30%. Two blocks had between 30 and 40%, one between 40 and 50% and the highest at 59.7%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Page 259, Table 11.2.2| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 18 December 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead| df = dmy-all}}</ref>

Physiographically the Sundarbans consist of the marine delta zone. As the sea receded southwards, in the sub-recent [[Period (geology)|geological period]], a large low-lying plain got exposed. Both [[Tide|tidal]] inflows and the rivers have been depositing sediments in this plain. In the Sundarbans overwhelming majority of the population is dependent on agriculture. The saline soil of the area is unfit for cultivation. Moreover, the irrigation facilities have not been extended to a satisfactory scale. Agriculture mostly remains a mono-cropped activity.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 1 South 24 Parganas: An Overview, p 9-12, Chapter 4.3: Occupational Diversification, p. 69, Pages 28-30 , Chapter 3.2: Sectoral Composition of Output, p. 28-30 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 18 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 21: Agriculture | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 18 December 2019}}</ref>

==Dominique Lapierre's floating hospitals==
Four launches with doctors carrying medicines, sophisticated portable X-ray and echo-cardiograph machines, provided by the French author [[Dominique Lapierre]] move along the waterways of the Sundarbans to its furthest corners. Residents of such places as [[Sandeshkhali]], [[Basanti, South 24 Parganas|Basanti]], [[Gosaba]] and [[Kultali]] have expressed their gratitude to him for his support when he came in 2004.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041130/asp/bengal/story_4066942.asp | archive-url = https://archive.today/20121211060222/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041130/asp/bengal/story_4066942.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = December 11, 2012 | title = Sundarbans gratitude to Lapierre | access-date = 22 September 2007 | publisher = The Telegraph, 30 November 2004 | location=Calcutta, India | date=30 November 2004}}</ref> Since 1981, Lapierre has dedicated half of his royalty earnings from his books to sustain a humanitarian movement in the slums of [[Kolkata]] and the deprived areas of rural Bengal. For his work, Lapierre was made a citizen of honour of Kolkata.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070325/asp/7days/story_7561727.asp
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130203144423/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070325/asp/7days/story_7561727.asp
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = February 3, 2013
| title = Writer's Block | access-date = 22 September 2007 | publisher = The Telegraph, 25 March 2007 | location=Calcutta, India | date=25 March 2007}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in the 2008 Republic Day honours list.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/padma-bhushan-a-gift-from-the-people-of-sundarbans-lapierre-24923-2008-05-02 |title = Padma Bhusan a gift from the people of Sundarbans |publisher= India Today, 2 May 2008 | access-date = 3 November 2019 }}</ref>

As of 2007, over the years Lapierre's foundation has an enviable record in the Sunderbans: 100,000 people with tuberculosis have been treated, floating operation rooms have carried out 3,000 operations, 9,000 children have been treated for leprosy and they perform 30 cataract operations per day. A major portion of his book royalties amounting to about $3 million annually was spent in the Sundarbans,<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/school-of-joy/cid/1010106 |title = School of Joy |publisher= The Telegraph, 3 March 2007 | access-date = 3 November 2019 }}</ref>

As of 2010, Lapiere’s foundation was operating 14 projects in India mostly in the Sundarbans. His floating dispensaries covered 54 islands. He is seeking support for projects for the poor, but the response is not there. He says, “I want Indians to be concerned about the poor. After all, isn’t it their country too?”<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/affluent-india-reluctant-to-help-poor-dominique-lapierre/701524 |title = Affluent India reluctant to Help Poor: Dominique Lapierre | publisher= Outlook, 17 November 2010 | access-date = 3 November 2019 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Sundarbans CD Blocks}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}

[[Category:Geography of South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:North 24 Parganas district]]

Sundarbans settlements - Revision history

ZPWClaudio: Creating info.