Ajay Kumar: Created a new article

2023-08-31T13:18:10Z

Created a new article

New page

{{Short description|Family of birds}}
{{About|the family of birds}}
{{Automatic Taxobox
| name = Sunbirds and spiderhunters
| image = ♂ Vigors's sunbird (Aethopyga vigorsii) Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg
| image_caption = Male [[Vigors's sunbird]] from Maharashtra, India
| taxon = Nectariniidae
| authority = [[Nicholas Aylward Vigors|Vigors]], 1825
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = 16, see text
}}

'''Sunbirds''' and '''spiderhunters''' make up the [[family (biology)|family]] '''Nectariniidae''' of [[passerine]] birds. They are small, slender passerines from the [[Old World]], usually with downward-curved bills. Many are brightly coloured, often with iridescent feathers, particularly in the males. Many species also have especially long tail feathers. Their range extends through most of Africa to the Middle East, South Asia, South-east Asia and southern China, to Indonesia, New Guinea and northern Australia. Species diversity is highest in equatorial regions.

There are [[List of sunbird species|145 species]] in 16 [[genus|genera]]. Most sunbirds feed largely on [[nectar]], but will also eat [[insect]]s and [[spider]]s, especially when feeding their young. Flowers that prevent access to their nectar because of their shape (for example, very long and narrow flowers) are simply punctured at the base near the nectaries, from which the birds sip the nectar.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Geerts|first1=S.|last2=Pauw|first2=A.|date=2009|title=Hyper-specialization for long-billed bird pollination in a guild of South African plants: the Malachite Sunbird pollination syndrome|journal=South African Journal of Botany|volume=75|issue=4|pages=699–706|doi=10.1016/j.sajb.2009.08.001|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Fruit]] is also part of the diet of some species. Their [[Bird flight|flight]] is fast and direct, thanks to their short wings.

The sunbirds have counterparts in two very distantly related groups: the [[hummingbird]]s of the Americas and the [[honeyeater]]s of Australia. The resemblances are due to [[convergent evolution]] brought about by a similar nectar-feeding lifestyle.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Energy metabolism, respiratory quotient and breathing parameters in two convergent small bird species : the fork-tailed sunbird ''Aethopyga christinae'' (Nectariniidae) and the Chilean Hummingbird ''Sephanoides sephanoides'' (Trochilidae)|journal=Journal of Thermal Biology |date=March 1992|first= R.|last=Prinzinger |author2=Schafer T. |author3=Schuchmann K.L.|volume=17|issue=2|pages=71–79|doi=10.1016/0306-4565(92)90001-V }}</ref> Some sunbird species can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird, but they usually perch to feed.

==Description==
[[File:Spectacled-spiderhunter.jpg|thumb|left|The spectacled spiderhunter is the largest species of sunbird]]The family ranges in size from the 5-gram [[black-bellied sunbird]] to the [[spectacled spiderhunter]], at about 45 grams. Like the hummingbirds, sunbirds are strongly [[sexual dimorphism|sexually dimorphic]], with the males usually brilliantly plumaged in [[iridescent]] colours.<ref name="HBW">{{Cite book |first1=Robert |last1=Cheke |first2=Clive |last2=Mann |editor-first=Josep |editor-last=del Hoyo |editor2-first=Andrew |editor2-last=Elliott |editor3-first=David |editor3-last=Christie |contribution=Family Nectariniidae (Sunbirds) |title=Handbook of the Birds of the World, Volume 13: Penduline-tits to Shrikes |year=2008 |pages=196–243 |place=Barcelona |publisher=Lynx Editions |isbn=978-84-96553-45-3}}</ref> In addition to this the tails of many species are longer in the males, and overall the males are larger. Sunbirds have long thin down-curved bills and brush-tipped tubular tongues, both adaptations to their nectar feeding.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Paton|first1=D. C.|last2=Collins|first2=B. G.|date=1989|title=Bills and tongues of nectar-feeding birds: A review of morphology, function and performance, with intercontinental comparisons|journal=Australian Journal of Ecology|volume=14|issue=4|pages=473–506|doi=10.1111/j.1442-9993.1989.tb01457.x|issn=1442-9993}}</ref> The [[spiderhunter]]s, of the genus ''Arachnothera'', are distinct in appearance from the other members of the family. They are typically larger than the other sunbirds, with drab brown plumage that is the same for both sexes, and long, down-curved beaks.<ref name="HBW"/>

In metabolic behaviour similar to that of Andes hummingbirds,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://jeb.biologists.org/content/205/16/2325|title=The ecological and evolutionary interface of hummingbird flight physiology|first1=Douglas L.|last1=Altshuler|first2=Robert|last2=Dudley|date=15 August 2002|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|volume=205|issue=16|pages=2325–2336|doi=10.1242/jeb.205.16.2325|via=jeb.biologists.org|pmid=12124359}}</ref> species of sunbirds that live at high altitudes or latitudes will enter [[torpor]] while roosting at night, lowering their body temperature and entering a state of low activity and responsiveness.<ref name = "HBW"/><ref>{{cite journal|title= Nocturnal Heterothermy And Torpor In The Malachite Sunbird (''Nectarinia famosa'') |journal=Auk|date=January 2002|first=Colleen|last=Downs|author2=Mark Brown |volume=119|issue=1|pages=251–260|doi= 10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0251:NHATIT]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=85925616 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The moulting regimes of sunbirds are complex, being different in different species. Many species have no eclipse plumage, but do have juvenile plumage. Some species do show duller plumage in the off-season. In the dry months of June−August, male copper sunbirds and variable sunbirds lose much of their metallic sheen. In some instances different populations of the same species can display variation in different molting regimes.<ref name="HBW"/>

==Distribution and habitat==
Sunbirds are a tropical [[Old World]] family, with representatives in [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[Australasia]]. In Africa they are found mostly in sub-Saharan [[Africa]] and [[Madagascar]] but are also distributed in [[Egypt]]. In Asia the group occurs along the coasts of the [[Red Sea]] as far north as [[Israel]], and along the Mediterranean as far north as [[Beirut]], with a gap in their distribution across inland Syria and Iraq, and resuming in [[Iran]], from where the group occurs continuously as far as southern [[China]] and [[Indonesia]]. In Australasia the family occurs in [[New Guinea]], north eastern [[Australia]] and the [[Solomon Islands]]. They are generally not found on oceanic islands, with the exception of the [[Seychelles]]. The greatest variety of species is found in Africa, where the group probably arose. Most species are sedentary or short-distance [[bird migration|seasonal migrants]]. Sunbirds occur over the entire family's range, whereas the spiderhunters are restricted to [[Asia]].<ref name = "HBW"/>

The sunbirds and spiderhunters occupy a wide range of habitats, with a majority of species being found in primary rainforest, but other habitats used by the family including disturbed secondary forest, open woodland, open scrub and savannah, coastal scrub and alpine forest. Some species have readily adapted to human modified landscapes such as plantations, gardens and agricultural land. Many species are able to occupy a wide range of habitats from sea level to 4900 m.<ref name = "HBW"/>

==Behaviour and ecology==
Sunbird are active [[Diurnality|diurnal]] birds that generally occur in pairs or occasionally in small family groups. A few species occasionally gather in larger groups, and sunbird will join with other birds to [[Mobbing behavior|mob]] potential predators, although sunbirds will also aggressively target other species, even if they are not predators, when defending their [[territory (animal)|territories]].<ref name="HBW"/>

===Breeding===
[[File:Nectarinia dussumieri feeding young.jpg|thumb|Female [[Seychelles sunbird]] at the nest with prey]]
Sunbirds that breed outside of the equatorial regions are mostly seasonal breeders, with the majority of them breeding in the [[wet season]]. This timing reflects the increased availability of insect prey for the growing young. Where species, like the [[buff-throated sunbird]], breed in the dry season, it is thought to be associated with the flowering of favoured food plants. Species of sunbird in the equatorial areas breed throughout the year. They are generally [[monogamous]] and often territorial, although a few species of sunbirds have [[Lek (biology)|lekking]] behaviour.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elliott |first=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fT5FAQAAIAAJ |title=Handbook of the Birds of the World |date=2008 |publisher=Lynx Edicions |isbn=978-84-96553-45-3 |language=en}}</ref>
The [[bird nest|nests]] of sunbirds are generally purse-shaped, enclosed, suspended from thin branches with generous use of spiderweb. The nests of the spiderhunters are different, both from the sunbirds and in some cases from each other. Some, like the [[little spiderhunter]], are small woven cups attached to the underside of large leaves; that of the [[yellow-eared spiderhunter]] is similarly attached but is a long tube. The nests of spiderhunters are inconspicuous, in contrast to those of the other sunbirds which are more visible. In most species the female alone constructs the nest. Up to four eggs are laid. The female builds the nest and incubates the eggs alone, although the male assists in rearing the nestlings.<ref name=EoB>{{cite book |editor=Forshaw, Joseph|author= Lindsey, Terence|year=1991|title=Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds|publisher= Merehurst Press|location=London|pages= 207|isbn= 978-1-85391-186-6}}</ref> In the spiderhunters both sexes help to incubate the eggs.<ref name=EoB/> The nests of sunbirds and spiderhunters are often targeted by [[brood parasite]]s such as [[cuckoo]]s and [[honeyguide]]s.

=== Pollination ===
[[File:Loten's Sunbird Cinnyris lotenius Male DSCN0107 (7).jpg|thumb|Sunbird drinking nectar from typical bird-pollinated flower]]
As nectar is a primary food source for sunbirds, they are important [[pollinator]]s in African ecosystems. Sunbird-pollinated flowers are typically long, tubular, and red-to-orange in colour, showing convergent evolution with many [[hummingbird]]-pollinated flowers in the Americas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Bruneau|first=Anne|date=1997|title=Evolution and homology of bird pollination syndromes in Erythrina (Leguminosae)|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=84|issue=1|pages=54–71|doi=10.2307/2445883|issn=1537-2197|jstor=2445883|doi-access=free}}</ref> A key difference is that sunbirds cannot hover, so sunbird-pollinated flowers and [[inflorescence]]s are typically sturdier than hummingbird-pollinated flowers, with an appropriate landing spot from which the bird can feed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barrett|first1=Spencer C. H.|last2=Cole|first2=William W.|last3=Anderson|first3=Bruce|date=May 2005|title=Botany: Specialized bird perch aids cross-pollination|journal=Nature|volume=435|issue=7038|pages=41–42|doi=10.1038/435041a|pmid=15875009|issn=1476-4687|bibcode=2005Natur.435...41A|s2cid=25020534}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Siegfried|first1=W. R.|last2=Rebelo|first2=A. G.|last3=Prŷs-Jones|first3=R. P.|last4=Prys-Jones|first4=R. P.|date=1985|title=Stem Thickness of Erica Plants in Relation to Avian Pollination|journal=Oikos|volume=45|issue=1|pages=153|doi=10.2307/3565234|jstor=3565234}}</ref> Sunbirds are critical pollinators for many iconic African plants, including [[protea]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hargreaves|first1=Anna L.|last2=Johnson|first2=Steven D.|last3=Nol|first3=Erica|date=2004|title=Do floral syndromes predict specialization in plant pollination systems? An experimental test in an "ornithophilous" African Protea|journal=Oecologia|volume=140|issue=2|pages=295–301|doi=10.1007/s00442-004-1495-5|pmid=15168105|bibcode=2004Oecol.140..295H|s2cid=24426457|issn=1432-1939}}</ref> [[aloe]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ratsirarson|first=J|date=1995|title=Pollination ecology of Aloe divaricata, Berger (Liliaceae): an endemic plant species of south-west Madagascar|journal=South African Journal of Botany|volume=61|issue=5|pages=249–252|doi=10.1016/S0254-6299(15)30531-7|doi-access=free}}</ref> ''[[Erica (plant)|Erica]]'',<ref name=":1" /> ''[[Erythrina]]'' coral trees,<ref name=":0" /> and [[Strelitzia|bird-of-paradise]] flowers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Frost|first1=S. K.|last2=Frost|first2=P. G. H.|date=1981|title=Sunbird pollination of Strelitzia nicolai|journal=Oecologia|volume=49|issue=3|pages=379–384|doi=10.1007/BF00347603|pmid=28310001|issn=0029-8549|bibcode=1981Oecol..49..379F|s2cid=11735363}}</ref> Specialization on sunbirds vs other pollinators is thought to have contributed to plant [[speciation]], including the exceptionally high floral diversity in southern Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Valente|first1=Luis M.|last2=Manning|first2=John C.|last3=Goldblatt|first3=Peter|last4=Vargas|first4=Pablo|date=2012-07-01|title=Did Pollination Shifts Drive Diversification in Southern African Gladiolus? Evaluating the Model of Pollinator-Driven Speciation.|journal=The American Naturalist|volume=180|issue=1|pages=83–98|doi=10.1086/666003|pmid=22673653|s2cid=5989519|issn=0003-0147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Johnson Steven D.|date=2010-02-12|title=The pollination niche and its role in the diversification and maintenance of the southern African flora|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=365|issue=1539|pages=499–516|doi=10.1098/rstb.2009.0243|pmc=2838267|pmid=20047876}}</ref>

==Relationship with humans==
Overall the family has fared better than many others, with only seven species considered to be [[threatened]] with [[extinction]]. Most species are fairly resistant to changes in habitat, and while attractive the family is not sought after by the cagebird trade, as they have what is considered an unpleasant song and are tricky to keep alive. Sunbirds are considered attractive birds and readily enter gardens where flowering plants are planted to attract them. There are a few negative interactions, for example the [[scarlet-chested sunbird]] is considered a pest in cocoa plantations as it spreads parasitic [[mistletoe]]s.<ref name="HBW"/>

==List of genera==
The family contains 146 species divided into 16 genera:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2019 | title=Dippers, leafbirds, flowerpeckers, sunbirds | work=World Bird List Version 9.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/dippers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=30 January 2019 }}</ref> For more detail, see [[list of sunbird species]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image !! Genus !! Species
|-
| ||''[[Chalcoparia]]'' {{small|Cabanis, 1850}} ||
* ''[[Chalcoparia singalensis]]'' ([[monotypic]]) – ruby-cheeked sunbird
|-
| ||''[[Deleornis]]'' {{small|Wolters, 1977}} ||
* [[Fraser's sunbird]], ''Deleornis fraseri''
* [[Grey-headed sunbird]], ''Deleornis axillaris''
|-
|[[File:Brown-throated Sunbird.jpg|150px]] ||''[[Anthreptes]]'' {{small|Swainson, 1832}} ||
{{Collapsible list|bullets=true|title=15 species: |
| [[Plain-backed sunbird]], ''Anthreptes reichenowi''
| [[Anchieta's sunbird]], ''Anthreptes anchietae''
| [[Plain sunbird]], ''Anthreptes simplex''
| [[Brown-throated sunbird]], ''Anthreptes malacensis''
| [[Grey-throated sunbird]], ''Anthreptes griseigularis''
| [[Red-throated sunbird]], ''Anthreptes rhodolaemus''
| [[Mangrove sunbird]], ''Anthreptes gabonicus''
| [[Western violet-backed sunbird]], ''Anthreptes longuemarei''
| [[Eastern violet-backed sunbird]], ''Anthreptes orientalis''
| [[Uluguru violet-backed sunbird]], ''Anthreptes neglectus''
| [[Violet-tailed sunbird]], ''Anthreptes aurantius''
| [[Little green sunbird]], ''Anthreptes seimundi''
| [[Yellow-chinned sunbird]], ''Anthreptes rectirostris''
|[[Grey-chinned sunbird]], ''Anthreptes tephrolaemus''
| [[Banded green sunbird]], ''Anthreptes rubritorques''
}}
|-
|[[File:Pygmy Sunbird - Gambia (32608949436).jpg|150px]] ||''[[Hedydipna]]'' {{small|Cabanis, 1850}} ||
* [[Collared sunbird]], ''Hedydipna collaris''
* [[Pygmy sunbird]], ''Hedydipna platura''
* [[Nile Valley sunbird]], ''Hedydipna metallica''
* [[Amani sunbird]], ''Hedydipna pallidigaster''
|-
|[[File:São Tomé sunbird (Anabathmis newtonii) male.jpg|150px]] ||''[[Anabathmis]]'' {{small|Reichenow, 1905}} ||
* [[Reichenbach's sunbird]], ''Anabathmis reichenbachii''
* [[Príncipe sunbird]], ''Anabathmis hartlaubii''
* [[Newton's sunbird]], ''Anabathmis newtonii''
|-
| ||''[[Dreptes]]'' {{small|Illiger, 1811}} ||
* ''[[Dreptes thomensis]]'' (monotypic) – giant sunbird
|-
|[[File:Orange-breasted sunbird på Leucadendron strobilinum - Flickr - Ragnhild & Neil Crawford.jpg|150px]] ||''[[Anthobaphes]]'' {{small|Cabanis, 1850}} ||
* ''[[Anthobaphes violacea]]'' (monotypic) – orange-breasted sunbird
|-
|[[File:Green-headed sunbird (Cyanomitra verticalis) female.jpg|150px]] ||''[[Cyanomitra]]'' {{small|Reichenbach, 1853}} ||
* [[Green-headed sunbird]], ''Cyanomitra verticalis''
* [[Bannerman's sunbird]], ''Cyanomitra bannermani''
* [[Blue-throated brown sunbird]], ''Cyanomitra cyanolaema''
* [[Cameroon sunbird]], ''Cyanomitra oritis''
* [[Blue-headed sunbird]], ''Cyanomitra alinae''
* [[Olive sunbird]], ''Cyanomitra olivacea''
* [[Grey sunbird]], ''Cyanomitra veroxii''
|-
|[[File:Hunters Sunbird RWD3d.jpg|150px]] ||''[[Chalcomitra]]'' {{small|Reichenbach, 1853}} ||
* [[Buff-throated sunbird]], ''Chalcomitra adelberti''
* [[Carmelite sunbird]], ''Chalcomitra fuliginosa''
* [[Green-throated sunbird]], ''Chalcomitra rubescens''
* [[Amethyst sunbird]], ''Chalcomitra amethystina''
* [[Scarlet-chested sunbird]], ''Chalcomitra senegalensis''
* [[Hunter's sunbird]], ''Chalcomitra hunteri''
* [[Socotra sunbird]], ''Chalcomitra balfouri''
|-
|[[File:Irdsb 09201.jpg|150px]] ||''[[Leptocoma]]'' {{small|Cabanis, 1850}} ||
* [[Purple-rumped sunbird]], ''Leptocoma zeylonica''
* [[Crimson-backed sunbird]], ''Leptocoma minima''
* [[Purple-throated sunbird]], ''Leptocoma sperata''
* [[Van Hasselt's sunbird]], ''Leptocoma brasiliana''
* [[Black sunbird]], ''Leptocoma sericea''
* [[Copper-throated sunbird]], ''Leptocoma calcostetha''
|-
|[[File:Malachite Sunbird, Nectarinia famosa, male at Kirstenbosch (8237798993).jpg|150px]] ||''[[Nectarinia]]'' {{small|Illiger, 1811}} ||
* [[Bocage's sunbird]], ''Nectarinia bocagii''
* [[Purple-breasted sunbird]], ''Nectarinia purpureiventris''
* [[Tacazze sunbird]], ''Nectarinia tacazze''
* [[Bronzy sunbird]], ''Nectarinia kilimensis''
* [[Malachite sunbird]], ''Nectarinia famosa''
* [[Scarlet-tufted sunbird]], ''Nectarinia johnstoni''
|-
|[[File:Golden-winged Sunbird (Drepanorhynchus reichenowi) (46533653022).jpg|150px]] ||''[[Drepanorhynchus]]'' {{small|Fischer & Reichenow, 1884}} ||
* ''[[Drepanorhynchus reichenowi]]'' (monotypic) – golden-winged sunbird
|-
|[[File:Loten sunbird by arshad ka.jpg|150px]] ||''[[Cinnyris]]'' {{small|Cuvier, 1816}} ||
{{Collapsible list|bullets=true|title=56 species: |
| [[Olive-bellied sunbird]], ''Cinnyris chloropygius''
| [[Tiny sunbird]], ''Cinnyris minullus''
| [[Eastern Miombo sunbird]], ''Cinnyris manoensis''
| [[Western Miombo sunbird]], ''Cinnyris gertrudis''
| [[Southern double-collared sunbird]], ''Cinnyris chalybeus''
| [[Neergaard's sunbird]], ''Cinnyris neergaardi''
| [[Rwenzori double-collared sunbird]], ''Cinnyris stuhlmanni''
| [[Whyte’s double-collared sunbird]], ''Cinnyris whytei''
| [[Prigogine's double-collared sunbird]], ''Cinnyris prigoginei''
| [[Ludwig's double-collared sunbird]], ''Cinnyris ludovicensis''
| [[Northern double-collared sunbird]], ''Cinnyris reichenowi''
| [[Greater double-collared sunbird]], ''Cinnyris afer''
| [[Regal sunbird]], ''Cinnyris regius''
| [[Rockefeller's sunbird]], ''Cinnyris rockefelleri''
| [[Eastern double-collared sunbird]], ''Cinnyris mediocris''
| [[Usambara double-collared sunbird]], ''Cinnyris usambaricus''
| [[Forest double-collared sunbird]], ''Cinnyris fuelleborni''
| [[Moreau's sunbird]], ''Cinnyris moreaui''
| [[Beautiful sunbird]], ''Cinnyris pulchellus''
| [[Loveridge's sunbird]], ''Cinnyris loveridgei''
| [[Marico sunbird]], ''Cinnyris mariquensis''
| [[Shelley's sunbird]], ''Cinnyris shelleyi''
| [[Hofmann's sunbird]], ''Cinnyris hofmanni''
| [[Congo sunbird]], ''Cinnyris congensis''
| [[Red-chested sunbird]], ''Cinnyris erythrocerca''
| [[Black-bellied sunbird]], ''Cinnyris nectarinioides''
| [[Purple-banded sunbird]], ''Cinnyris bifasciatus''
| [[Tsavo sunbird]], ''Cinnyris tsavoensis''
| [[Violet-breasted sunbird]], ''Cinnyris chalcomelas''
| [[Pemba sunbird]], ''Cinnyris pembae''
| [[Orange-tufted sunbird]], ''Cinnyris bouvieri''
| [[Palestine sunbird]], ''Cinnyris osea''
| [[Arabian sunbird]], ''Cinnyris hellmayri''
| [[Shining sunbird]], ''Cinnyris habessinicus''
| [[Splendid sunbird]], ''Cinnyris coccinigaster''
| [[Johanna's sunbird]], ''Cinnyris johannae''
| [[Superb sunbird]], ''Cinnyris superbus''
| [[Rufous-winged sunbird]], ''Cinnyris rufipennis''
| [[Oustalet's sunbird]], ''Cinnyris oustaleti''
| [[White-bellied sunbird]], ''Cinnyris talatala''
| [[Variable sunbird]], ''Cinnyris venustus''
| [[Dusky sunbird]], ''Cinnyris fuscus''
| [[Ursula's sunbird]], ''Cinnyris ursulae''
| [[Bates's sunbird]], ''Cinnyris batesi''
| [[Copper sunbird]], ''Cinnyris cupreus''
| [[Purple sunbird]], ''Cinnyris asiaticus''
| [[Olive-backed sunbird]], ''Cinnyris jugularis''
| [[Apricot-breasted sunbird]], ''Cinnyris buettikoferi''
| [[Flame-breasted sunbird]], ''Cinnyris solaris''
| [[Souimanga sunbird]], ''Cinnyris sovimanga''
| [[Seychelles sunbird]], ''Cinnyris dussumieri''
| [[Malagasy green sunbird]], ''Cinnyris notatus''
| [[Humblot's sunbird]], ''Cinnyris humbloti''
| [[Anjouan sunbird]], ''Cinnyris comorensis''
| [[Mayotte sunbird]], ''Cinnyris coquerellii''
| [[Loten's sunbird]], ''Cinnyris lotenius''
}}
|-
|[[File:Fire-tailed-Sunbird East Sikkim India 12.05.2014.jpg|150px]] ||''[[Aethopyga]]'' {{small|Cabanis, 1851}} ||
{{Collapsible list|bullets=true|title=22 species: |
| [[Grey-hooded sunbird]], ''Aethopyga primigenia''
| [[Apo sunbird]], ''Aethopyga boltoni''
| [[Lina's sunbird]], ''Aethopyga linaraborae''
| [[Flaming sunbird]], ''Aethopyga flagrans''
| [[Maroon-naped sunbird]], ''Aethopyga guimarasensis''
| [[Metallic-winged sunbird]], ''Aethopyga pulcherrima''
| [[Luzon sunbird]], ''Aethopyga jefferyi''
| [[Bohol sunbird]], ''Aethopyga decorosa''
| [[Elegant sunbird]], ''Aethopyga duyvenbodei''
| [[Lovely sunbird]], ''Aethopyga shelleyi''
| [[Handsome sunbird]], ''Aethopyga bella''
| [[Mrs. Gould's sunbird]], ''Aethopyga gouldiae''
| [[Green-tailed sunbird]], ''Aethopyga nipalensis''
| [[White-flanked sunbird]], ''Aethopyga eximia''
| [[Fork-tailed sunbird]], ''Aethopyga christinae''
| [[Black-throated sunbird]], ''Aethopyga saturata''
| [[Crimson sunbird]], ''Aethopyga siparaja''
| [[Magnificent sunbird]] ''Aethopyga magnifica''
| [[Vigors's sunbird]], ''Aethopyga vigorsii''
| [[Javan sunbird]], ''Aethopyga mystacalis''
| [[Temminck's sunbird]], ''Aethopyga temminckii''
| [[Fire-tailed sunbird]], ''Aethopyga ignicauda''
}}
|-
|[[File:Purple-naped Sunbird (15026356712).jpg|150px]] ||''[[Kurochkinegramma]]'' {{small|Kashain, 1978}} ||
* ''[[Kurochkinegramma hypogrammicum]]'' (monotypic) – purple-naped sunbird
|-
|[[File:SpiderhunterSabah.jpg|150px]] ||''[[Arachnothera]]'' {{small|Temminck, 1826}} ||
{{Collapsible list|bullets=true|title=13 species: |
| [[Little spiderhunter]], ''Arachnothera longirostra''
| [[Orange-tufted spiderhunter]], ''Arachnothera flammifera''
| [[Pale spiderhunter]], ''Arachnothera dilutior''
| [[Thick-billed spiderhunter]], ''Arachnothera crassirostris''
| [[Long-billed spiderhunter]], ''Arachnothera robusta''
| [[Spectacled spiderhunter]], ''Arachnothera flavigaster''
| [[Yellow-eared spiderhunter]], ''Arachnothera chrysogenys''
| [[Naked-faced spiderhunter]], ''Arachnothera clarae''
| [[Grey-breasted spiderhunter]], ''Arachnothera modesta''
| [[Streaky-breasted spiderhunter]], ''Arachnothera affinis''
| [[Bornean spiderhunter]], ''Arachnothera everetti''
| [[Streaked spiderhunter]], ''Arachnothera magna''
| [[Whitehead's spiderhunter]], ''Arachnothera juliae''
}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/sunbirds-nectariniidae Sunbird videos] on the Internet Bird Collection

{{Taxonbar|from=Q208221}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Nectariniidae]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Nicholas Aylward Vigors]]

Sunbird - Revision history

BeauGleason6763: basic rework details for consistency and fixed typos

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article