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{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sumantra Ghoshal
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = 26 September 1948
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[Dominion of India|India]]
| death_date = 3 March 2004 (aged 55)
| death_place = [[Hampstead]], United Kingdom
| residence =
| citizenship =
| nationality = Indian
| field = Management
| work_institution =
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]]<br/>[[Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management]]<br/>[[Harvard Business School]]<br/>[[MIT Sloan School of Management]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for =
| prizes =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sumantra Ghoshal''' (26 September 1948{{snd}}3 March 2004) was an Indian scholar and educator. He served as a Professor of Strategic and International Management at the [[London Business School]], and was the founding [[Dean (academics)|Dean]] of the [[Indian School of Business]] in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].

His ''Managing Across Borders: The Transnational Solution, ''{{Harv|Bartlett|Ghoshal|2002}} co-authored with [[Christopher A. Bartlett]], has been listed in the [[Financial Times]] as one of the 50 most influential management books, and has been translated into nine languages.

== Biography ==
Born in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], Ghoshal attended the [[Ballygunge Government High School|Ballygaunge Government High School]], and graduated from [[Delhi University]] with [[Physics]] major and at the [[Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management]].<ref>[http://www.iiswbm.edu/about-iiswbm/history/default.asp Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management history] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806011558/http://www.iiswbm.edu/about-iiswbm/history/default.asp |date=6 August 2012 }} Accessed 10 April 2009.</ref>

Ghoshal started his career in industry. He worked for [[Indian Oil Corporation]], rising through the management ranks before moving to the [[United States]] on a [[Fulbright Fellowship]] and [[Humphrey Fellowship]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/apr/07diary.htm|title=Sumantra Ghoshal: A tribute|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> in 1981. Ghoshal was awarded an [[Master of Science|S.M.]] and a PhD from the [[MIT Sloan School of Management]] in 1983 and 1985 respectively, and was also awarded a [[Doctor of Business Administration|D.B.A.]] degree from [[Harvard Business School]] in 1986. He worked on these degrees at the same time, writing two distinct dissertations on two different topics.

In 1985, Ghoshal joined [[INSEAD Business School]] in [[France]] and wrote a stream of influential articles and books. In 1994, he joined the [[London Business School]]. Ghoshal was a Fellow of the [[Advanced Institute of Management Research]] (AIM) in the [[United Kingdom]] and a Professor of Strategic and International Management at the [[London Business School]]. He served as a member of The Committee of Overseers of the [[Harvard Business School]].<ref>[http://aib.msu.edu/fellow.asp?FellowID=23 AIB Fellow biography] Accessed 7 April 2007.</ref>

Ghoshal married Sushmita and they had two sons. He died of a [[brain hemorrhage]] on 3 March 2004.<ref name="guardianobit">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/mar/08/guardianobituaries.india |title=Sumantra Ghoshal|author=|work=The Guardian|accessdate=18 January 2014}}</ref>

=== Awards ===
* ''The Differential Network: Organizing the Multinational Corporation for Value Creation'', a book he co-authored with [[Nitin Nohria]], won the George Terry Book Award in 1997.
* ''The Individualized Corporation:A Fundamentally New Approach to Management'', co-authored with [[Christopher A. Bartlett]], won the [[Igor Ansoff Award]] in 1997, and has been translated into seven languages.
* His last book ''Managing Radical Change'', won the Management Book of the Year award in [[India]]. He was described by ''The Economist'' as 'Euroguru'.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}}
* He ranks 40th on the list of ''Top 50 business intellectuals'' published by the [[Accenture]] consulting company in 2002.<ref>[http://newsroom.accenture.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=3898 Accenture Study Yields Top 50 ‘Business Intellectuals’ Ranking of Top Thinkers and Writers on Management Topics], Accenture news release of 22 May 2002</ref>

== Work ==
Ghoshal's early work focused on the [[matrix structure]] in [[multinational organizations]], and the "conflict and confusion" that reporting along both geographical and functional lines created. His later work is more ambitious, and hence perhaps more important – the idea that it is necessary to halt [[economics]] from taking over management. This, he theorised, is important since firms do not play on the periphery of human life today, but have taken a central role.

=== Forms of the international enterprise ===
In collaboration with [[Christopher A. Bartlett]], Ghoshal researched successful enterprises on international markets. They found three types of [[internationalization]], differing in structural approach and strategic capabilities. The types were dubbed ''Multinational'', ''Global'' and ''International''.

{|class="wikitable"
|
|align = "center"|'''Multinational Enterprise'''
|align = "center"|'''Global Enterprise'''
|align = "center"|'''International Enterprise'''
|-
|Strategic competency
|responsiveness
|efficiency i.e. output per unit of input
|transfer of learning
|-
|Structures
|loose federations of enterprises; national subsidiaries solve all operative tasks and some strategical.
|tightly centralized enterprise; national subsidiaries primarily seen as distribution centres; all strategic and many operative decisions centralized
|Somewhere in between multinational and global enterprises; some strategic areas centralized, some decentralized
|-
|Samples
|[[Unilever]], [[ITT Corporation|ITT]]
|[[Exxon]], [[Toyota]]
|[[IBM]], [[Ericsson]]
|}

Due to an ever-faster changing environment, Bartlett and Ghoshal see a further need for adaptation with a drive toward a company, that masters not one, but all three of the strategic capabilities of the named types. The ideal-type thus created, they dubbed the ''transnational enterprise''.

=== Management context and individual behavior model ===
Also with Bartlett in 1997, Ghoshal set up a ''management context and individual behavior model'' highlighting a context shaped by stretch, trust, support, and discipline. They identified that kind of context as a cornerstone that elicits behaviours of the individual which contribute to an organisation's self-renewal, allowing the organisation to be vigorous and energetic.<ref name="SzewczakSnodgrass2003">{{cite book|author1=Edward J. Szewczak|author2=Coral R. Snodgrass|title=Managing the Human Side of Information Technology: Challenges and Solutions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAWyJlgEwCMC&pg=PA206|year=2003|publisher=Idea Group Inc (IGI)|isbn=978-1-931777-74-2|pages=206}}</ref>

=== Legacy ===
Ghoshal's treatment of management issues at the level of the individual led him to conclude that management theory that focuses on the economic aspects of man to the exclusion of all others is incorrect at best. According to him, "A theory that assumes that managers cannot be relied upon by shareholders can make managers less reliable."<ref>[[Julian Birkinshaw|Julian M. Birkinshaw]], Gita Piramal (2005) ''Sumantra Ghoshal on Management: A Force for Good,'' p. 22</ref>

Such theory, Ghoshal warned, would become a [[self-fulfilling prophecy]], a particularly stinging critique of the output of a majority of his colleagues in business schools that made him controversial. To his death, his fight was against the "narrow idea" that led to today's management theory being "undersocialized and one-dimensional, a parody of the human condition more appropriate to a prison or a madhouse than an institution which should be a force for good."<ref>[[Morgen Witzel]], Malcolm Warner (2013). ''The Oxford Handbook of Management Theorists.'' p. 542</ref>

== Publications ==
Ghoshal published 10 books, over 70 articles, and several award-winning case studies. Books, a selection:
* [[Bartlett, Christopher A.]], and Sumantra Ghoshal. ''Managing across borders: The transnational solution.'' Vol. 2. Harvard Business School Press, 1999.
* [[Bartlett, Christopher A.]], and Sumantra Ghoshal. ''Transnational management.'' Vol. 4. McGraw Hill, 2000.

Articles, a selection:
* Ghoshal, Sumantra. "Global strategy: An organizing framework." ''Strategic management journal'' 8.5 (1987): 425–440.
* Ghoshal, Sumantra, and [[Christopher A. Bartlett]]. "The multinational corporation as an inter-organizational network." Academy of management review 15.4 (1990): 603–626.
* Ghoshal, Sumantra, and Peter Moran. "Bad for practice: A critique of the transaction cost theory." ''Academy of management Review'' 21.1 (1996): 13–47.
* Tsai, Wenpin, and Sumantra Ghoshal. "Social capital and value creation: The role of intrafirm networks." ''Academy of management Journal'' 41.4 (1998): 464–476.
* Nahapiet, Janine, and Sumantra Ghoshal. "Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage." ''Academy of management review'' 23.2 (1998): 242–266.
* Ghoshal, Sumantra. "Bad management theories are destroying good management practices." ''Academy of Management Learning & Education'' 4.1 (2005): 75–91.
* Rocha, Hector and Ghoshal, Sumantra. "Beyond Self-Interest Revisited." Journal of Management Studies 43(3) (2006): 585–619.
Ghoshal featured on the list of The Case Centre's all-time top authors list (covering 40 years) released in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=40th anniversary bestselling author: Christopher Bartlett|url=https://www.thecasecentre.org/educators/aboutus/40anniversary/bestsellingauthors/bartlett|access-date=2020-06-18|website=thecasecentre.org|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghoshal, Sumantra}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:MIT Sloan School of Management alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Business School alumni]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:INSEAD faculty]]
[[Category:Indian advertising people]]
[[Category:Business educators]]
[[Category:Bestselling case authors]]

Sumantra Ghoshal - Revision history

106.195.69.68: Copy edited