Sukhdev Thapar - Revision history

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			{{Short description\|Indian revolutionary (1907–1931)}}
	{{Redirect\|Sukhdev}}		{{Redirect\|Sukhdev}}
	~~{{Short description\|Indian revolutionary (1907–1931)}}~~
	<!-- Needs a lot of editing -->{{Use Indian English\|date=September 2016}}		<!-- Needs a lot of editing -->{{Use Indian English\|date=September 2016}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2015}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2015}}
	{{Infobox person		{{Infobox person
	\| name = Sukhdev Thapar		\| name = Sukhdev Thapar
	\| image = Sukhdev_Thapar.jpeg		\| image = Sukhdev_Thapar.jpeg
	\| caption =		\| caption =
	\| birth_name = Sukhdev		\| birth_name = Sukhdev
	\| birth_date = 15 May 1907		\| birth_date = {{birth-date\|15 May 1907}}
	\| birth_place = [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab (British India)\|Punjab]], [[British India]]		\| birth_place = [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab (British India)\|Punjab]], [[British India]]<br/>(now in [[Punjab, India]])
	\| death_date = {{death date and age\|df=yes\|1931\|3\|23\|1907\|5\|15}}		\| death_date = {{death date and age\|df=yes\|1931\|3\|23\|1907\|5\|15}}
	\| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab (British India)\|Punjab]], [[British India]]<br /> (now in [[Punjab, Pakistan]])		\| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab (British India)\|Punjab]], [[British India]]<br /> (now in [[Punjab, Pakistan]])
	\| death_cause = Execution by ~~Hanging~~		\| death_cause = Execution by hanging
	~~\| nationality = Indian~~		\| movement = [[Indian Independence movement]]
	\| movement = [[Indian Independence movement]]		\| occupation =
	\| occupation =		\| organization = [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association\|HSRA]], [[Naujawan Bharat Sabha]]
	\| organization = [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association\|HSRA]], [[Naujawan Bharat Sabha]]
	}}		}}

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	== Revolutionary activities ==		== Revolutionary activities ==

	=== ~~HSRA~~ ===		=== Hindustan Socialist republican association ===
	Sukhdev was a member of the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] (HSRA), and organised revolutionary cells in Punjab and other areas of North India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/facts-about-sukhdev-thapar-977156-2017-05-15\|title=Facts about martyr Sukhdev Thapar\|date=15 May 2017\|work=[[India Today]]\|access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref> He was the chief of Punjab unit of HSRA and instrumental in taking decisions.		Sukhdev was a member of the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] (HSRA), and organised revolutionary cells in Punjab and other areas of North India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/facts-about-sukhdev-thapar-977156-2017-05-15\|title=Facts about martyr Sukhdev Thapar\|date=15 May 2017\|work=[[India Today]]\|access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref> He was the chief of Punjab unit of HSRA and instrumental in taking decisions.

	Sukhdev participated in numerous revolutionary activities such as a prison hunger strike in 1929; he is best known for his assaults in the Lahore Conspiracy Case (~~1929–30~~).<ref name=":1">{{Cite news\|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/nation-world/remembering-the-men-who-shook-up-the-british-raj/sukhdev-thapar/slideshow/57792773.cms\|title=Remembering the men who shook up the British Raj\|date=23 Mar 2017\|work=[[The Economic Times]]\|access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref> He is best remembered for his involvement in the assassination of Assistant Superintendent of Police, J. P. Saunders, on 17 December 1928, by [[Bhagat Singh]] and [[Shivaram Rajguru]],<ref name=":0" /> undertaken in response to the violent death of the veteran leader [[Lala Lajpat Rai]].<ref name=":0" />		Sukhdev participated in numerous revolutionary activities such as a prison hunger strike in 1929; he is best known for his assaults in the Lahore Conspiracy Case (1929–1930).<ref name=":1">{{Cite news\|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/nation-world/remembering-the-men-who-shook-up-the-british-raj/sukhdev-thapar/slideshow/57792773.cms\|title=Remembering the men who shook up the British Raj\|date=23 Mar 2017\|work=[[The Economic Times]]\|access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref> He is best remembered for his involvement in the assassination of Assistant Superintendent of Police, J. P. Saunders, on 17 December 1928, by [[Bhagat Singh]] and [[Shivaram Rajguru]],<ref name=":0" /> undertaken in response to the violent death of the veteran leader [[Lala Lajpat Rai]].<ref name=":0" />

	=== Lahore Conspiracy Case ===		=== Lahore Conspiracy Case ===
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	=== Reactions to the executions ===		=== Reactions to the executions ===
	The executions were widely reported in the press, especially as they took place on the eve of the annual convention of the [[Indian National Congress]] in [[Karachi]].<ref>{{cite news\|title=Indian executions stun the Congress \|date=25 March 1931 \|work=The New York Times \|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0B11F83F5E1B7A93C7AB1788D85F458385F9&scp=18&sq="Bhagat \|~~accessdate~~=2011-10-11 \|df=dmy }}</ref> The ''[[New York Times]]'' reported:		The executions were widely reported in the press, especially as they took place on the eve of the annual convention of the [[Indian National Congress]] in [[Karachi]].<ref>{{cite news\|title=Indian executions stun the Congress \|date=25 March 1931 \|work=The New York Times \|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0B11F83F5E1B7A93C7AB1788D85F458385F9&scp=18&sq="Bhagat \|access-date=2011-10-11 \|df=dmy }}</ref> The ''[[New York Times]]'' reported:
	{{~~quote~~\|A reign of terror in the city of Cawnpore in the United Provinces and an attack on Mahatma Gandhi by a youth outside Karachi were among the answers of the Indian extremists today to the hanging of Bhagat Singh and two fellow-assassins.<ref>{{cite news\|title=50 die in India riot; Gandhi assaulted as party gathers \|date=26 March 1931 \|work=The New York Times \|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C15F93F5E1B7A93C4AB1788D85F458385F9&scp=19&sq="Bhagat \|~~accessdate~~=2011-10-11 \|df=dmy }}</ref>}} [[B. R. Ambedkar]], writing in an editorial in his newspaper ''Janata'', blamed the British government for its decision to go ahead with the executions, despite strong popular support for the revolutionaries.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2018/03/three-victims-ambedkars-editorial-on-bhagat-singhs-martyrdom/\|title='Three Victims' – Ambedkar's editorial on Bhagat Singh's martyrdom\|last=आंबेडकर\|first=B. R. Ambedkar बी आर\|date=2018-03-22\|website=Forward Press\|language=en-US\|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> He felt that the decision to execute the trio was not taken in the true spirit of justice, but was driven by the [[Second MacDonald ministry\|Labour Party-led British government's]] fear of backlash from the [[Conservative Party (UK)\|Conservative Party]] and a need to appease public opinion in England. The [[Gandhi–Irwin Pact\|Gandhi-Irwin pact]], signed just weeks before the execution, was viewed by the [[Conservative Party (UK)\|Conservatives]] as having dented the prestige of the [[British Empire]]. In such a situation, if the British government or the Viceroy of India commuted the death sentence awarded to the trio convicted of assassinating a British policeman, it would have given the Conservatives more ammunition to criticize an already weak British government in the parliament.		{{blockquote\|A reign of terror in the city of Cawnpore in the United Provinces and an attack on Mahatma Gandhi by a youth outside Karachi were among the answers of the Indian extremists today to the hanging of Bhagat Singh and two fellow-assassins.<ref>{{cite news\|title=50 die in India riot; Gandhi assaulted as party gathers \|date=26 March 1931 \|work=The New York Times \|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C15F93F5E1B7A93C4AB1788D85F458385F9&scp=19&sq="Bhagat \|access-date=2011-10-11 \|df=dmy }}</ref>}} [[B. R. Ambedkar]], writing in an editorial in his newspaper ''Janata'', blamed the British government for its decision to go ahead with the executions, despite strong popular support for the revolutionaries.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2018/03/three-victims-ambedkars-editorial-on-bhagat-singhs-martyrdom/\|title='Three Victims' – Ambedkar's editorial on Bhagat Singh's martyrdom\|last=आंबेडकर\|first=B. R. Ambedkar बी आर\|date=2018-03-22\|website=Forward Press\|language=en-US\|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> He felt that the decision to execute the trio was not taken in the true spirit of justice, but was driven by the [[Second MacDonald ministry\|Labour Party-led British government's]] fear of backlash from the [[Conservative Party (UK)\|Conservative Party]] and a need to appease public opinion in England. The [[Gandhi–Irwin Pact\|Gandhi-Irwin pact]], signed just weeks before the execution, was viewed by the [[Conservative Party (UK)\|Conservatives]] as having dented the prestige of the [[British Empire]]. In such a situation, if the British government or the Viceroy of India commuted the death sentence awarded to the trio convicted of assassinating a British policeman, it would have given the Conservatives more ammunition to criticize an already weak British government in the parliament.

	== Legacy ==		== Legacy ==

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{{Redirect|Sukhdev}}
{{Short description|Indian revolutionary (1907–1931)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sukhdev Thapar
| image = Sukhdev_Thapar.jpeg
| caption =
| birth_name = Sukhdev
| birth_date = 15 May 1907
| birth_place = [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1931|3|23|1907|5|15}}
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]<br /> (now in [[Punjab, Pakistan]])
| death_cause = Execution by Hanging
| nationality = Indian
| movement = [[Indian Independence movement]]
| occupation =
| organization = [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association|HSRA]], [[Naujawan Bharat Sabha]]
}}

'''Sukhdev Thapar''' (15 May 1907 – 23 March 1931) was an Indian [[revolutionary]]. A senior member of the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]], he participated in several actions alongside [[Bhagat Singh]] and [[Shivaram Rajguru]], and was hanged by the British authorities on 23 March 1931 at the age of 23.

== Early life ==
Sukhdev Thapar was born in [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] on 15 May 1907 to Ramlal Thapar and Ralli Devi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070513/spectrum/main1.htm|title=Mark of a martyr - Sukhdev Thapar|date=13 May 2007|work=The Tribune India|access-date=26 May 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66NnbCTpc?url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070513/spectrum/main1.htm|archive-date=23 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

He belonged to a [[Punjabi Hindu]] community and he was brought up by his uncle Lala Achintram after the death of his father.<ref name="Mande2005">{{cite book|author=Pramod Maruti Mande|title=Sacred offerings into the flames of freedom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ih1uAAAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Vande Mataram Foundation|isbn=978-81-902774-0-2|page=251}}</ref>

== Revolutionary activities ==

=== HSRA ===
Sukhdev was a member of the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] (HSRA), and organised revolutionary cells in Punjab and other areas of North India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/facts-about-sukhdev-thapar-977156-2017-05-15|title=Facts about martyr Sukhdev Thapar|date=15 May 2017|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref> He was the chief of Punjab unit of HSRA and instrumental in taking decisions.

Sukhdev participated in numerous revolutionary activities such as a prison hunger strike in 1929; he is best known for his assaults in the Lahore Conspiracy Case (1929–30).<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/nation-world/remembering-the-men-who-shook-up-the-british-raj/sukhdev-thapar/slideshow/57792773.cms|title=Remembering the men who shook up the British Raj|date=23 Mar 2017|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref> He is best remembered for his involvement in the assassination of Assistant Superintendent of Police, J. P. Saunders, on 17 December 1928, by [[Bhagat Singh]] and [[Shivaram Rajguru]],<ref name=":0" /> undertaken in response to the violent death of the veteran leader [[Lala Lajpat Rai]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Lahore Conspiracy Case ===
Sukhdev was the prime accused in the Lahore Conspiracy Case of 1929, whose official title was "Crown versus Sukhdev and others." The first information report (FIR) of the case, filed by Hamilton Harding, Senior Superintendent of police, in the court of R.S. Pandit, the Special Magistrate in April 1929, mentions Sukhdev as accused number 1. It describes him as Swami alias villager, son of Ram Lal, caste Thapar [[Khatri]].<ref name=":2" /> After the Central Assembly Hall bombings in New Delhi (8 April 1929), Sukhdev and his accomplices were arrested, convicted, and sentenced to death.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

[[File:Bhagat Singh's execution Lahore Tribune Front page.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Front page of ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' announcing the executions]]
On 23 March 1931, Thapar was hanged in [[Central Jail Lahore|Lahore Central Jail]], along with [[Bhagat Singh]] and [[Shivaram Rajguru]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Their bodies were secretly cremated at the banks of the River Sutlej.

=== Reactions to the executions ===
The executions were widely reported in the press, especially as they took place on the eve of the annual convention of the [[Indian National Congress]] in [[Karachi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian executions stun the Congress |date=25 March 1931 |work=The New York Times |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0B11F83F5E1B7A93C7AB1788D85F458385F9&scp=18&sq="Bhagat |accessdate=2011-10-11 |df=dmy }}</ref> The ''[[New York Times]]'' reported:
{{quote|A reign of terror in the city of Cawnpore in the United Provinces and an attack on Mahatma Gandhi by a youth outside Karachi were among the answers of the Indian extremists today to the hanging of Bhagat Singh and two fellow-assassins.<ref>{{cite news|title=50 die in India riot; Gandhi assaulted as party gathers |date=26 March 1931 |work=The New York Times |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C15F93F5E1B7A93C4AB1788D85F458385F9&scp=19&sq="Bhagat |accessdate=2011-10-11 |df=dmy }}</ref>}} [[B. R. Ambedkar]], writing in an editorial in his newspaper ''Janata'', blamed the British government for its decision to go ahead with the executions, despite strong popular support for the revolutionaries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2018/03/three-victims-ambedkars-editorial-on-bhagat-singhs-martyrdom/|title='Three Victims' – Ambedkar's editorial on Bhagat Singh's martyrdom|last=आंबेडकर|first=B. R. Ambedkar बी आर|date=2018-03-22|website=Forward Press|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> He felt that the decision to execute the trio was not taken in the true spirit of justice, but was driven by the [[Second MacDonald ministry|Labour Party-led British government's]] fear of backlash from the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] and a need to appease public opinion in England. The [[Gandhi–Irwin Pact|Gandhi-Irwin pact]], signed just weeks before the execution, was viewed by the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]] as having dented the prestige of the [[British Empire]]. In such a situation, if the British government or the Viceroy of India commuted the death sentence awarded to the trio convicted of assassinating a British policeman, it would have given the Conservatives more ammunition to criticize an already weak British government in the parliament.

== Legacy ==
[[File:National Martyrs Memorial Hussainiwala.jpg|thumb|right|250px|National Martyrs Memorial for Sukhdev, Bhagat Singh and Rajguru]]

[[Hussainiwala National Martyrs Memorial|National Martyrs Memorial]] is located at [[Hussainiwala]], where Sukhdev, along with Bhagat Singh and Rajguru, were cremated. A [[Martyrs' Day (India)|Martyrs' Day]] (Shaheed Diwas) is observed on March 23 in their memory. Tributes and homage is paid at the memorial.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/nation-paid-tributes-to-bhagat-singh-rajguru-sukhdev-on-their-86th-martyrdom-day-1490241956-1|title=Nation paid tributes to Bhagat Singh, Rajguru & Sukhdev on their 86th martyrdom day|access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref>

[[Shaheed Sukhdev College of Business Studies]], a constituent college of the [[University of Delhi]], is named in memory of Sukhdev. It was established in August 1987.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sscbs.du.ac.in/index.php/sscbs/shaheed-sukhdev|title=Shaheed Sukhdev|website=[[Shaheed Sukhdev College of Business Studies]]|access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref>

Amar Shaheed Sukhdev Thapar Inter-State Bus Terminal is the main bus stand of Ludhiana city, the birthplace of Sukhdev.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/punjab-roadways-takes-city-bus-stand-s-charge-temporarily/story-12kSylOQ03n7dhwkIMJRRI.html|title=Punjab Roadways takes city bus stand's charge temporarily|date=24 Jan 2016|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Ashfaqulla Khan]]
* [[Kakori Train Robbery]]
* [[Naujawan Bharat Sabha]]
* [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=Sukhdev: An Immortal Martyr of India |last=Hundal |first=Sandeep Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aJiPrgEACAAJ |year=2013 |publisher=Indraprastha Prakashan |location=Delhi |oclc=904267904}}
*{{cite book |last=Noorani |first=Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed |title=The Trial of Bhagat Singh: Politics of Justice |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |orig-year=1996 |isbn=0195796675}}

{{Commons category}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thapar, Sukhdev}}
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1931 deaths]]
[[Category:Executed revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:People from Ludhiana]]
[[Category:20th-century executions by British India]]
[[Category:Executed Indian people]]
[[Category:People executed by British India by hanging]]
[[Category:People executed for murdering police officers]]
[[Category:National College of Arts alumni]]