imported>Notfrompedro: Reverted good faith edits by Jayaramvenkatesans (talk): Not MOS

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Reverted good faith edits by Jayaramvenkatesans (talk): Not MOS

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{{short description|Statistics and causes of suicide in India}}
{{Suicide sidebar}}
[[File:Sucide rate.PNG|thumb|390px|India's suicide rate per 100,000 people compared to other countries, according to the World Health Organization, Geneva. Peeter Värnik<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Värnik | first1 = Peeter | year = 2012 | title = Suicide in the World | journal = International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | volume = 9 | issue = 3| pages = 760–771 | doi=10.3390/ijerph9030760 | pmid=22690161 | pmc=3367275}}</ref> claims China, Russia, United States, Japan, and [[South Korea]] are the biggest contributors to the absolute number of suicides in the world. Värnik claims India's adjusted annual suicide rate is 10.5 per 100,000, while the suicide rate for the world as a whole is 11.6 per 100,000.]] In 2016 the number of suicides in India had increased to 230,314. Suicide was the most common cause of death in both the age groups of 15–29 years and 15–39 years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gender differentials and state variations in suicide deaths in India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(18)30138-5/fulltext |access-date=20 October 2018 |publisher=Lancet |date=1 October 2018}}</ref>

About 800,000 people die by [[suicide]] worldwide every year,<ref>[https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/ Using the phrase ‘commit suicide’ is offensive to survivors and frightening to anyone contemplating taking his/her life. It’s not the same as ‘being committed’ to a relationship or any other use of it as a verb. Suicide prevention (SUPRE)] World Health Organization (2012)</ref> of these 135,000 (17%) are residents of India,<ref name=suicideGOI>[http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-ADSI-2012/suicides-11.pdf Suicides in India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513155939/http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-ADSI-2012/suicides-11.pdf |date=2014-05-13 }} The Registrar General of India, Government of India (2012)</ref> a nation with 17.5% of world population. Between 1987 and 2007, the suicide rate increased from 7.9 to 10.3 per 100,000,<ref>Vijaykumar L. (2007), [http://www.indianjpsychiatry.org/text.asp?2007/49/2/81/33252 Suicide and its prevention: The urgent need in India], Indian J Psychiatry;49:81–84,</ref> with higher suicide rates in southern and eastern states of India.<ref name="POLGREEN March 30">{{cite news | last= Polgreen
| first= Lydia | url= https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/31/world/asia/31india.html?ref=global-home| title= Suicides, Some for Separatist Cause, Jolt India | work= [[The New York Times]]| date= March 30, 2010
}}</ref> In 2012, [[Tamil Nadu]] (12.5% of all suicides), [[Maharashtra]] (11.9%) and [[West Bengal]] (11.0%) had the highest proportion of suicides.<ref name=suicideGOI/> Among large population states, Tamil Nadu and Kerala had the highest suicide rates per 100,000 people in 2012. The male to female suicide ratio has been about 2:1.<ref name=suicideGOI/>

Estimates for number of suicides in India vary. For example, a study published in ''[[The Lancet]]'' projected 187,000 suicides in India in 2010,<ref name="lancet june 12">{{Cite journal | last1 = Patel | first1 = V. | last2 = Ramasundarahettige | first2 = C. | last3 = Vijayakumar | first3 = L. | last4 = Thakur | first4 = J. S. | last5 = Gajalakshmi | first5 = V. | last6 = Gururaj | first6 = G. | last7 = Suraweera | first7 = W. | last8 = Jha | first8 = P. | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60606-0 | title = Suicide mortality in India: A nationally representative survey | journal = The Lancet | volume = 379 | issue = 9834 | pages = 2343–51 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22726517| pmc = 4247159}}</ref> while official data by the Government of India claims 134,600 suicides in the same year.<ref name=suicideGOI/>

According to [[World Health Organization|WHO]] data, the [[age adjustment|age standardized]] suicide rate in India is 16.4 per 100,000 for women (6th highest in the world) and 25.8 for men (ranking 22nd).<ref>[http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.MHSUICIDE?lang=en Suicide Rates – Data by country]. [[World Health Organization]] 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2015.</ref>

==Definition==
The Government of India classifies a death as suicide if it meets the following three criteria:<ref name=adsi2013>[http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-ADSI-2012/ADSI2012.pdf ADSI 2012 Annual Report] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810222918/http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-ADSI-2012/ADSI2012.pdf |date=2013-08-10 }} Glossary, Government of India</ref>
* it is an unnatural death,
* the intent to die originated within the person,
* there is a reason for the person to end his or her life. The reason may have been specified in a suicide note or unspecified.

If one of these criteria is not met, the death may be classified as death because of illness, murder or in another statistical.

== Statistics ==
[[File:Statewise_Distribution_Of_Suicides_In_India_in_2014.png|thumb|right|State-wise distribution in 2020]]
{{Bar chart
| title = Causes for suicide in India In 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.gov.in/catalog/stateut-wise-distribution-suicides-causes|title=Catalogs/State/UT-wise distribution of suicides by causes|website=data.gov.in}}</ref>
| label_type = Causes
| data_type = No. of people
| bar_width = 20
| width_units = em
| data_max = 136000
| label1 = Bankruptcy or indebtedness | data1 = 2308
| label2 = Marriage Related Issues (total) | data2 = 6773
| label3 = (including) Non Settlement of Marriage | data3 = 1096
| label4 = (including) Dowry Related Issues | data4 = 2261
| label5 = (including) Extra Marital affairs | data5 = 476
| label6 = (including) Divorce | data6 = 333
| label7 = (including) Others | data7 = 2607
| label8 = Failure in Examination | data8 = 2403
| label9 = Impotency/Infertility | data9 = 332
| label10 = Other Family problems | data10 = 28602
| label11 = Illness (total) | data11 = 23746
| label12 = Death of dear person | data12 = 981
| label13 = Drug abuse/addiction | data13 = 3647
| label14 = Fall in social reputation | data14 = 490
| label15 = Ideological causes/Hero worshipping | data15 = 56
| label16 = Love affairs | data16 = 4168
| label17 = Poverty | data17 = 1699
| label18 = Unemployment | data18 = 2207
| label19 = Property dispute | data19 = 1067
| label20 = Suspected/Illicit relation | data20 = 458
| label21 = Illegitimate Pregnancy | data21 = 56
| label22 = Physical Abuse (Rape, etc.) | data22 = 74
| label23 = Professional/Career Problem | data23 = 903
| label24 = Causes not known | data24 = 16264
| label25 = Other causes | data25 = 35432
}}

=== Regional trends ===
The southern states of [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] along with eastern states of West Bengal, [[Tripura]] and [[Mizoram]] have a suicide rate of greater than 16 while it is less than 4 in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]].<ref name=suicideGOI/> [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] reported the highest suicide rate at 36.8 per 100,000 people, followed by [[Sikkim]], Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The lowest suicide rates were reported in [[Bihar]] (0.8 per 100,000), followed by [[Nagaland]] and [[Manipur]].<ref name=adsi2013/>

=== Age and suicide in India ===
In India, about 46,000 suicides occurred each in 15–29 and 30–44 age groups in 2012 – or about 3% each of all suicides.<ref name=suicideGOI/>

=== Method of suicide in India ===
Poisoning (33%), hanging (26%) and self-immolation (9%) were the primary methods used to die by suicide in 2012.<ref name=suicideGOI/>

===Literacy===
In 2012, 89% of the suicide victims were literate, higher than the national average literacy rate of 74%.<ref name=adsi2013/>

===Suicide in cities===
There were 19,120 suicides in India's largest 53 cities. In the year 2012, [[Chennai]] reported the highest total number of suicides at 2,183, followed by [[Bengaluru]] (1,989), [[Delhi]] (1,397) and [[Mumbai]] (1,296). [[Jabalpur]] (Madhya Pradesh) followed by [[Kollam]] (Kerala) reported the highest rate of suicides at 45.1 and 40.5 per 100,000 people respectively, about 4 times higher than national average rate.<ref name=adsi2013/> There is a wide variation in suicide rates, year to year, among Indian cities. As well in Punjab suicide rate increase for bank issues.

===Gender===
On average, male suicide rate is twice that of females.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-ADSI-2012/suicides-11.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-04-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513155939/http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-ADSI-2012/suicides-11.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-13 }}</ref> However, there is a wide variation in this ratio at the regional level. West Bengal reported 6,277 female suicides, the highest among all states of India, and a ratio of male to female suicides at 4:3.<ref name=adsi2013/>

== Dynamics ==

=== Domestic violence ===
{{Further|Domestic violence in India}}

Domestic violence is a major risk factor for suicide in a case study performed in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Gururaj | first1 = G | last2 = Isaac | first2 = M | last3 = Subhakrishna | first3 = DK | last4 = Ranjani | first4 = R | year = 2004 | title = Risk factors for completed suicides: A case-control study from Bangalore, India | journal = Inj Control Saf Promot | volume = 11 | issue = 3| pages = 183–91 | doi=10.1080/156609704/233/289706| pmid = 15764105 | s2cid = 29716380 }}</ref><ref>Deshpande, R S (2009), Agrarian Transition and Farmers’ Distress in Karnataka. In D. Narasimha Reddy and Srijit Mishra (eds.) ‘Agrarian Crisis in India’. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, New Delhi.</ref> However, as a fraction of total suicides, violence against women – such as domestic violence, rape, incest and dowry – accounted for less than 4% of total suicides.<ref name=suicideGOI/>

===Suicide motivated by politics===
Suicides motivated by [[Politics of India|ideology]] doubled between 2006 and 2008.<ref name="POLGREEN March 30" />

===Suicide motivated by mental illness(Depression)===
The Indian government has been criticized by the media for its mental health care system, which is linked to the high suicide rate.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/31/opinion/indias-mental-health-crisis.html |title=India's Mental Health Crisis |date=2014-12-30 |work=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref><ref name="huffpost">{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/mental-daily-slams-indias-mental-health-system-calls_us_581c1711e4b0334571e099a0 |title=Mental Daily Slams India's Mental Health System — Calls It 'Crippling', 'Misogynistic' |last=Bray |first=Carrick |date=2016-11-04 |publisher=[[The Huffington Post]] }}</ref>

=== Farmer's suicide in India ===
{{Main|Farmers' suicides in India}}
India's economy vastly depends on agriculture with around 60% of its people directly or indirectly depend upon it. Different reasons like droughts, low yield prices, exploitation by middlemen and inability to pay loans lead Indian farmers to die by suicide.

===Student suicides in India===
According to 2015 data from the National Crime Records Bureau, 8,934 students are committing suicide every year. That's one student every hour. Despite being one of the most advanced states in India, Maharashtra has the highest number of student suicides with 1230 of the 8930 suicides occurring here (14%) and Tamil Nadu has the second highest with 955 of the 8934 suicides (10%).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-08|title=Every hour, one student commits suicide in India|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/health-and-fitness/every-hour-one-student-commits-suicide-in-india/story-7UFFhSs6h1HNgrNO60FZ2O.html|access-date=2020-06-21|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

Every hour one student commits suicide in India, with about 28 such suicides reported every day, according to data compiled by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB). The NCRB data shows that 10,159 students died by suicide in 2018, an increase from 9,905 in 2017, and 9,478 in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Garai|first=Shuvabrata|date=2020-01-29|title=Student suicides rising, 28 lives lost every day|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/student-suicides-rising-28-lives-lost-every-day/article30685085.ece|access-date=2020-06-21|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

====Cram Schools====
Many suicides are attributed to the intense pressure and harsh regimen of the students in [[cram schools]] (or coaching institutes).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-01|title=Why 57 Young Students Have Taken Their Lives In Kota|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/06/01/life-and-death-in-kota_n_10232456.html|access-date=2020-10-13|website=HuffPost India|language=en}}</ref> These institutes offer coaching to high school students for various competitive exams, such as the [[Joint Entrance Examination|JEE]] or [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-17|title=After 50 student suicides, Andhra and Telangana govts wake up to looming crisis|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/after-50-student-suicides-andhra-and-telangana-govts-wake-looming-crisis-70118|access-date=2020-10-13|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Iqbal|first=Mohammed|date=2018-12-29|title=The dark side of Kota’s dream chasers|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-dark-side-of-kotas-dream-chasers/article25861203.ece|access-date=2020-10-13|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==== Ragging ====
[[Ragging]] has been identified as a trigger for suicides.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Deepika|first=K. c|date=2015-08-06|title=Ragging leads to 15 suicides in 18 months|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/ragging-leads-to-15-suicides-in-18-months/article7505345.ece|access-date=2020-10-13|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Suicide in the Indian Armed Forces ===
Over 100 soldiers in the Indian Armed Forces are lost due to suicides and [[Fratricide|fratricides]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2021-01-08|title=Over half of Army personnel under severe stress: study|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/over-half-of-army-personnel-under-severe-stress-study/article33528310.ece|access-date=2021-01-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=7 December 2020|title=Prevailing stress levels in Indian Army due to prolonged exposure to counter insurgency/ counter terrorism environment, report of scholar’s webinar held on 17 October 2020|url=https://usiofindia.org/publication/cs3-strategic-perspectives/prevailing-stress-levels-in-indian-army-due-to-prolonged-exposure-to-counter-insurgency-counter-terrorism-environment-report-of-scholars-webinar-held-on-17-october-2020/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111132540/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3AfLXmTEqrACIJ%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fusiofindia.org%2Fpublication%2Fcs3-strategic-perspectives%2Fprevailing-stress-levels-in-indian-army-due-to-prolonged-exposure-to-counter-insurgency-counter-terrorism-environment-report-of-scholars-webinar-held-on-17-october-2020%2F+&cd=8&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in|archive-date=11 January 2021|access-date=11 January 2021|website=United Service Institution of India}}</ref>

==Legislation==
{{main|Section 309 of the Indian Penal Code}}
In India, suicide was illegal and the survivor would face jail term of up to one year and fine under Section 309 of the [[Indian Penal Code]]. However, the government of India decided to repeal the law in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/govt-decides-to-repeal-section-309-from-ipc-attempt-to-suicide-no-longer-a-crime_1512479.html|title=Govt decides to repeal Section 309 from IPC; attempt to suicide no longer a crime|publisher=Zee News|date=December 10, 2014|access-date=December 10, 2014}}</ref> In April 2017, the [[Indian parliament]] decriminalised suicide by passing the [[Mental Health Care Act, 2017|Mental Healthcare Act, 2017]]<ref name=":451">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mental-health-bill-decriminalising-suicide-passed-by-parliament/|title=Mental health bill decriminalising suicide passed by Parliament|date=2017-03-27|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-03-27|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327160250/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mental-health-bill-decriminalising-suicide-passed-by-parliament/|archive-date=27 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/175248.pdf|title=THE MENTAL HEALTHCARE ACT, 2017|publisher=The Gazette of India|date=7 April 2017|location=New Delhi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421194814/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/175248.pdf|archive-date=21 April 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and the act commenced in July 2018.

=== Suicide prevention ===
Approaches to preventing suicide suggested in a 2003 monograph include:
#Reducing social isolation
#Preventing [[social disintegration]]
#Treating mental disorders<ref name="msmonographs.org">[http://www.msmonographs.org/article.asp?issn=0973-1229;year=2003;volume=1;issue=2;spage=3;epage=16;aulast=Singh Singh A.R., Singh S.A. (2003), Towards a suicide free society: identify suicide prevention as public health policy, Mens Sana Monographs, II:2, p3-16. [cited 2011 Mar 7]]</ref>
#Regulating the sale of pesticides & ropes<ref name="msmonographs.org"/>
#Promoting psychological motivational sessions and meditation and yoga.<ref name="msmonographs.org"/>

State-led policies are being enforced to decrease the high suicide rate among farmers of [[Karnataka]].<ref>Deshpande, R S (2002), Suicide by Farmers in Karnataka: Agrarian Distress and Possible Alleviatory Steps, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol 37 No 25, pp2601-10</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Farmers' suicides in India]]
* [[Mental health in India]]
* [[List of states and union territories of India by suicide rate]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.msmonographs.org/article.asp?issn=0973-1229;year=2003;volume=1;issue=2;spage=3;epage=16;aulast=Singh Singh A.R., Singh S.A. (2003), Towards a suicide free society: identify suicide prevention as public health policy, Mens Sana Monographs, II:2, p3-16.]
* [http://www.indianjpsychiatry.org/text.asp?2007/49/2/81/33252 Vijaykumar L. (2007), Suicide and its prevention: The urgent need in India, Indian J Psychiatry;49:81–84.]

{{Social issues in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suicide In India}}
[[Category:Suicide in India| ]]

Suicide in India - Revision history

imported>Notfrompedro: Reverted good faith edits by Jayaramvenkatesans (talk): Not MOS