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{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sugata Mitra
| image = Sugra mitra.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt = Mitra in 2012
| caption =
| birth_name = Sugata Mitra
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1952|02|12}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = Indian
| other_names =
| known_for = Hole in the Wall project
| occupation = Professor
}}

'''Sugata Mitra''' (born 12 February 1952) is an Indian [[computer scientist]] and [[educational theorist]]. He is best known for his [[Minimally invasive education|"Hole in the Wall"]] experiment, and widely cited in works on literacy and education. He is Professor Emeritus at NIIT University, Rajasthan, India. A Ph.D. in theoretical physics, he retired in 2019 as Professor of Educational Technology at Newcastle University in England, after 13 years there including a year in 2012 as Visiting Professor at MIT MediaLab in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. He won the [[TED Prize]] 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wakefield |first=Jane |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-21614181 |title=BBC News – TED 2013: UK educationalist wins TED prize |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=28 February 2013 |access-date=7 March 2013}}</ref>

== Background ==
Mitra was born in a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] family in [[Calcutta]], India on 12 February 1952.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mitra|first=Sugata|title=SM-Resume|url=https://www.cevesm.com/resume|access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref>

== Early scientific work ==
After earning a PhD in Solid State Physics from the [[Indian Institute of Technology]] (IIT), Delhi, during which time he [https://www.cevesm.com/publications published] several papers on organic semiconductors, he went on to research battery technology at the Centre for Energy Studies in the IIT, and later at the [[Technische Universität]], Vienna. He published a paper on a zinc-chlorine battery <ref name="Mitra1982">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0378-7753(82)85003-9|title=A design for zinc–chlorine batteries|journal=Journal of Power Sources|volume=8|issue=4|pages=359|year=1982|last1=Mitra|first1=S.}}</ref> and a speculative paper on why the human [[sense organ]]s are located where they are.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Correlation Between the Location and Sensitivity of Human Sense Organs|last1 = Banerjee|first1 = A.K.|journal = Speculative Science & Technology |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=141–145|last2 = Mitra|first2 = S|year = 1982}}</ref>

He then worked setting up networked computers and created the "Yellow Pages" industry in India and Bangladesh{{Citation needed|date = July 2015}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bannerjee|first=Utpal|title=Dr.|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1992|isbn=978-8170224426|location=India|pages=379}}</ref>

== Education and cognitive science studies ==
Mitra is a leading proponent of [[Minimally invasive education]]. He has a PhD in Physics but is credited with more than 25 inventions in the area of [[cognitive science]] and [[education technology]]. {{Citation needed|date = July 2015}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mitra|first=Sugata|title=Prof.|url=http://www.cevesm.com|access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref> He was conferred the [[Dewang Mehta]] Award for Innovation in Information Technology in the year 2005.<ref>[http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-04-05/news/27508436_1_niit-sugata-mitra-innovation Dewang Mehta Award winner 2005]</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20160316062353/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/04/13/stories/2005041320640300.htm Dewang Mehta Award for Sugata Mitra]</ref> In September 2012 Mitra won the Leonardo European Corporate Learning Award in the "Crossing Border" category.<ref>[http://www.leonardo-award.eu/content/e677/e678/e682/e685/e2306/e1384/index_eng.html Press release: Awards for outstanding impulses for education in Europe]</ref> He argued that broken connections in simulated [[neural network]]s are a model for [[Alzheimer's disease]] (The effect of synaptic disconnection on bi-directional associative recall. S. Mitra, Proc. IEEE/SMC Conf., Vol.1, 989, 1994 USA).

Mitra's work at [[NIIT]] created the first [[curricula]] and [[pedagogy]] for that organisation, followed by years of research on [[learning styles]], learning devices, several of them now patented, multimedia and new methods of learning.{{Citation needed|date = July 2015}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mitra|first=Sugata|title=Prof.|url=http://www.cevesm.com|access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref> Since the 1970s, Professor Mitra's publications and work has resulted in training and development of perhaps a million young Indians, amongst them some of the poorest children in the world. Some of this work culminated in an interest in early literacy, and the Hole in the Wall experiments.

== TED Talk ==
On 3 May 2013, Mitra's TED Talk "Build a School in the Cloud" was featured in NPR's TED Radio hour on "Unstoppable Learning". In the program, Mitra discusses the "Hole in the Wall" experiment. Mitra claimed that children in the rural slums of India, many of whom had never seen a computer in their lives had, when left with computers in kiosks, taught themselves everything from "character mapping" to advanced topics such as "DNA replication" on their own, without adult assistance. He suggested this would lead to "unstoppable learning" through a "worldwide cloud" – where children would pool their knowledge and resources in the absence of adult supervision to create a world of self-promoted learning.

Mitra was the TED Prize winner in 2013.<ref name="TED2013">{{cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/participate/ted-prize/prize-winning-wishes/school-in-the-cloud|title=Sugata Mitra creates a School in the Cloud|publisher=ted.com|access-date=October 16, 2020}}</ref>

== Hole in the Wall ==
{{external media | width = 210px | align = right
| headerimage=
[[File:Sugata Mitra TEDPrize Winner - Conversation..JPG|210px]]Sugata Mitra explaining the Hole in Wall after winning the TED Prize.
| video1 ={{TED talk|sugata_mitra_shows_how_kids_teach_themselves|The Hole in the Wall Experiment}}, 2007
| video2 = {{TED talk|sugata_mitra_the_child_driven_education|The Child-Driven Education}}, 2010
| video3 = {{TED talk|sugata_mitra_build_a_school_in_the_cloud.html|Build a School in the Cloud}}, 2013
}}

In 1999, the [[HiWEL#HiWEL|Hole in the Wall]] (HIW) experiments in children's learning, was first conducted. In the initial experiment, a computer was placed in a [[kiosk]] in a wall in a [[slum]] at Kalkaji, [[Delhi]] and children were allowed to use it freely.<ref>[http://www.hole-in-the-wall.com/Beginnings.html The Beginnings] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013033113/http://www.hole-in-the-wall.com/Beginnings.html |date=13 October 2007 }}</ref> The experiment aimed at proving that children could be taught by computers very easily without any formal training. Mitra termed this [[Minimally Invasive Education]] (MIE). The experiment has since been repeated. HIW placed some 23 kiosks in rural India. In 2004 the experiment was carried out in [[Cambodia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.niit.com/niit/ContentAdmin/NWS/NWSPR/NWSPR2/pr-021003-ICCR.htm|title=ICCR takes NIIT's "Hole-in-the-wall" experiment to Cambodia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050107125403/http://www.niit.com/niit/ContentAdmin/NWS/NWSPR/NWSPR2/pr-021003-ICCR.htm|archive-date=7 January 2005|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

This work demonstrated that groups of children, irrespective of who or where they are, can learn to use computers and the Internet on their own with public computers in open spaces such as roads and playgrounds, even without knowing English.<ref>Mitra, Sugata, Ritu Dangwal, Shiffon Chatterjee, Swati Jha, Ravinder S. Bisht and Preeti Kapur (2005), [http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet21/mitra.html Acquisition of Computer Literacy on Shared Public Computers: Children and the “Hole in the wall,”] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523112413/http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet21/mitra.html |date=23 May 2008 }} ''Australasian Journal of Educational Technology'', 21(3), 407–426.</ref> Mitra's publication was judged the best open access publication in the world for 2005 and he was awarded the [[Dewang Mehta Award]] for innovation in IT that year.{{Citation needed|date = July 2015}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=CIOL|url=https://www.ciol.com/sugata-mitra-awarded/C|access-date=8 November 2020|website=CIOL.com}}</ref>

The Hole in the Wall experiment inspired Indian diplomat [[Vikas Swarup]] to write his debut novel ''[[Q & A (novel)|Q & A]]'', which later became the movie ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2009/mar/03/professor-sugata-mitra|title=The Guardian "Slumdog professor"|date=3 March 2009}}</ref>

=== Evaluations and criticisms ===
Critics have questioned whether leaving computers in villages results in gains in math and other skills.<ref name="Paradowski2014">Paradowski, Michał B. (2014) [http://publikacje.ils.uw.edu.pl/publication/download/classrooms-cloud-castles-air Classrooms in the cloud or castles in the air?] IATEFL Voices 239, 8–10.</ref>

In a study in Peru, with some resemblance to Sugata Mitra's studies, but many differences (number of laptops, how the pedagogic tasks were constructed etc.) Michael Trucano, found no evidence of increases in these key skills.<ref name="Trucano2012">Michael Trucano (2012)[http://blogs.worldbank.org/edutech/node/654 Evaluating One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) in Peru]</ref> Others see the idea as a recycling of what they see as a "Dump hardware in schools, hope for magic to happen" plan.<ref name="Cuban2012">Cuban, L, (2012). [http://larrycuban.wordpress.com/2013/03/18/no-end-to-magical-thinking-when-it-comes-to-high-tech-schooling No end to magical thinking when it comes to high tech Schooling]</ref>

The long-term sustainability of the kiosk system has been questioned because they can fall into disrepair and abandonment unless the resources typical of a school are provided.<ref name="Arora2010">Arora, P (2010). [http://www.payalarora.com/Publications/Arora-HopeintheWall.pdf Hope-in-the-Wall? A digital promise for free learning] ''British Journal of Educational Technology'' doi 10.1111/j.1467-8535.2010.01078.x</ref> UK education researcher Donald Clark has accumulated significant support indicating that the typical fate of a site is abuse and abandonment, unless it is inside a sanctuary such as a school. Moreover, Clark found that the computers were dominated by bigger boys, excluding girls and younger students, and were mostly used for entertainment not education.<ref>Clark D. (2013) [http://donaldclarkplanb.blogspot.co.uk/search?q=mitra Sugata Mitra: Slum chic? 7 reasons for doubt]</ref> However, all of Clark's work is in blogs and he does not seem to have any peer reviewed research publications.

In a Wired magazine article, it was claimed that a 12-year-old child – Paloma Noyola Bueno – who lived in a Mexican slum, topped the all Mexico Maths exam after her school teacher, Sergio Juarez Correa, implemented Mitra's teaching method in the classroom. It was also suggested that her class went from 0 to 63 per cent in the excellent category on the Maths exam while failing scores went from 45 percent down to 7 per cent and may have improved on other parts of the test.<ref name="Wired">Wired [https://www.wired.com/business/2013/10/free-thinkers/all/ How a Radical New Teaching Method Could Unleash a Generation of Geniuses]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{TED speaker}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060922135359/http://www.hole-in-the-wall.com/ Hole in the wall official website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070710173800/http://www.globalvision.org/program/how/how.html The Hole in the Wall], a documentary about the experiment
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070807083415/http://www.niit.com/niit/ContentAdmin/NWS/NWSPR/NWSPR2/pr-010405-sugata-dewang.htm Press release about Dewang Mehta Award]
* [http://www.nirantar.org/0507-samvaad-hiw HIW: Kids learn computer by themselves]: An interview with Dr Mitra published in a [[Hindi]] [[webzine]].
* [http://sugatam.wikispaces.com/ Wiki referenced during Ted Talks]
* [http://www.wiziq.com/webinar/25-live-conversation-with-mit-professor-sugata-mitra Live Conversation with the Professor at Wiz-IQ-dot-com] [[Wiziq]] is a popular educational website equipped with state-of-art [http://www.wiziq.com/Virtual_Classroom.aspx Virtual Classroom]
* [http://philpapers.org/rec/SILRES Should We Replace Old With New? A response to Sugata Mitra]
* {{cite magazine|last=Davis |first=Joshua |url=https://www.wired.com/business/2013/10/free-thinkers/all/ |title=How a Radical New Teaching Method Could Unleash a Generation of Geniuses | Wired Business |magazine=Wired |publisher=Wired.com |access-date=20 October 2013}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mitra, Sugata}}
[[Category:Indian computer scientists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]

Sugata Mitra - Revision history

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