Subedar - Revision history

Bot: robot: Create/update articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

2022-11-27T03:29:49Z

robot: Create/update articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:59, 27 November 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|A rank of junior commissioned officer}}		{{Short description\|A rank of junior commissioned officer}}
	{{more citations needed\|date=June ~~2022~~}}		{{more citations needed\|date=June 2012}}

	{{multiple image		{{multiple image
Line 32:		Line 32:

	==After Independence==		==After Independence==
	After independence, which came in 1947 with the [[Partition of India]], the former Indian Army was divided between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Indian Army- Indian Independence \|url=https://en.~~bharatdata~~.org/wiki/Indian_Army#Indian_independence}}</ref>{{Circular reference\|date=July 2021}}		After independence, which came in 1947 with the [[Partition of India]], the former Indian Army was divided between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Indian Army- Indian Independence \|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Army#Indian_independence}}</ref>{{Circular reference\|date=July 2021}}

	===Indian Army===		===Indian Army===

Bot: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

2022-11-27T03:29:49Z

robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:59, 27 November 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|A rank of junior commissioned officer}}		{{Short description\|A rank of junior commissioned officer}}
	{{more citations needed\|date=June ~~2012~~}}		{{more citations needed\|date=June 2022}}

	{{multiple image		{{multiple image
Line 8:		Line 8:
	\| width1 = 79		\| width1 = 79
	\| image1 = Subedar - Risaldar of the Indian Army.svg		\| image1 = Subedar - Risaldar of the Indian Army.svg
	\| caption1 = India		\| caption1 = {{flag\|India}}
	\| width2 = 84		\| width2 = 84
	\| image2 = 09.Pakistan Army-MCWO.svg		\| image2 = 09.Pakistan Army-MCWO.svg
	\| caption2 = Pakistan		\| caption2 = {{flag\|Pakistan}}
	}}		}}{{Not to be confused with\|Subahdar\|text=[[Subahdar]], a historical title for the head of a provincial administration}}

	'''Subedar''' is a rank of [[junior commissioned officer]] in the [[Indian Army]]; a senior [[non-commissioned officer]] in the [[Pakistan Army]], and formerly a [[Viceroy's commissioned officer]] in the [[British Indian Army]].<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Archives\|first=The National\|title=The National Archives - Homepage\|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/indian-army-personnel/\|access-date=2021-01-22\|website=The National Archives\|language=en-GB}}</ref>		'''Subedar''' is a rank of [[junior commissioned officer]] in the [[Indian Army]]; a senior [[non-commissioned officer]] in the [[Pakistan Army]], and formerly a [[Viceroy's commissioned officer]] in the [[British Indian Army]].<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Archives\|first=The National\|title=The National Archives - Homepage\|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/indian-army-personnel/\|access-date=2021-01-22\|website=The National Archives\|language=en-GB}}</ref>

	==History==		==History==

	''Subedar'' or ''subadar'' was the second-highest rank of Indian officer in the military forces of [[British India]], ranking below "British ~~commissioned officers~~" and above "Local ~~non~~-~~commissioned officers~~". Indian officers were promoted to this rank on the basis of both lengths of service and individual merit.		''Subedar'' or ''subadar'' was the second-highest rank of Indian officer in the military forces of [[British India]], ranking below "British Commissioned Officers" and above "Local Non-Commissioned Officers". Indian officers were promoted to this rank on the basis of both lengths of service and individual merit.

	A ~~subedar~~ was senior to a [[~~jemadar~~]] and junior to a ~~subedar-major~~ in ~~the~~ infantry ~~regiments~~ of the Indian Army ~~under British rule. The cavalry equivalent was [[risaldar]]~~. Both ~~jemadars~~ and Risaldars wore two stars as rank insignia.<ref>{{cite book\|first=Michael\|last=Creese\|page=xiii\|title=Swords Trembling in Their Scabbards. The Changing Status of Indian Officers in the Indian Army 1757-1947\|~~ISBN~~=9-781909-982819}}</ref>		Under British rule, a [[Risaldar]] was the cavalry equivalent of a Subedar. A Subedar / [[Risaldar]] was ranked senior to a [[Jemadar]] and junior to a Subedar Major / Risaldar Major in an infantry / cavalry regiment of the Indian Army. Both Subedars and Risaldars wore two stars as rank insignia.<ref>{{cite book\|first=Michael\|last=Creese\|page=xiii\|title=Swords Trembling in Their Scabbards. The Changing Status of Indian Officers in the Indian Army 1757-1947\|isbn=9-781909-982819}}</ref>

	The rank was introduced in the [[East India Company]]'s [[presidency armies]] (the [[Bengal Army]], the [[Madras Army]] and the [[Bombay Army]]) to make it easier for British officers to communicate with Indian troops. It was thus important for subedars to have some competence in [[English language\|English]]. In an order dated November 1755 the structure of an infantry company in the HEIC's newly raised infantry regiments provided for one subedar, four [[jemadar]]s, 16 [[non-commissioned officer\|NCOs]] and 90 [[sepoy]]s (private soldiers). This was to remain the approximate proportion until the number of British junior officers in a regiment increased later in the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book\|first=Michael\|last=Creese\|page=26\|title=Swords Trembling in Their Scabbards. The Changing Status of Indian Officers in the Indian Army 1757-1947\|~~ISBN~~=9-781909-982819}}</ref>		The rank was introduced in the [[East India Company]]'s [[presidency armies]] (the [[Bengal Army]], the [[Madras Army]] and the [[Bombay Army]]) to make it easier for British officers to communicate with Indian troops. It was thus important for subedars to have some competence in [[English language\|English]]. In an order dated November 1755 the structure of an infantry company in the HEIC's newly raised infantry regiments provided for one subedar, four [[jemadar]]s, 16 [[non-commissioned officer\|NCOs]] and 90 [[sepoy]]s (private soldiers). This was to remain the approximate proportion until the number of British junior officers in a regiment increased later in the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book\|first=Michael\|last=Creese\|page=26\|title=Swords Trembling in Their Scabbards. The Changing Status of Indian Officers in the Indian Army 1757-1947\|isbn=9-781909-982819}}</ref>

	Until 1866, the rank was the highest an Indian soldier could achieve in the army of [[British India]]. A subedar's authority was confined to other Indian troops, and he could not command British troops. Promoted from the ranks and usually advanced through seniority based on long service; the typical subedar of this period was a relatively elderly veteran with limited English, whose extensive regimental experience and practical knowledge was not matched by formal education or training.<ref>{{cite book\|first=Michael\|last=Creese\|pages=28\|title=Swords Trembling in Their Scabbards. The Changing Status of Indian Officers in the Indian Army 1757-1947\|~~ISBN~~=9-781909-982819}}</ref>		Until 1866, the rank was the highest an Indian soldier could achieve in the army of [[British India]]. A subedar's authority was confined to other Indian troops, and he could not command British troops. Promoted from the ranks and usually advanced through seniority based on long service; the typical subedar of this period was a relatively elderly veteran with limited English, whose extensive regimental experience and practical knowledge was not matched by formal education or training.<ref>{{cite book\|first=Michael\|last=Creese\|pages=28\|title=Swords Trembling in Their Scabbards. The Changing Status of Indian Officers in the Indian Army 1757-1947\|isbn=9-781909-982819}}</ref>

	Before the [[Partition of India]], subedars were known as [[Viceroy's commissioned officer]]s (VCOs). After 1947, this term was changed to [[junior commissioned officer]]s. It was not until the 1930s that significant numbers of Indian cadets began to be appointed as King's Commissioned Officers (KCOs) from either [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst\|Sandhurst]] or the Indian Military Academy at Dehra Dun.<ref>{{cite book\|first=Philip\|last=Mason\|pages=~~453-466~~\|title=A Matter of Honour. An Account of the Indian Army, its Officers and Men\|~~ISBN~~=0-333-41837-9}}</ref>		Before the [[Partition of India]], subedars were known as [[Viceroy's commissioned officer]]s (VCOs). After 1947, this term was changed to [[junior commissioned officer]]s. It was not until the 1930s that significant numbers of Indian cadets began to be appointed as King's Commissioned Officers (KCOs) from either [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst\|Sandhurst]] or the Indian Military Academy at Dehra Dun.<ref>{{cite book\|first=Philip\|last=Mason\|pages=453–466\|title=A Matter of Honour. An Account of the Indian Army, its Officers and Men\|isbn=0-333-41837-9}}</ref>

	Until 1858, subedars wore two epaulettes with small bullion fringes on each shoulder. After 1858, they wore two crossed golden swords, or, in the [[Gurkha]] regiments, two crossed golden kukris, on each side of the collar of the tunic or on the right breast of the [[kurta]]. After 1900, subedars wore two pips on each shoulder. A red-yellow-red ribbon was introduced under each pip after [[World War I]]. After [[World War II]], this ribbon was moved to lie between the shoulder title and the rank insignia (two brass stars on both shoulders).		Until 1858, subedars wore two epaulettes with small bullion fringes on each shoulder. After 1858, they wore two crossed golden swords, or, in the [[Gurkha]] regiments, two crossed golden kukris, on each side of the collar of the tunic or on the right breast of the [[kurta]]. After 1900, subedars wore two pips on each shoulder. A red-yellow-red ribbon was introduced under each pip after [[World War I]]. After [[World War II]], this ribbon was moved to lie between the shoulder title and the rank insignia (two brass stars on both shoulders).
Line 33:		Line 32:

	==After Independence==		==After Independence==
	After independence, which came in 1947 with the [[Partition of India]], the former Indian Army was divided between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Indian Army- Indian Independence \|url=https://en.~~wikipedia~~.org/wiki/Indian_Army#Indian_independence}}</ref>{{Circular reference\|date=July 2021}}		After independence, which came in 1947 with the [[Partition of India]], the former Indian Army was divided between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Indian Army- Indian Independence \|url=https://en.bharatdata.org/wiki/Indian_Army#Indian_independence}}</ref>{{Circular reference\|date=July 2021}}

	===Indian Army===		===Indian Army===
Line 41:		Line 40:
	===Pakistan Army===		===Pakistan Army===

	In the [[Pakistan Army]], the rank has been retained as a senior ~~NCO~~, but the distinguishing [[shoulder mark\|ribbon band]] on the [[shoulder strap]] is now red-green-red.		In the [[Pakistan Army]], the rank has been retained as a senior JCO, but the distinguishing [[shoulder mark\|ribbon band]] on the [[shoulder strap]] is now red-green-red.

	==References==		==References==
Line 51:		Line 50:
	[[Category:Hindi words and phrases]]		[[Category:Hindi words and phrases]]
	[[Category:Military ranks of British India]]		[[Category:Military ranks of British India]]
	~~[[Category:Military ranks of Bangladesh]]~~
	[[Category:Military ranks of Pakistan]]		[[Category:Military ranks of Pakistan]]
	[[Category:Military ranks of the Indian Army]]		[[Category:Military ranks of the Indian Army]]

imported>Tintinkien at 13:46, 3 August 2021

2021-08-03T13:46:21Z

New page

{{Short description|A rank of junior commissioned officer}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2012}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| caption_align = center
|header = Subedar rank insignia
| width1 = 79
| image1 = Subedar - Risaldar of the Indian Army.svg
| caption1 = India
| width2 = 84
| image2 = 09.Pakistan Army-MCWO.svg
| caption2 = Pakistan
}}

'''Subedar''' is a rank of [[junior commissioned officer]] in the [[Indian Army]]; a senior [[non-commissioned officer]] in the [[Pakistan Army]], and formerly a [[Viceroy's commissioned officer]] in the [[British Indian Army]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Archives|first=The National|title=The National Archives - Homepage|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/indian-army-personnel/|access-date=2021-01-22|website=The National Archives|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==History==

''Subedar'' or ''subadar'' was the second-highest rank of Indian officer in the military forces of [[British India]], ranking below "British commissioned officers" and above "Local non-commissioned officers". Indian officers were promoted to this rank on the basis of both lengths of service and individual merit.

A subedar was senior to a [[jemadar]] and junior to a subedar-major in the infantry regiments of the Indian Army under British rule. The cavalry equivalent was [[risaldar]]. Both jemadars and Risaldars wore two stars as rank insignia.<ref>{{cite book|first=Michael|last=Creese|page=xiii|title=Swords Trembling in Their Scabbards. The Changing Status of Indian Officers in the Indian Army 1757-1947|ISBN=9-781909-982819}}</ref>

The rank was introduced in the [[East India Company]]'s [[presidency armies]] (the [[Bengal Army]], the [[Madras Army]] and the [[Bombay Army]]) to make it easier for British officers to communicate with Indian troops. It was thus important for subedars to have some competence in [[English language|English]]. In an order dated November 1755 the structure of an infantry company in the HEIC's newly raised infantry regiments provided for one subedar, four [[jemadar]]s, 16 [[non-commissioned officer|NCOs]] and 90 [[sepoy]]s (private soldiers). This was to remain the approximate proportion until the number of British junior officers in a regiment increased later in the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book|first=Michael|last=Creese|page=26|title=Swords Trembling in Their Scabbards. The Changing Status of Indian Officers in the Indian Army 1757-1947|ISBN=9-781909-982819}}</ref>

Until 1866, the rank was the highest an Indian soldier could achieve in the army of [[British India]]. A subedar's authority was confined to other Indian troops, and he could not command British troops. Promoted from the ranks and usually advanced through seniority based on long service; the typical subedar of this period was a relatively elderly veteran with limited English, whose extensive regimental experience and practical knowledge was not matched by formal education or training.<ref>{{cite book|first=Michael|last=Creese|pages=28|title=Swords Trembling in Their Scabbards. The Changing Status of Indian Officers in the Indian Army 1757-1947|ISBN=9-781909-982819}}</ref>

Before the [[Partition of India]], subedars were known as [[Viceroy's commissioned officer]]s (VCOs). After 1947, this term was changed to [[junior commissioned officer]]s. It was not until the 1930s that significant numbers of Indian cadets began to be appointed as King's Commissioned Officers (KCOs) from either [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst|Sandhurst]] or the Indian Military Academy at Dehra Dun.<ref>{{cite book|first=Philip|last=Mason|pages=453-466|title=A Matter of Honour. An Account of the Indian Army, its Officers and Men|ISBN=0-333-41837-9}}</ref>

Until 1858, subedars wore two epaulettes with small bullion fringes on each shoulder. After 1858, they wore two crossed golden swords, or, in the [[Gurkha]] regiments, two crossed golden kukris, on each side of the collar of the tunic or on the right breast of the [[kurta]]. After 1900, subedars wore two pips on each shoulder. A red-yellow-red ribbon was introduced under each pip after [[World War I]]. After [[World War II]], this ribbon was moved to lie between the shoulder title and the rank insignia (two brass stars on both shoulders).

During the period of British rule, subedars and other VCOs wore distinctive uniforms that combined features of both British and Indian military dress.<ref>coloured illustrations by A.C. Lovett contained in "The Armies of India", Lt. Get Sir George MacMunn, {{ISBN|0 947554 02 5}}</ref>

==After Independence==
After independence, which came in 1947 with the [[Partition of India]], the former Indian Army was divided between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Army- Indian Independence |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Army#Indian_independence}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=July 2021}}

===Indian Army===

In the [[Indian Army]] the rank has been promoted to second senior-most JCO with [[shoulder mark|ribbon band]] on the [[shoulder strap]] two gold stars with a gold-red-gold stripe below. The [[Junior Commissioned Officers]] of the Indian Army is equivalent to Group-B Gazetted Officers in [[Gazetted Officer (India)|India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Insignia For Junior Commissioned Officers |url=https://www.embibe.com/exams/indian-army-ranks/ |website=Embibe}}</ref>

===Pakistan Army===

In the [[Pakistan Army]], the rank has been retained as a senior NCO, but the distinguishing [[shoulder mark|ribbon band]] on the [[shoulder strap]] is now red-green-red.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080926061605/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/Ranks.html www.Bharat-Rakshak.com/Army/Ranks.html] - Illustration of various military insignias including three subedar insignia designs.

[[Category:Hindi words and phrases]]
[[Category:Military ranks of British India]]
[[Category:Military ranks of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Military ranks of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Indian Army]]