Anis: small refined layout based on references further and fixed typos for clarity

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small refined layout based on references further and fixed typos for clarity

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{{short description|River in northeastern India}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Subarnarekha River
| native_name =
| name_other = Swarnarekha River
| name_etymology =

| image = Subarnarekha.JPG
| image_size =
| image_caption = Subarnarekha in December 2005 at Gopiballavpur
| map_caption = Map of the rivers and lakes in India
| pushpin_map = India Odisha # India3
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption= Location of the mouth in India

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 = Cities
| subdivision_name5 = [[Ranchi]], [[Chandil]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Ghatshila]], [[Gopiballavpur]], [[Jaleswar]]

| length = {{convert|395|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name=wris>{{cite web
| title = Subarnarekha
| publisher = Water Resources Information System of India
| url = http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Subarnarekha
| access-date = 2014-04-03
}}
</ref>
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|392|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_max =
| discharge2_location= [[Kokpara]]<ref>{{cite web| title = Subarnarekha Basin Station: Kokpara| publisher = UNH/GRDC| url = http://www.compositerunoff.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P2854020.html| access-date = 2013-10-01}}</ref>
| discharge2_min = {{convert|1|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge2_avg = {{convert|310|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge2_max = {{convert|2205|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}

| source1 =
| source1_location = Piska/ Nagri(Rani Chuan)near [[Ranchi]], [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|23|18|N|85|11|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|610|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| mouth_location = [[Kirtania port]], [[Odisha, India]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|21|33|18|N|87|23|31|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size = {{convert|18951|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name=wris/>
| tributaries_left = Dulang River
| tributaries_right = Kanchi River, [[Kharkai River|Kharkai]], Karkari River, Raru River, Garru River
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

The '''Subarnarekha River''' (also called the '''Swarnarekha River''')<ref name="cgwb">{{cite web|title=Report on National Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan Parts of Ranchi, Khunti and Lohardagga Districts, Jharkhand|url=http://cgwb.gov.in/AQM/NAQUIM_REPORT/Jharkhand/Khunti_lohar.pdf|publisher=Central Ground Water Board|location=[[Ranchi]]|page=8}}</ref> flows through the [[States and territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Odisha]].

==Etymology==
As per tradition, [[gold]] was mined near the origin of the river at a village named Piska near [[Ranchi]]. This is why it was named Subarnarekha, meaning "streak of gold".<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/jharkhand/geography-and-history/swarna-rekha.html |title = Swarna Rekha in Jharkhand |publisher = mapsofindia |access-date = 2010-04-24 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091103011348/http://www.mapsofindia.com/jharkhand/geography-and-history/swarna-rekha.html |archive-date = 2009-11-03 }}</ref><ref name="Subarnarekha River">{{cite web|url =http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/crisis/river-subarna.htm | title = Subarnarekha River |publisher = rainwaterharvesting |access-date = 2010-04-24 }}</ref> Legend has it that traces of gold were found in the river bed. Even now, people look for traces of gold particles in its sandy beds. The name is a combination of two words meaning gold and line/ streak in Indian languages.<ref name=midnapore>{{cite web|url = http://www.midnapore.in/river/medinipur_rivers_subarnarekha.html | title = Rivers in Medinipur District |publisher =midnapore.in |access-date = 2010-04-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050501/asp/calcutta/story_4682404.asp |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050501051535/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050501/asp/calcutta/story_4682404.asp |url-status = dead |archive-date = May 1, 2005 | title = Next weekend you can be at ... Galudih |publisher = The Telegraph, 1 May 2005 |access-date = 2010-04-24 }}</ref>

==Course==
[[File:Subarnarekha_river_in_Ghatshila,_Jharkhand.jpg|thumb|Subarnarekha river in Ghatshila, Jharkhand]]

After originating near piska/nagri, near Ranchi, the capital of Jharkhand,<ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.nih.ernet.in/nih_rbis/basin%20maps/SubernarekhA.htm |title =Hydrology and Water Resources Information System - Subernarekha Basin |access-date =2010-04-26 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref><ref name=system>{{cite web|url =http://www.dowrorissa.gov.in/WaterResources/RiverSystemNBasinPlanning.pdf | title = River System & Basin Planning |access-date = 2010-04-24 }}</ref> the Subarnarekha traverses a long distance through [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]<ref>{{cite web|url =http://ranchi.nic.in/| title = Ranchi district|publisher = District administration |access-date = 2010-04-26 }}</ref>[[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]]<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.seraikela.nic.in | title = Seraikela Kharswan|publisher = District administration |access-date = 2010-04-26 }}</ref> and [[East Singhbhum]]<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.jamshedpur.nic.in | title = East Singhbhum|publisher = District administration |access-date = 2010-04-26 }}</ref> districts in the state. Thereafter, it flows for shorter distances through [[Paschim Medinipur district]] in [[West Bengal]] for {{convert|83|km}} and [[Balasore district]] of Odisha. There, it flows for {{convert|79|km}} and joins the [[Bay of Bengal]] near [[Talsari]]. The total length of the river is {{convert|395|km}}.<ref name=wris/>

The basin of the Subarnarekha is smaller than most multi-state river basins in India. The rain-fed river covers a drainage area of {{convert|18951|km2|mi2}}<ref name=wris/>

===Tributaries===
{{stack|[[File:Fishing at Subarnarekha river near Domohani (River meets).jpg|thumb|Fishing at Subarnarekha river near Domohani (confluence of Subarnarekha and Kharkhai)]]}}
The prominent tributaries of the Subarnarekha are [[Kharkai River|Kharkai]], Roro, Kanchi, Harmu Nadi, Damra, Karru, Chinguru, Karakari, Gurma, Garra, Singaduba, Kodia, Dulunga and Khaijori.<ref name=system/> The Kharkai meets the Subarnarekha at Sonari (Domuhani), a neighborhood of [[Jamshedpur]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.india9.com/i9show/Kharkai-River-73538.htm | title = Kharkai River |publisher = india9 |access-date = 2010-04-25 }}</ref>

===Hundru Falls===
[[File:Hundru falls.JPG|thumb|240px|left|Hundru Falls]]
{{Main|Hundru Falls}}
Hundru Falls is created on the course of the Subarnarekha, where it falls from a height of {{convert|98|m}}. The spectacular sight of water falling from such a great height is a sight to behold. The different rock formations due to erosion by the constantly falling water have added to the beauty of the place.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/ranchi/tourism/hundru-falls.html | title = Hundru Falls Ranchi |publisher = Maps of India |access-date = 2010-04-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2003/07/28/stories/2003072800130300.htm | title = The other side of this industrial city |publisher = The Hindu Business Line, 28 July 2003 |access-date = 2010-04-20 }}</ref><ref name=admin>{{cite web |url = http://ranchi.nic.in/waterfalls.htm |title = Hundru Falla |publisher = District administration |access-date = 2010-04-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100124204713/http://ranchi.nic.in/waterfalls.htm |archive-date = 2010-01-24 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Pollution===
The Subarnarekha passes through areas with extensive mining of copper and uranium ores. As a result of the unplanned mining activities, the river is polluted. The Subarnarekha has been the lifeline of tribal communities inhabiting the Chhotanagpur region and water pollution affects their livelihood. It is getting more pollutants from the aluminium factory of Muri.<ref name="Subarnarekha River"/>

===Flood===
Several areas in the lower reaches of the Subarnarekha, particularly the coastal areas of Odisha and West Bengal, are within the flood hazard zone. The Subarnarekha in Odisha had crossed its previous Highest Flood Level (HFL) of {{convert|12.2|m}} in 2007, surpassing the earlier record of 1997. In 2009, the Subarnarekha witnessed flash floods following heavy rainfall in the upper catchment areas of the river.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.incois.gov.in/documents/isprs_presentations2009/Day3/Session%20II/Amit%20Bhattacharya.pdf |title = Generation of a Coastal Flood Hazard Zonation Map of Midnapur-Balasore Coast in Eastern India using Integrated Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques |publisher = Department of Geology and Geophysics Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721302 |access-date = 2010-04-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://dsc.nrsc.gov.in:14000/DSC/Flood/HistoricFloods.jsp |title = Flood |publisher = NRSC Decision Support Centre |access-date = 2010-04-25 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100224104422/http://dsc.nrsc.gov.in:14000/DSC/Flood/HistoricFloods.jsp |archive-date = 2010-02-24 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/taxonomy/term/864|title = Subarnarekha, Jalaka flowing above red mark |publisher = India Environment Portal|access-date = 2010-04-25 }}</ref> During the flood, large areas of Jaleswar, Bhograi and Baliapal blocks and a small pocket of Basta block in Balasore district of Odisha were affected.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://baleswar.nic.in/dist_glance.htm|title = Subarnarekha river|publisher = Balasore district administration|access-date = 2010-04-25|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090822071811/http://baleswar.nic.in/dist_glance.htm|archive-date = 2009-08-22|url-status = dead}}</ref> Certain areas of Medinipur in West Bengal are also affected by floods.<ref name=midnapore/>

==Projects==
{{stack|[[File:Getalsud Dam.jpg|240px|thumb|right|Sunset across Getalsud reservoir]]}}

===Getalsud===
[[Getalsud Dam|Getalsud reservoir]] is located across the Subernarekha, {{convert|40|km}} east of Ranchi and about {{convert|50|km}} from its point of origin. Completed in 1971, this multi-purpose reservoir was envisaged mainly to meet municipal water demands of Ranchi city and the adjoining industrial area. The height of the dam is {{convert|35.5|m}}. There are two power houses in Sikidiri with one unit of 65 MW each. Sikidiri Hydal Power Plants are the only hydal projects in Jharkhand.<ref name=system/>

===Subarnarekha multipurpose project===
The Subarnarekha multipurpose project envisaged the construction of two dams, one at [[Chandil]] across the Subarnarekha and the other across the Kharkai at Icha near [[Chaibasa]], two barrages at Galudih across the Subarnarekha and the other across the Kharkai at Ganjia near [[Adityapur]] and a network of canals from these. Three small storage reservoirs and a network of canals from these reservoirs are in Orissa. Started in 1982–83, the multipurpose project was planned for irrigation, hydropower generation and water supply. While the Chandil dam and Galudih barrage are almost complete, the other components are still incomplete.<ref name=system/><ref>{{cite journal|jstor = 4400253 | title = Subarnarekha Project – Singhbhum's Sorrow | volume=28 |pages=2194–2196| last1 = Chadha | first1 = Ashish | journal = Economic and Political Weekly | year = 1993 | issue = 41 }}</ref> Subernarekha Barrage project (West Bengal) envisages construction of a barrage across the Subarnarekha downstream of Chandil dam and Galudih barrage near Bhosraghat to irrigate {{convert|114198|ha|acre}} annually in the Medinipur district of West Bengal through a left bank canal and its distribution system covering a culturable command area of {{convert|96860|ha|acre}}. The project was taken up for construction in the year 1995–96.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=33636 | title = Subarnarekha Project |publisher = Press Information Bureau |access-date = 2010-04-24 }}</ref>

[[File:Chandil Dam.JPG|thumb|left|Completed Chandil Dam]]
The Chandil Dam and reservoir required {{convert|17028|ha|acre}} of land. Icha Dam submerged {{convert|8585|ha|acre}} of land in Jharkhand and {{convert|4415|ha|acre}} of land in Orissa.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} The Ganjia Barrage required {{convert|266|ha|acre}} of land. Galudiha Barrage required {{convert|180|ha|acre}} of land, of which {{convert|150|ha|acre}} was private land and 30 hectares was Revenue Land. The canal network required additional land. The project experienced protests from its inception in 1975 and, in 1978, some 10,000 of them demonstrated against the dam at the construction site.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.adb.org/water/topics/dams/pdf/tr12main.pdf |title = Dams, Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Minorities |publisher = World Commission on Dams |access-date = 2010-04-24 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014500/http://www.adb.org/water/topics/dams/pdf/tr12main.pdf |archive-date = 2011-06-07 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/articles/ncsxna/art_dam.pdf | title = DAMS, DISPLACEMENT, POLICY AND LAW IN INDIA |access-date = 2010-04-24 }}</ref> To address the protests, the government increased the compensation package for 12,000 families and 2,200 people got jobs in different government departments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030117/asp/ranchi/story_1581497.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924114154/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030117/asp/ranchi/story_1581497.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 24, 2015|title=The Telegraph - Ranchi|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jhr.nic.in/hcjudge/data/50-1538-2009-24012011.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-06-14 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040828/http://jhr.nic.in/hcjudge/data/50-1538-2009-24012011.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The construction of Chandil dam, Icha dam and Galudih barrage are complete. This dam is one of the most visited places of Jharkhand. The museum located close to the Chandil dam has scripts written on rocks, which are 2,000 years old.

==Subarnarekha port==
{{Main|Subarnarekha port}}
[[File:Dassam fall, ranchi.jpg|thumb|Dassam fall on Kanchi River before it merges with Subarnarekha]]
The Government of Odisha has signed a memorandum of understanding with Chennai-based Creative Port Development Pvt. Ltd. for the development of a deep-water, all-weather project at Kirtania at the mouth of the Subarnarekha. The Kirtania Port project was being taken up on a 50-year build, own, operate, share and transfer (boost) basis. The development would include a dedicated rail cum road connection from the port to the [[National Highway 5 (India)|NH 5]] and rail network at [[Jaleswar]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowBussinessNews.asp?id=3556 |title = Govt sign MOU to set up port in river Subarnarekha at Kirtania |access-date = 2010-04-24 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110725020726/http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowBussinessNews.asp?id=3556 |archive-date = 2011-07-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ltramboll.com/portspg.htm
|title = DEVELOPMENT OF PORT AT SUBARNAREKHA
|access-date = 2010-04-24
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100310134704/http://www.ltramboll.com/portspg.htm
|archive-date = 2010-03-10
}}</ref> More recently the project is being referred to as Subarnarekha port. The foundation stone was laid in 2019.<ref name="thehindu-1">{{cite web |title=Foundation stone laid for Subarnarekha port in Odisha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/foundation-stone-laid-for-subarnarekha-port-in-odisha/article26262854.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=12 February 2020 |language=en-IN |date=14 February 2019}}</ref>

==Film==
[[Ritwik Ghatak]] directed a Bengali film ''[[Subarnarekha (film)|Subarnarekha]]'' in 1965. Ghatak's films are deeply haunted by the spectre of the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]] in 1947. In the film Subarnarekha, Ghatak "has rendered the very idea of home as a sentimental place on an elusive other side that, like the distant, opposing banks of the Subarnarekha River, symbolically represents an idealized, and intranscendible, elsewhere."<ref>{{cite web|url = http://alsolikelife.com/shooting/2010/02/997-133-subarnarekha-the-golden-thread-1965-ritwik-ghatak/ | title = Subarnarekha – the Golden Thread, 1965, Ritwik Ghatak |publisher = Shooting Down Pictures. |access-date = 2010-04-24 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Hydrography of Jharkhand}}
{{Rivers in and around Bengal}}
{{Hydrography of Odisha}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rivers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rivers of Odisha]]

Subarnarekha River - Revision history

Anis: small refined layout based on references further and fixed typos for clarity

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article