Stupa - Revision history

Bharatwiki Socrates: Map for major stupas identification.

2023-12-01T21:10:06Z

Map for major stupas identification.

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:40, 2 December 2023
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	===Expansion under Ashoka (250 BCE)===		===Expansion under Ashoka (250 BCE)===
	[[File:Maurya Empire ~~c.260 BCE~~.png\|thumb\|Expansion of Buddhist Ashoka Empire]]		[[File:Ashoka Maurya Empire.png\|thumb\|Expansion of Buddhist Ashoka Empire and his discovered Stupas]]
	[[File:Early stupa 6 meters in diameter with fallen umbrella on side in Chakpat near Chakdara.jpg\|thumb\|An early stupa, {{convert\|6\|m\|sp=us}} in diameter, with fallen umbrella on side at Chakpat, near [[Chakdara]]; probably Maurya, 3rd century BCE<ref name="Buddhist architecture, p.173">Buddhist architecture, p.173</ref>]]		[[File:Early stupa 6 meters in diameter with fallen umbrella on side in Chakpat near Chakdara.jpg\|thumb\|An early stupa, {{convert\|6\|m\|sp=us}} in diameter, with fallen umbrella on side at Chakpat, near [[Chakdara]]; probably Maurya, 3rd century BCE<ref name="Buddhist architecture, p.173">Buddhist architecture, p.173</ref>]]
	According to Buddhist tradition, Emperor [[Ashoka]] (rule: 273—232 BCE) recovered the relics of the Buddha from the earlier stupas (except from the [[Ramagrama stupa]]), and erected 84,000 stupas to distribute the relics across India. In effect, many stupas are thought to date originally from the time of Ashoka, such as [[Sanchi]] or [[Kesaria stupa\|Kesariya]], where he also erected pillars with his inscriptions, and possibly [[Bharhut]], [[Amaravathi Mahachaitya\|Amaravati]] or [[Dharmarajika Stupa\|Dharmarajika]] in [[Gandhara]].<ref name="BAStupa">Buddhist Architecture, Lee Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009, p.140-174</ref> Ashoka also established the [[Pillars of Ashoka]] throughout his realm, generally next to Buddhist stupas.		According to Buddhist tradition, Emperor [[Ashoka]] (rule: 273—232 BCE) recovered the relics of the Buddha from the earlier stupas (except from the [[Ramagrama stupa]]), and erected 84,000 stupas to distribute the relics across India. In effect, many stupas are thought to date originally from the time of Ashoka, such as [[Sanchi]] or [[Kesaria stupa\|Kesariya]], where he also erected pillars with his inscriptions, and possibly [[Bharhut]], [[Amaravathi Mahachaitya\|Amaravati]] or [[Dharmarajika Stupa\|Dharmarajika]] in [[Gandhara]].<ref name="BAStupa">Buddhist Architecture, Lee Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009, p.140-174</ref> Ashoka also established the [[Pillars of Ashoka]] throughout his realm, generally next to Buddhist stupas.

CleanupBot: clean up

2023-11-24T05:52:38Z

clean up

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:22, 24 November 2023
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	Some authors have suggested that stupas were derived from a wider cultural tradition from the [[Mediterranean]] to the [[South Asia]], and can be related to the conical mounds on circular bases from the 8th century BCE that can be found in [[Phrygia]] (tomb of [[Midas]], 8th c. BCE), [[Lydia]] (such as the tomb of [[Alyattes]], 6th c. BCE), or in [[Phoenicia]] (tombs of [[Amrit]], 5th c. BCE).<ref>"It is probably traceable to a common cultural inheritance, stretching from the Mediterranean to the Ganges valley, and manifested by the sepulchres, conical mounds of earth on a circular foundation, of about the eighth century B.C. found in [[Erythrae\|Eritrea]] and [[Lydia]]." {{cite book \|last1=Rao \|first1=P. R. Ramachandra \|title=Amaravati \|date=2002 \|publisher=Youth Advancement, Tourism & Cultural Department Government of Andhra Pradesh \|page=33 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-jVAAAAMAAJ \|language=en}}</ref><ref>On the hemispherical Phenician tombs of [[Amrit]]: {{cite book \|last1=Coomaraswamy \|first1=Ananda K. \|title=History of Indian and Indonesian art \|date=1972 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.52349/page/n313 12] \|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.52349}}</ref><ref>Commenting on [[Gisbert Combaz]]: "In his study L'évolution du stupa en Asie, he even observed that "long before India, the classical Orient was inspired by the shape of the tumulus for constructing its tombs: Phrygia, Lydia, Phenicia ." in {{cite book \|last1=Bénisti \|first1=Mireille \|last2=K \|first2=Thanikaimony \|title=Stylistics of Buddhist art in India \|date=2003 \|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts \|isbn=9788173052415 \|page=12 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hO9OAAAAYAAJ \|language=en}}</ref>		Some authors have suggested that stupas were derived from a wider cultural tradition from the [[Mediterranean]] to the [[South Asia]], and can be related to the conical mounds on circular bases from the 8th century BCE that can be found in [[Phrygia]] (tomb of [[Midas]], 8th c. BCE), [[Lydia]] (such as the tomb of [[Alyattes]], 6th c. BCE), or in [[Phoenicia]] (tombs of [[Amrit]], 5th c. BCE).<ref>"It is probably traceable to a common cultural inheritance, stretching from the Mediterranean to the Ganges valley, and manifested by the sepulchres, conical mounds of earth on a circular foundation, of about the eighth century B.C. found in [[Erythrae\|Eritrea]] and [[Lydia]]." {{cite book \|last1=Rao \|first1=P. R. Ramachandra \|title=Amaravati \|date=2002 \|publisher=Youth Advancement, Tourism & Cultural Department Government of Andhra Pradesh \|page=33 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-jVAAAAMAAJ \|language=en}}</ref><ref>On the hemispherical Phenician tombs of [[Amrit]]: {{cite book \|last1=Coomaraswamy \|first1=Ananda K. \|title=History of Indian and Indonesian art \|date=1972 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.52349/page/n313 12] \|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.52349}}</ref><ref>Commenting on [[Gisbert Combaz]]: "In his study L'évolution du stupa en Asie, he even observed that "long before India, the classical Orient was inspired by the shape of the tumulus for constructing its tombs: Phrygia, Lydia, Phenicia ." in {{cite book \|last1=Bénisti \|first1=Mireille \|last2=K \|first2=Thanikaimony \|title=Stylistics of Buddhist art in India \|date=2003 \|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts \|isbn=9788173052415 \|page=12 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hO9OAAAAYAAJ \|language=en}}</ref>

	Archaeologists in India have observed that a number of early Buddhist stupas or burials are found in the vicinity of much older, pre-historic burials, including [[~~Megalith\|megalithic~~]] sites.<ref name=Schopen>Schopen, Gregory. 2004. Buddhist Monks & Business Matters, pg. 361-74</ref><ref>The “Round Mound” and its Structural Requirements: A Possible Scenario for the Evolution of the Form of the		Archaeologists in India have observed that a number of early Buddhist stupas or burials are found in the vicinity of much older, pre-historic burials, including [[megalith]]ic sites.<ref name=Schopen>Schopen, Gregory. 2004. Buddhist Monks & Business Matters, pg. 361-74</ref><ref>The “Round Mound” and its Structural Requirements: A Possible Scenario for the Evolution of the Form of the
	Stupa. Srikumar M. Menon et al. 2016 https://www.nias.res.in/publication/%E2%80%9Cround-mound%E2%80%9D-and-its-structural-requirements-possible-scenario-evolution-form-stupa</ref> This includes site associated with the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] where broken Indus-era pottery was incorporated into later Buddhist burials.<ref name=Schopen/> Structural features of the stupa- including its general shape and the practice of surrounding stupas with a stone or wooden railing- resemble both pre-Mauryan era cairn burials, as well as pre-historic relic burials found in southern India.<ref name=Schopen/> Some stupas not believed to have been looted have been found to be empty when excavated, as have some pre-historic cairn sites, and animal bones are suspected to have occasionally been deposited at both types of sites.<ref name=Schopen/>		Stupa. Srikumar M. Menon et al. 2016 https://www.nias.res.in/publication/%E2%80%9Cround-mound%E2%80%9D-and-its-structural-requirements-possible-scenario-evolution-form-stupa</ref> This includes site associated with the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] where broken Indus-era pottery was incorporated into later Buddhist burials.<ref name=Schopen/> Structural features of the stupa- including its general shape and the practice of surrounding stupas with a stone or wooden railing- resemble both pre-Mauryan era cairn burials, as well as pre-historic relic burials found in southern India.<ref name=Schopen/> Some stupas not believed to have been looted have been found to be empty when excavated, as have some pre-historic cairn sites, and animal bones are suspected to have occasionally been deposited at both types of sites.<ref name=Schopen/>

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	{{Further\|Buddhist architecture}}		{{Further\|Buddhist architecture}}
	Religious buildings in the form of the Buddhist stupa, a dome shaped monument, started to be used in India as commemorative monuments associated with storing sacred relics of the Buddha.<ref name=Ency>Encyclopædia Britannica (2008), ''Pagoda''.</ref> After the [[parinirvana]] of the Buddha, his remains were cremated and the ashes divided and buried under eight mounds with two further mounds encasing the urn and the embers.<ref name=Ency/> The relics of the Buddha were spread between eight stupas, in [[Rajagriha]], [[Vaishali (ancient city)\|Vaishali]], [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)\|Kapilavastu]], [[Allakappa]], [[Ramagrama]], [[Pava]], [[Kushinagar]], and [[Vethapida]].<ref name="BAStupa"/> The [[Piprahwa]] stupa also seems to have been one of the first to be built.<ref name="BAStupa"/>		Religious buildings in the form of the Buddhist stupa, a dome shaped monument, started to be used in India as commemorative monuments associated with storing sacred relics of the Buddha.<ref name=Ency>Encyclopædia Britannica (2008), ''Pagoda''.</ref> After the [[parinirvana]] of the Buddha, his remains were cremated and the ashes divided and buried under eight mounds with two further mounds encasing the urn and the embers.<ref name=Ency/> The relics of the Buddha were spread between eight stupas, in [[Rajagriha]], [[Vaishali (ancient city)\|Vaishali]], [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)\|Kapilavastu]], [[Allakappa]], [[Ramagrama]], [[Pava]], [[Kushinagar]], and [[Vethapida]].<ref name="BAStupa"/> The [[Piprahwa]] stupa also seems to have been one of the first to be built.<ref name="BAStupa"/>
	Lars Fogelin stated that the Vaisali relic stupa and [[Nigali Sagar]] stupa are likely the earliest archaeologically known stupas.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Fogelin \|first1=Lars \|title=An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism \|date=2015 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=9780199948239 \|page=85}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Lahiri \|first1=Nayanjot \|title=Ashoka in Ancient India \|date=2015 \|publisher=Harvard University Press \|isbn=9780674057777 \|pages=~~246-247~~}}</ref>		Lars Fogelin stated that the Vaisali relic stupa and [[Nigali Sagar]] stupa are likely the earliest archaeologically known stupas.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Fogelin \|first1=Lars \|title=An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism \|date=2015 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=9780199948239 \|page=85}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Lahiri \|first1=Nayanjot \|title=Ashoka in Ancient India \|date=2015 \|publisher=Harvard University Press \|isbn=9780674057777 \|pages=246–247}}</ref>

	[[Guard rail]]s —consisting of posts, crossbars, and a coping— became a feature of safety surrounding a stupa.<ref name=Chandra>Chandra (2008)</ref> The Buddha had left instructions about how to pay homage to the stupas: "And whoever lays wreaths or puts sweet perfumes and colours there with a devout heart, will reap benefits for a long time".<ref name="BA143">Buddhist Architecture, Lee Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009, p.143</ref> This practice would lead to the decoration of the stupas with stone sculptures of flower garlands in the Classical period.<ref name="BA143"/>		[[Guard rail]]s —consisting of posts, crossbars, and a coping— became a feature of safety surrounding a stupa.<ref name=Chandra>Chandra (2008)</ref> The Buddha had left instructions about how to pay homage to the stupas: "And whoever lays wreaths or puts sweet perfumes and colours there with a devout heart, will reap benefits for a long time".<ref name="BA143">Buddhist Architecture, Lee Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009, p.143</ref> This practice would lead to the decoration of the stupas with stone sculptures of flower garlands in the Classical period.<ref name="BA143"/>
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	====Development of the Pagoda====		====Development of the Pagoda====
	The Asian words for [[pagoda]] (''tā'' in Chinese, ''t'ap'' in Korean, ''tháp'' in Vietnamese, ''tō'' in Japanese) are all thought to derive from the [[Pali]] word for stupa, '''''thupa''''', the [[Sanskrit]] pronunciation being ''stupa''.<ref>Buddhist architecture, p.183</ref> In particular the type of the tower-like stupa, the last stage of Gandharan stupa development, visible in the second [[Kanishka stupa]] (4th century), is thought to be the precussor of the tower stupas in [[Turkestan]] and the Chinese pagodas such as [[Songyue Pagoda]] (523 CE).<ref name="Buddhist architecture, p.180"~~>Buddhist architecture, p.180<~~/~~ref~~>		The Asian words for [[pagoda]] (''tā'' in Chinese, ''t'ap'' in Korean, ''tháp'' in Vietnamese, ''tō'' in Japanese) are all thought to derive from the [[Pali]] word for stupa, '''''thupa''''', the [[Sanskrit]] pronunciation being ''stupa''.<ref>Buddhist architecture, p.183</ref> In particular the type of the tower-like stupa, the last stage of Gandharan stupa development, visible in the second [[Kanishka stupa]] (4th century), is thought to be the precussor of the tower stupas in [[Turkestan]] and the Chinese pagodas such as [[Songyue Pagoda]] (523 CE).<ref name="Buddhist architecture, p.180"/>

	==Notable stupas==		==Notable stupas==

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2023-11-10T23:38:36Z

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	~~{{redirect\|Zedi\|people named Zedi\|Zedi (name)}}~~
	~~{{short description\|Mound-like structure containing Buddhist relics, used as a place of meditation}}~~

	{{multiple image		{{multiple image
	\| perrow = 2		\| perrow = 2

Bharatwiki Socrates: /* Expansion under Ashoka (250 BCE) */Added content clearity map.

2023-11-10T23:37:42Z

Expansion under Ashoka (250 BCE): Added content clearity map.

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:07, 11 November 2023
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	===Expansion under Ashoka (250 BCE)===		===Expansion under Ashoka (250 BCE)===
			[[File:Maurya Empire c.260 BCE.png\|thumb\|Expansion of Buddhist Ashoka Empire]]
	[[File:Early stupa 6 meters in diameter with fallen umbrella on side in Chakpat near Chakdara.jpg\|thumb\|An early stupa, {{convert\|6\|m\|sp=us}} in diameter, with fallen umbrella on side at Chakpat, near [[Chakdara]]; probably Maurya, 3rd century BCE<ref name="Buddhist architecture, p.173">Buddhist architecture, p.173</ref>]]		[[File:Early stupa 6 meters in diameter with fallen umbrella on side in Chakpat near Chakdara.jpg\|thumb\|An early stupa, {{convert\|6\|m\|sp=us}} in diameter, with fallen umbrella on side at Chakpat, near [[Chakdara]]; probably Maurya, 3rd century BCE<ref name="Buddhist architecture, p.173">Buddhist architecture, p.173</ref>]]
	According to Buddhist tradition, Emperor [[Ashoka]] (rule: 273—232 BCE) recovered the relics of the Buddha from the earlier stupas (except from the [[Ramagrama stupa]]), and erected 84,000 stupas to distribute the relics across India. In effect, many stupas are thought to date originally from the time of Ashoka, such as [[Sanchi]] or [[Kesaria stupa\|Kesariya]], where he also erected pillars with his inscriptions, and possibly [[Bharhut]], [[Amaravathi Mahachaitya\|Amaravati]] or [[Dharmarajika Stupa\|Dharmarajika]] in [[Gandhara]].<ref name="BAStupa">Buddhist Architecture, Lee Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009, p.140-174</ref> Ashoka also established the [[Pillars of Ashoka]] throughout his realm, generally next to Buddhist stupas.		According to Buddhist tradition, Emperor [[Ashoka]] (rule: 273—232 BCE) recovered the relics of the Buddha from the earlier stupas (except from the [[Ramagrama stupa]]), and erected 84,000 stupas to distribute the relics across India. In effect, many stupas are thought to date originally from the time of Ashoka, such as [[Sanchi]] or [[Kesaria stupa\|Kesariya]], where he also erected pillars with his inscriptions, and possibly [[Bharhut]], [[Amaravathi Mahachaitya\|Amaravati]] or [[Dharmarajika Stupa\|Dharmarajika]] in [[Gandhara]].<ref name="BAStupa">Buddhist Architecture, Lee Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009, p.140-174</ref> Ashoka also established the [[Pillars of Ashoka]] throughout his realm, generally next to Buddhist stupas.

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