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{{Short description|Species of Old World monkey}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Stump-tailed macaque
| image = Stump tailed Macaque P1130751 24.jpg
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Macaca arctoides'' |author=Chetry, D. |author2=Boonratana, R. |author3=Das, J. |author4=Yongcheng, L. |author5=Htun, S. |author6=Timmins, R.J. |date=2020 |page=e.T12548A185202632 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T12548A185202632.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Macaca
| species = arctoides<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=161|id=12100529}}</ref>
| authority = ([[Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|I. Geoffroy]], 1831)
| synonyms =
*''Macaca brunneus'' (Anderson, 1871)
*''Macaca harmandi'' (Trouessart, 1897)
*''Macaca melanotus'' (Ogilby, 1839)
*''Macaca melli'' (Matschie, 1912)
*''Macaca rufescens'' (Anderson, 1872)
*''Macaca speciosus'' (Murie, 1875)
*''Macaca ursinus'' (Gervais, 1854)
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=iucn />
| range_map = Stump-tailed Macaque area.png
| range_map_caption = Stump-tailed macaque range (blue – native, red – introduced, orange – possibly extinct)
}}

The '''stump-tailed macaque''' ('''''Macaca arctoides'''''), also called the '''bear macaque''', is a species of [[macaque]] native to [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. In India, it occurs south of the [[Brahmaputra River]], in the northeastern part of the country.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Choudhury, A.U. |year=1988 |title=Priority ratings for conservation of Indian primates |journal=Oryx |volume=22 |issue= 2|pages=89–94 |doi= 10.1017/S0030605300027551|s2cid=86707943 |url=|doi-access=free }}</ref> Its range in India extends from [[Assam]] and [[Meghalaya]] to eastern Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Choudhury, A.U. |year=2002 |title=Status and conservation of the stump-tailed macaque ''Macaca arctoides'' in India |journal=Primate Report |volume=63 |issue= |pages=63–72 |url=}}</ref>

It is primarily [[Frugivore|frugivorous]], but eats many types of vegetation, such as seeds, leaves and roots, but also hunts [[freshwater crab]]s, [[frog]]s, [[bird egg]]s and [[insect]]s.<ref name=pfs>{{cite web | author = Cawthon Lang, K.A. | date = 2005 | title = Primate Factsheets: Stump-tailed macaque (''Macaca arctoides'') Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology | url = http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/stump-tailed_macaque | accessdate = 2008-04-17}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
The stump-tailed macaque has long, thick, dark brown fur covering its body, but its face and its short tail, which measures between {{cvt|32|and |69|mm}}, are hairless.<ref name=pfs/> Infants are born white and darken as they mature.<ref name=pfs/> As they age, their bright pink or red faces darken to brown or nearly black and lose most of their hair.<ref name=pfs/> Males are larger than females, measuring {{cvt|51.7–65|cm}} long and weighing {{cvt|9.7–10.2|kg}}, while females measure {{cvt|48.5–58.5|cm}} and weigh {{cvt|7.5–9.1|kg}}.<ref name=pfs/> Males' [[canine teeth]], which are important for establishing dominance within social groups, are more elongated than those of the females.<ref name=pfs/> Like all macaques, this species has cheek pouches to store food for short periods of time.<ref name=pfs/>

==Distribution and habitat==
This [[Old World monkey]] travels [[quadrupedalism|quadrupedally]], usually on the ground, as it is not very agile in trees.<ref name=pfs/> It is generally found in [[evergreen forest|evergreen]] [[tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]], at different [[elevation]]s depending on the amount of rainfall in the area.<ref name=pfs/> It depends on [[rainforest]]s for food and shelter, and is not found in dry forests except where it ranges in the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] region of India, only spending time in [[secondary forest]]s if it is bordering [[old-growth forest]] tropical forests.<ref name=pfs/> With its thick fur, the stump-tailed macaque can live in cold climates at elevations up to {{cvt|4000|m}}.<ref>Felix, Dr. Jiri. "Animals of Asia". London: Hamlyn Publishing Group, 1983.</ref> It is distributed from northeastern [[India]] and southern [[China]] into the northwest tip of West [[Malaysia]] on the [[Malay Peninsula]].<ref name=msw3/><ref name=pfs/> It is also found in [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], [[Cambodia]] and [[Vietnam]].<ref name=iucn /><ref name=pfs/> It is possibly extinct in [[Bangladesh]].<ref name=iucn /> No global population estimate is available. In Cambodia, a declining population of 230 is reported from [[Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nuttall|first1=Matthew N.|last2=Griffin|first2=Olly|last3=Fewster|first3=Rachel M.|last4=McGowan|first4=Philip J. K.|last5=Abernethy|first5=Katharine|last6=O'Kelly|first6=Hannah|last7=Nut|first7=Menghor|last8=Sot|first8=Vandoeun|last9=Bunnefeld|first9=Nils|title=Long-term monitoring of wildlife populations for protected area management in Southeast Asia|journal=Conservation Science and Practice|year=2021|volume=4|issue=2|language=en|pages=e614|doi=10.1111/csp2.614|s2cid=245405123|issn=2578-4854|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Griffin|first1=O.|last2=Nuttall|first2=M.|date=2020-12-04|title=Status of Key Species in Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary 2010-2020|url=https://library.wcs.org/Scientific-Research/Research-Publications/Publications-Library/ctl/view/mid/40093/pubid/DMX3851100000.aspx|language=en-US|doi=10.19121/2020.Report.38511|s2cid=229677607|doi-access=free}}</ref>

A study population was introduced to [[Tanaxpillo]], an uninhabited island in [[Lake Catemaco]], [[Veracruz]], [[Mexico]] in 1974, where it ranges in seminatural conditions.<ref name=pfs/> Most information on the species comes from the introduced population on Tanaxpillo and other captive settings, as few long-term studies have been conducted on the stump-tailed macaque in the wild.<ref name=pfs/>

==Behaviour and ecology ==
[[File:Sound-of-stump-tailed-macaque-(macaca-arctoides).ogg|thumb|Sound of stump-tailed macaque (''Macaca arctoides'') – [[Kaeng Krachan National Park]]]]
Stump-tailed macaque generally share the same social structure of any macaque species with a linear dominance hierarchy that is rigid and hereditary in females yet fluctuates among males based on their fighting ability and social maneuvering, but what makes stump-tail macaques truly unique is their ability to defuse intense confrontations and maintain a high degree of pacifism and harmony in their troop, thanks to their surprisingly rich repertoire of reconciliation tactics.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Call|first1=J. |last2=Aureli|first2=F. |last3=de Waal |first3=F.B.M. |date=1999 |title=Reconciliation patterns among stumptailed macaques: a multivariate approach |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347299911168 |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=165–172 |doi=10.1006/anbe.1999.1116 |pmid=10413553 |s2cid=28385684}}</ref> This species has no lasting pair bonds and is truly promiscuous, a staple for macaques. Physical violence very rarely occurs, and although minor scraps often flair up and physical intimidation displays occur, they tend to quickly be resolved, resulting in this species being labelled as peaceful.{{cn|date=June 2023}} Stump-tailed macaques are remarkably unfussy in their eating habits though fruit generally is a staple part of their diet. Stump-tail macaques have a large, bulky, muscular build with thick, solid limbs, making them very mobile on land yet quite ungainly in trees, and this unusual physique for a macaque may be responsible for this species unique tendency to consume larger quantities of meat than other macaque species. Stump-tail macaques feed on very large quantities of insects, small animals and eggs.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

===Reproduction===
A study population of female stump-tailed macaques was found to have increased levels of steroid sex hormones, specifically 17β-estradiol and progesterone levels. 17β-estradiol levels were significantly greater during summer and fall and progesterone levels were significantly greater during summer, fall and winter. This explains how stump-tailed macaques have two mating seasons per year: one in summer (July–August) and one in fall (November). This is supported by the distribution of birth frequency in stump-tailed macaques.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.11.013|title = Annual variations in sexual hormones and births' frequency in female stump-tailed macaques (''Macaca arctoides'') |journal = Theriogenology|volume = 108|pages = 201–206|year = 2018|last1 = Mondragón-Ceballos|first1 = R.|last2 = García-Granados|first2 = M.D.|last3 = Matamoros-Trejo|first3 = G.|last4 = Hernández-López|first4 = L.E.|pmid = 29227912}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Britches (monkey)|Britches]] – an infant stump-tailed macaque used in sight-deprivation experiments, which was stolen from the laboratory by the [[Animal Liberation Front]].
* [[List of endangered and protected species of China]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Wikispecies|Macaca arctoides|Stump-tailed Macaque}}

{{Commons category|Macaca arctoides}}{{C.Cercopithecinae nav}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q266955}}

[[Category:Macaca|stump-tailed macaque]]
[[Category:Primates of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Mammals of India]]
[[Category:Mammals of Thailand]]
[[Category:Mammals of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Mammals of Laos]]
[[Category:Mammals of Cambodia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Mammals of China]]
[[Category:Mammals of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Fauna of Yunnan]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1831|stump-tailed macaque]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]]

Stump-tailed macaque - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article