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← Older revision		Revision as of 16:55, 12 August 2021
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	{{short description\|English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author}}		{{short description\|English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author}}
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	{{Use British English\|date=August 2019}}		{{Use British English\|date=August 2019}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2020}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2020}}
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	* [[Fay Dowker]]<ref name="mathgene" /><ref name="dowkerphd" />		* [[Fay Dowker]]<ref name="mathgene" /><ref name="dowkerphd" />
	* {{ill\|Christophe Galfard\|fr}}<ref name="galfardphd" />		* {{ill\|Christophe Galfard\|fr}}<ref name="galfardphd" />
	* [[Gary Gibbons]]<ref name="mathgene" /><ref name=~~"gibbonsphd"~~ /><ref name=~~rsbm~~/>		* [[Gary Gibbons]]<ref name="mathgene" /><ref name=rsbm/><ref name="gibbonsphd" />
	* [[Thomas Hertog]]<ref name="mathgene" /><ref name="hertogphd" />		* [[Thomas Hertog]]<ref name="mathgene" /><ref name="hertogphd" />
	* [[Raymond Laflamme]]<ref name="mathgene" /><ref name="laflammephd" />		* [[Raymond Laflamme]]<ref name="mathgene" /><ref name="laflammephd" />
	* [[Don Page (physicist)\|Don Page]]<ref name="mathgene" /><ref name="pagephd" />		* [[Don Page (physicist)\|Don Page]]<ref name="mathgene" /><ref name="pagephd" />
	* [[Malcolm Perry (physicist)\|Malcolm Perry]]<ref name="mathgene" /><ref name=~~"perryphd"~~ /><ref name=~~rsbm~~/>		* [[Malcolm Perry (physicist)\|Malcolm Perry]]<ref name="mathgene" /><ref name=rsbm/><ref name="perryphd" />
	* [[Christopher Pope]]		* [[Christopher Pope]]
	* [[Marika Taylor]]<ref name="mathgene" /><ref name=taylorphd>{{cite thesis\|degree=PhD\|publisher=University of Cambridge\|url=http://idiscover.lib.cam.ac.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=44CAM_ALMA21433438300003606&context=L&vid=44CAM_PROD&search_scope=SCOP_CAM_ALL&tab=cam_lib_coll&lang=en_US\|title=Problems in M theory\|first=Marika Maxine\|last=Taylor-Robinson\|date=1998\|id={{EThOS\|uk.bl.ethos.625075}}\|website=lib.cam.ac.uk\|oclc=894603647\|access-date=1 May 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501160856/http://idiscover.lib.cam.ac.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=44CAM_ALMA21433438300003606&context=L&vid=44CAM_PROD&search_scope=SCOP_CAM_ALL&tab=cam_lib_coll&lang=en_US\|archive-date=1 May 2018\|url-status=live}}</ref>		* [[Marika Taylor]]<ref name="mathgene" /><ref name=taylorphd>{{cite thesis\|degree=PhD\|publisher=University of Cambridge\|url=http://idiscover.lib.cam.ac.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=44CAM_ALMA21433438300003606&context=L&vid=44CAM_PROD&search_scope=SCOP_CAM_ALL&tab=cam_lib_coll&lang=en_US\|title=Problems in M theory\|first=Marika Maxine\|last=Taylor-Robinson\|date=1998\|id={{EThOS\|uk.bl.ethos.625075}}\|website=lib.cam.ac.uk\|oclc=894603647\|access-date=1 May 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501160856/http://idiscover.lib.cam.ac.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=44CAM_ALMA21433438300003606&context=L&vid=44CAM_PROD&search_scope=SCOP_CAM_ALL&tab=cam_lib_coll&lang=en_US\|archive-date=1 May 2018\|url-status=live}}</ref>
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	}}		}}

	'''Stephen William Hawking''' {{post-nominals\|country=GBR\|CH\|CBE\|FRS\|FRSA}} (8 January 1942 – 14 March 2018) was an English [[theoretical physics\|theoretical physicist]], [[cosmology\|cosmologist]], and author who was director of research at the [[Centre for Theoretical Cosmology]] at the [[University of Cambridge]] at the time of his death.~~<ref name="Auto2J-2" /><ref name="Auto2J-3" />~~<ref name=rsbm>{{cite journal\|last1=Carr\|first1=Bernard J.\|last2=Ellis\|first2=George F. R.\|last3=Gibbons\|first3=Gary W.\|last4=Hartle\|first4=James B.\|last5=Hertog\|first5=Thomas\|last6=Penrose\|first6=Roger\|last7=Perry\|first7=Malcolm J.\|last8=Thorne\|first8=Kip S.\|title=Stephen William Hawking CH CBE. 8 January 1942—14 March 2018\|journal=[[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]]\|volume=66\|year=2019\|pages=267–308\|issn=0080-4606\|doi=10.1098/rsbm.2019.0001\|s2cid=131986323\|doi-access=free}}</ref> He was the [[Lucasian Professor of Mathematics]] at the University of Cambridge between 1979 and 2009.		'''Stephen William Hawking''' {{post-nominals\|country=GBR\|CH\|CBE\|FRS\|FRSA}} (8 January 1942 – 14 March 2018) was an English [[theoretical physics\|theoretical physicist]], [[cosmology\|cosmologist]], and author who was director of research at the [[Centre for Theoretical Cosmology]] at the [[University of Cambridge]] at the time of his death.<ref name=rsbm>{{cite journal\|last1=Carr\|first1=Bernard J.\|last2=Ellis\|first2=George F. R.\|last3=Gibbons\|first3=Gary W.\|last4=Hartle\|first4=James B.\|last5=Hertog\|first5=Thomas\|last6=Penrose\|first6=Roger\|last7=Perry\|first7=Malcolm J.\|last8=Thorne\|first8=Kip S.\|title=Stephen William Hawking CH CBE. 8 January 1942—14 March 2018\|journal=[[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]]\|volume=66\|year=2019\|pages=267–308\|issn=0080-4606\|doi=10.1098/rsbm.2019.0001\|s2cid=131986323\|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Auto2J-2" /><ref name="Auto2J-3" /> He was the [[Lucasian Professor of Mathematics]] at the University of Cambridge between 1979 and 2009.

	Hawking was born in [[Oxford]] into a family of doctors. He began his university education at [[University College, Oxford]], in October 1959 at the age of 17, where he received a [[First Class Honours#First-class honours\|first-class]] [[Honours degree\|BA degree]] in physics. He began his graduate work at [[Trinity Hall, Cambridge]], in October 1962, where he obtained his [[PhD]] degree in [[applied mathematics]] and theoretical physics, specialising in [[general relativity]] and [[cosmology]] in March 1966. In 1963, Hawking was diagnosed with an early-onset slow-progressing form of [[motor neurone disease]] that gradually paralysed him over the decades.<ref>{{cite news\|date=26 November 2015\|title=Mind over matter: How Stephen Hawking defied Motor Neurone Disease for 50 years\|work=The Independent\|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/mind-over-matter-how-stephen-hawking-defied-motor-neurone-disease-for-50-years-6286313.html\|url-status=live\|access-date=15 September 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823050027/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/mind-over-matter-how-stephen-hawking-defied-motor-neurone-disease-for-50-years-6286313.html\|archive-date=23 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news\|date=7 January 2012\|title=How Has Stephen Hawking Lived to 70 with ALS?\|work=[[Scientific American]]\|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/stephen-hawking-als/\|url-status=live\|access-date=23 December 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830050822/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/stephen-hawking-als/\|archive-date=30 August 2015\|quote=Q: How frequent are these cases of very slow-progressing forms of ALS? A: I would say probably less than a few percent.}}</ref> After the loss of his speech, he communicated through a [[speech-generating device]] initially through use of a handheld switch, and eventually by using a single cheek muscle.		Hawking was born in [[Oxford]] into a family of doctors. He began his university education at [[University College, Oxford]], in October 1959 at the age of 17, where he received a [[First Class Honours#First-class honours\|first-class]] [[Honours degree\|BA degree]] in physics. He began his graduate work at [[Trinity Hall, Cambridge]], in October 1962, where he obtained his [[PhD]] degree in [[applied mathematics]] and theoretical physics, specialising in [[general relativity]] and [[cosmology]] in March 1966. In 1963, Hawking was diagnosed with an early-onset slow-progressing form of [[motor neurone disease]] that gradually paralysed him over the decades.<ref>{{cite news\|date=26 November 2015\|title=Mind over matter: How Stephen Hawking defied Motor Neurone Disease for 50 years\|work=The Independent\|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/mind-over-matter-how-stephen-hawking-defied-motor-neurone-disease-for-50-years-6286313.html\|url-status=live\|access-date=15 September 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823050027/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/mind-over-matter-how-stephen-hawking-defied-motor-neurone-disease-for-50-years-6286313.html\|archive-date=23 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news\|date=7 January 2012\|title=How Has Stephen Hawking Lived to 70 with ALS?\|work=[[Scientific American]]\|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/stephen-hawking-als/\|url-status=live\|access-date=23 December 2014\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830050822/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/stephen-hawking-als/\|archive-date=30 August 2015\|quote=Q: How frequent are these cases of very slow-progressing forms of ALS? A: I would say probably less than a few percent.}}</ref> After the loss of his speech, he communicated through a [[speech-generating device]] initially through use of a handheld switch, and eventually by using a single cheek muscle.
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	:<math>S_\text{BH} = \frac{A}{4}.</math>		:<math>S_\text{BH} = \frac{A}{4}.</math>

	[[Jacob Bekenstein]] had conjectured the proportionality; Hawking confirmed it and established the constant of proportionality at <math>1/4</math>.<ref name="~~Guardian.Death~~" /><ref name="~~Auto2J-10~~" /> Calculations based on [[string theory]], first carried out in 1995, have been found to yield the same result.<ref>{{Cite journal\| last1 = Strominger \| first1 = A.\| last2 = Vafa \| first2 = C.\| title = Microscopic origin of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy\| journal = Physics Letters B\| volume = 379\| issue = 1–4\| pages = 99–104\| year = 1996\| doi = 10.1016/0370-2693(96)00345-0\|arxiv = hep-th/9601029 \|bibcode = 1996PhLB..379...99S \| s2cid = 1041890}}</ref>		[[Jacob Bekenstein]] had conjectured the proportionality; Hawking confirmed it and established the constant of proportionality at <math>1/4</math>.<ref name="Auto2J-10" /><ref name="Guardian.Death" /> Calculations based on [[string theory]], first carried out in 1995, have been found to yield the same result.<ref>{{Cite journal\| last1 = Strominger \| first1 = A.\| last2 = Vafa \| first2 = C.\| title = Microscopic origin of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy\| journal = Physics Letters B\| volume = 379\| issue = 1–4\| pages = 99–104\| year = 1996\| doi = 10.1016/0370-2693(96)00345-0\|arxiv = hep-th/9601029 \|bibcode = 1996PhLB..379...99S \| s2cid = 1041890}}</ref>

	This relationship is conjectured to be valid not just for black holes, but also (since [[Entropy (information theory)\|entropy is proportional to information]]) as an [[Bekenstein bound\|upper bound]] on the amount of information that can be contained in any volume of space, which has in turn spawned deeper reflections on the possible [[Holographic principle\|nature of reality]].}} In June 2018, it was announced that Hawking's words, set to music by Greek composer [[Vangelis]], would be beamed into space from a European space agency satellite dish in Spain with the aim of reaching the nearest black hole, [[A0620-00\|1A 0620-00]].<ref>{{cite news \|title=Stephen Hawking's words will be beamed into space \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-44481914 \|access-date=20 October 2018 \|agency=BBC \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022020836/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-44481914 \|archive-date=22 October 2018 \|url-status=live }}</ref>		This relationship is conjectured to be valid not just for black holes, but also (since [[Entropy (information theory)\|entropy is proportional to information]]) as an [[Bekenstein bound\|upper bound]] on the amount of information that can be contained in any volume of space, which has in turn spawned deeper reflections on the possible [[Holographic principle\|nature of reality]].}} In June 2018, it was announced that Hawking's words, set to music by Greek composer [[Vangelis]], would be beamed into space from a European space agency satellite dish in Spain with the aim of reaching the nearest black hole, [[A0620-00\|1A 0620-00]].<ref>{{cite news \|title=Stephen Hawking's words will be beamed into space \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-44481914 \|access-date=20 October 2018 \|agency=BBC \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022020836/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-44481914 \|archive-date=22 October 2018 \|url-status=live }}</ref>

Stephen Hawking - Revision history

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