ShermanGraham8: added some entry from scratch...

2023-08-24T07:37:26Z

added some entry from scratch...

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{{Short description|Species of spider}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Spider(Stenaelurillus_Sp)_05947.jpg
| taxon = Stenaelurillus albus
| authority = Sebastian, Sankaran, Malamel & Joseph, 2015
}}

'''''Stenaelurillus albus''''' is a [[species]] of [[jumping spider]] in the [[genus]] ''[[Stenaelurillus]]'' that lives in India. It was first described in 2015 by Pothalil A. Sebastian, Pradeep M. Sankaran, Jobi J. Malamel and Mathew M. Joseph. The spider was first found in [[Kerala]] but has also been observed in [[Karnataka]], including the [[Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Parambikulam Tiger Reserve]]. It prefers to live in the [[Plant litter|leaf litter]] found in [[deciduous]] forests. It is medium-sized, with a body length that ranges from {{convert|4.61|to|6.82|mm|in|abbr=on}}. The female is larger than the male. The female has a black oval [[cephalothorax]] which has a pattern of yellow bands and an oval [[Opisthosoma|abdomen]] that has yellow patches, the most pronounced three of which make a triangle shape, on a black background. The male differs in having a shiny black abdomen which has no patterns and a cephalothorax that is black with thick white stripes that mark the spider from front to back. This pattern distinguishes the species from others in the genus, including ''[[Stenaelurillus belihuloya]]''. The sexual organs are also distinctive. The male has a brown [[palpal bulb]] that has two creamy-white markings on the rear and has a short, blunt [[Palpal bulb|embolus]]. These areas give the spider its name, from the [[Latin]] for white. The female has wide copulatory openings and small C-shaped [[spermatheca]]e, and it is the latter that enables it to be distinguished from ''[[Stenaelurillus abramovi]]''.

==Taxonomy==
''Stenaelurillus albus'' was first described by Pothalil A. Sebastian, Pradeep M. Sankaran, Jobi J. Malamel and Mathew M. Joseph in 2015.<ref name=wsc>{{cite web|author=World Spider Catalog|year=2017|title=''Stenaelurillus albus'' Sebastian, Sankaran, Malamel & Joseph, 2015|website=World Spider Catalog|publisher=Natural History Museum|place=Bern|url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/species/54040|version=22.0|accessdate=11 May 2021}}</ref> They placed the [[species]] in the [[genus]] ''[[Stenaelurillus]]'', first raised by [[Eugène Simon]] in 1886.{{sfn|Logunov|2020|page=202}} The name relates to the genus name ''[[Aelurillus]]'', which itself derives from the Greek word for cat, with the addition of a Greek stem meaning narrow.{{sfn|Fernández-Rubio|2013|page=125}} The genus was placed in the subtribe Aelurillina in the [[Tribe (biology)|tribe]] Aelurillini in the [[Clade (biology)|clade]] Saltafresia by [[Wayne Maddison]] in the same year that the species was first described.{{sfn|Maddison|2015|page=279}} Two years later, in 2017, it was grouped with nine other genera of jumping spiders under the name Aelurillines.{{sfn|Prószyński|2017|page=95}} Like other Asian species in the genus and unlike those found in Africa, the sexual organs seem to have a distinctive structural origin, particularly the [[tegulum]].{{sfn|Logunov|Azarkina|2018|page=10}} The species name is the [[Latin]] word for white and relates to the distinctive colour of part of the tegulum at the rear of the male [[palpal bulb]].{{sfn|Sebastian|Sankaran|Malamel|Joseph|2015|page=72}}

==Description==
The spider is medium-sized. The male has a body length that varies between {{convert|4.61|and|5.89|mm|in|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Sebastian|Sankaran|Malamel|Joseph|2015|page=72}} The black [[cephalothorax]] is an oval that typically measures {{convert|2.98|mm|in|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|2.08|mm|in|abbr=on}} in width. It has two white thick stripes that stretch from the front to the back, another weaker one that marks the spider from side to side, and two more bands on the [[thorax]]. The [[Opisthosoma|abdomen]] is also oval, typically {{convert|2.91|mm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1.98|mm|in|abbr=on}} wide, and uniformly shiny black. The [[Spider vision|eye field]] is similarly black with hairs around the rearmost eyes. The [[Clypeus (arthropod anatomy)|clypeus]] is also covered in hairs. The [[chelicerae]] are short, vertical and brown, with one large and one small tooth at the fore and another behind, while the fangs are short. The legs are generally yellow, although there are areas with other colours and the hairs are black. The [[pedipalp]]s are yellow and hairy.{{sfn|Sebastian|Sankaran|Malamel|Joseph|2015|pages=65–66}} The spider has a brown [[palpal bulb]] that has two creamy-white areas at the back where the tegulum is found. The [[Palpal bulb|embolus]] is short, blunt and curves towards the front of the spider.{{sfn|Sebastian|Sankaran|Malamel|Joseph|2015|page=68}}

The female is very similar to the male in colouration and shape. It is slightly larger, measuring between {{convert|5.43|and|6.82|mm|in|abbr=on}} in body length.{{sfn|Sebastian|Sankaran|Malamel|Joseph|2015|page=72}} It has a larger cephalothorax, typically {{convert|2.997|mm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|2.29|mm|in|abbr=on}} wide, that is black with dull yellow bands that cross the back and two strikes that extend back from the [[thorax]]. The abdomen, which can be {{convert|3.83|in|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|2.84|mm|in|abbr=on}} wide, is also black but three pronounced yellow patches that make the shape of a triangle and several others which are duller. The clypeus and eye field are similar but the chelicerae are yellow and the legs more dull yellow, with black patches, than the male.{{sfn|Sebastian|Sankaran|Malamel|Joseph|2015|pages=69, 71}} The [[epigyne]] is small, with wide copulatory openings and small C-shaped [[spermatheca]]e.{{sfn|Sebastian|Sankaran|Malamel|Joseph|2015|page=72}} The species has a distinctive mating plug, which covers the entire left copulatory opening and surrounding part of the epigyne.

''Stenaelurillus albus'' is very similar to many other species in the genus. The spider is similar to ''[[Stenaelurillus abramovi]]'' in the size of the copulatory openings but size and shape of the spermathecae enable the two be differentiated.{{sfn|Sebastian|Sankaran|Malamel|Joseph|2015|page=65}} The species can be distinguished from ''[[Stenaelurillus arambagensis]]'' by the shape of the embolus and the shape of the spermathecae.{{sfn|Logunov|Azarkina|2018|page=20}} More obviously, it can be told apart from ''[[Stenaelurillus belihuloya]]'' by the presence of the lateral stripe, variety of colours in the pedipalps and the shape of the embolus.{{sfn|Logunov|Azarkina|2018|page=25}} It differs from ''[[Stenaelurillus shwetamukhi]]'' in the lack of patterns on the male abdomen and the narrowness and bluntness of the embolus.{{sfn|Marathe|Sanap|Joglekar|Caleb|2022|page=9}}

==Distribution and habitat==
The spider is [[Endemism|endemic]] to India.<ref name=wsc/> The species was first identified in the [[Ernakulam district]] of [[Kerala]] based on a collection of fifteen examples, the [[holotype]] and six other males plus eight females.{{sfn|Sebastian|Sankaran|Malamel|Joseph|2015|page=65}} The species has subsequently seen near [[Bhoothathankettu]] and in the [[Kodanad Abhayaranyam animal shelter and elephant training centre|Kodanad elephant training centre]], [[Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Parambikulam Tiger Reserve]] and [[Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary]] in Kerala. It was also found on the campus of [[Kuvempu University]] and the [[Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary]] in [[Karnataka]].{{sfn|Prajapati|Murthappa|Sankaran|Sebastian|2016|pages=331–332}}{{sfn|Sudhin|Sen|Caleb|2023|page=130}} The spider is restricted in its [[Species distribution|range]] to south India.{{sfn|Logunov|Azarkina|2018|pages=12, 115}} The spider lives in rocky areas in [[deciduous]] forests, preferred to live in [[Plant litter|leaf litter]].{{sfn|Sebastian|Sankaran|Malamel|Joseph|2015|page=72}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite journal | last=Fernández-Rubio | first=Fidel | title=La etimología de los nombres de las arañas (Araneae) | trans-title=The etymology of the names of spiders (Araneae) | journal=Revista ibérica de Aracnología | number=22 | pages=125–130 | ISSN=1576-9518 | year=2013 | language=ES}}
*{{cite journal | last=Logunov | first=Dmitri V. | year=2020 | title=Further notes on the genus ''Stenaelurillus'' Simon, 1885 from India (Araneae: Salticidae) | journal=Zootaxa | volume=4899 | number=1 | pages=201–214 | doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.11 | pmid=33756833 | s2cid=232339218 }}
*{{cite journal | last1=Logunov | first1=Dmitri V. | last2=Azarkina | first2=Galina N. | year=2018 | title=Redefinition and partial revision of the genus ''Stenaelurillus'' Simon, 1886 (Arachnida, Araneae, Salticidae) | journal=European Journal of Taxonomy | volume=430 | pages=1–126 | doi=10.5852/ejt.2018.430| doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal | last1=Maddison | first1=Wayne P. |title=A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) | journal=The Journal of Arachnology | year= 2015 | volume=43 | number=3 | pages=231–292 | doi=10.1636/arac-43-03-231-292|s2cid=85680279 | author-link=Wayne Maddison}}
*{{cite journal | last1=Marathe | first1=Kiran | first2=Rajesh | last2=Sanap | first3=Anuradha | last3=Joglekar | first4=John T. D. | last4=Caleb | first5=Wayne P. | last5=Maddison | year=2022 | title=Three new and notes on two other jumping spider species of the genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillina) from the Deccan Plateau, India | journal=Zootaxa | volume=5125 | number=1 | pages=1–19}}
*{{cite journal | last1=Prajapati | first1=Dhruv A. | first2=Prashanthakumara S. | last2=Murthappa | first3=Pradeep M. | last3=Sankaran | first4=Pothalil A. | last4=Sebastian | year=2016 | title=Two new species of Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 from India (Araneae: Salticidae: Aelurillina) | journal=Zootaxa | volume=4171 | number=2 | pages=321–334}}
*{{cite journal | last=Prószyński | first=Jaerzy | year=2017 | title=Pragmatic classification of the World's Salticidae (Araneae) | journal=Ecologica Montenegrina | volume=12 | pages=1–133 | doi=10.37828/em.2017.12.1 | author-link=Jerzy Prószyński| doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal | last1=Sebastian | first1=Pothalil A. | first2=Pradeep M. | last2=Sankaran | first3=Jobi J. | last3=Malamel | first4=Mathew M. | last4=Joseph | year=2015 | title=Description of new species of ''Stenaelurillus'' Simon, 1886 from the Western Ghats of India with the redescription of ''Stenaelurillus lesserti'' Reimoser, 1934 and notes on mating plug in the genus (Arachnida, Araneae, Salticidae) | journal=ZooKeys | issue=491 | pages=63–78 | doi=10.3897/zookeys.491.8218 | pmid=25878537 | pmc=4389184 | doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal | last1=Sudhin | first1=Puthoor Pattammal | first2=Souvik | last2=Sen | first3=John T. D. | last3=Caleb | year=2023 | title=Two new ''Stenaelurillus'' species (Araneae, Salticidae, Aelurillina) from Western Ghats, India | journal=Zoosystematics and Evolution | volume=99 | number=1 | pages=123–133 | doi=10.3897/zse.99.97985| doi-access=free }}
{{refend}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q27505133}}

[[Category:Salticidae]]
[[Category:Spiders described in 2015]]
[[Category:Spiders of the Indian subcontinent]]

Stenaelurillus albus - Revision history

ShermanGraham8: added some entry from scratch...