Status quo ante bellum - Revision history

BrigitteDugdale: added references

2025-06-22T16:18:50Z

added references

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:48, 22 June 2025
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	{{short description\|Latin phrase meaning "the state existing before the war"}}		{{short description\|Latin phrase meaning 'the state existing before the war'}}
	{{~~italic~~ title}}		{{title language\|la}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=September 2019}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=September 2019}}

	~~The term~~ '''~~''status~~ quo ante bellum''''' is a [[Latin]] phrase meaning "the situation as it existed before the war".<ref>{{Citation\|last1=Fellmeth\|first1=Aaron X.\|title=Status quo ante bellum\|date=2009\|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195369380.001.0001/acref-9780195369380-e-1935\|work=Guide to Latin in International Law\|publisher=Oxford University Press~~\|language=en~~\|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195369380.001.0001\|isbn=978-0-19-536938-0\|access-date=2020-06-19\|last2=Horwitz\|first2=Maurice}}</ref>		'''{{lang\|la\|Status quo ante bellum}}''' is a [[Latin]] phrase meaning 'the situation as it existed before the war'.<ref>{{Citation\|last1=Fellmeth\|first1=Aaron X.\|title=Status quo ante bellum\|date=2009\|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195369380.001.0001/acref-9780195369380-e-1935\|work=Guide to Latin in International Law\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195369380.001.0001\|isbn=978-0-19-536938-0\|access-date=2020-06-19\|last2=Horwitz\|first2=Maurice\|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
	The term was originally used in [[treaty\|treaties]] to refer to the withdrawal of enemy troops and the restoration of prewar leadership. When used as such, it means that no side gains or loses any territorial, economic, or political rights. This contrasts with ''[[uti possidetis]]'', where each side retains whatever territory and other property it holds at the end of the war.		The term was originally used in [[treaty\|treaties]] to refer to the withdrawal of enemy troops and the restoration of prewar leadership. When used as such, it means that no side gains or loses any territorial, economic, or political rights. This contrasts with {{lang\|la\|[[uti possidetis]]}}, where each side retains whatever territory and other property it holds at the end of the war.

	==Historical examples==		==Historical examples==
	An early example is the treaty that ended the [[Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628]] between the [[Byzantine Empire\|Eastern Roman]] and the [[Sasanian Empire\|Sasanian Persian]] Empires. The Persians had occupied [[Asia Minor]], [[Palestine (region)\|Palestine]] and [[Egypt]]. After a successful Roman counteroffensive in [[Mesopotamia]] finally ended the war, the integrity of Rome's eastern frontier as it was prior to 602 was fully restored. Both empires were exhausted after this war, and neither was ready to defend itself when the [[Early Muslim conquests\|armies of Islam]] emerged from [[Arabia]] in 632.		An early example is the treaty that ended the [[Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628]] between the [[Byzantine Empire\|Eastern Roman]] and the [[Sasanian Empire\|Sasanian Persian]] Empires. The Persians had occupied [[Asia Minor]], [[Palestine (region)\|Palestine]] and [[Egypt]]. After a successful Roman counteroffensive in [[Mesopotamia]] finally ended the war, the integrity of Rome's eastern frontier as it was prior to 602 was fully restored. Both empires were exhausted after this war, and neither was ready to defend itself when the [[Early Muslim conquests\|armies of Islam]] emerged from [[Arabia]] in 632.

	Another example is the sixteenth-century [[Abyssinian–Adal war]] between the Muslim [[Adal Sultanate]] and Christian [[Ethiopian Empire]], which ended in a stalemate. Both empires were exhausted after this war, and neither was ready to defend itself against the [[the Great Oromo Migrations\|Oromo Migrations]].<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Gikes\|first1=Patrick\|title=Wars in the Horn of Africa and the dismantling of the Somali State\|journal=African Studies\|date=2002\|volume=2\|issue=2\|pages=89–102\|publisher=University of Lisbon\|url=https://cea.revues.org/1280\|access-date=7 November 2016\|doi=10.4000/cea.1280 \|doi-access=free~~}}</ref>~~		Another example is the sixteenth-century [[Abyssinian–Adal war]] between the Muslim [[Adal Sultanate]] and Christian [[Ethiopian Empire]], which ended in a stalemate. Both empires were exhausted after this war, and neither was ready to defend itself against the [[the Great Oromo Migrations\|Oromo Migrations]].<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Gikes\|first1=Patrick\|title=Wars in the Horn of Africa and the dismantling of the Somali State\|journal=African Studies\|date=2002\|volume=2\|issue=2\|pages=89–102\|publisher=University of Lisbon\|url=https://cea.revues.org/1280\|access-date=7 November 2016\|doi=10.4000/cea.1280 \|doi-access=free\|hdl=10071/3126\|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

	~~===Seven Years' War===~~
	~~The [[Seven Years' War]] lasted from 1756 to 1763 and concluded in ''status quo ante bellum''.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Schweizer~~ \|~~first~~=~~Karl W.\|title=England, Prussia, and the Seven Years War: Studies in Alliance Policies and Diplomacy\|url=https:~~/~~/books.google.com/books?id=rfacoIz38n0C&pg=PA250\|year=1989~~ \|~~location~~=~~[[Lewiston, New York]]\|publisher= [[Edwin Mellen Press]] \|isbn=9780889464650 \|page=250~~}}</ref> During the war, [[Archduchy of Austria\|Austria]] had tried to regain the region of [[Silesia]] from [[Kingdom of Prussia\|Prussia]], which had been lost in the [[War of the Austrian Succession]] eight years earlier. Silesia ultimately remained in Prussian hands.

	===War of 1812===		===War of 1812===
	~~Another example of a war that ended in ''status quo ante bellum'' is the~~ [[War of 1812]] between the [[United States]] and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland\|United Kingdom]], which was concluded with the [[Treaty of Ghent]] in 1814.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/essays/american-perspective/\|title=An American Perspective on the War of 1812\|author=Donald Hickey\|publisher=PBS\|access-date=January 28, 2013\|archive-date=15 May 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515124138/https://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/essays/american-perspective/\|url-status=dead}}</ref> During negotiations, British diplomats had suggested ending the war ''[[uti possidetis]]''.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/essays/treaty-ghent//\|title=Treaty of Ghent: War of 1812\|publisher=PBS\|access-date=January 28, 2013\|archive-date=16 June 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616222300/http://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/essays/treaty-ghent/\|url-status=dead}}</ref> While American diplomats demanded cession from [[British North America\|Canada]] and British officials also pressed for a pro-British [[Indian barrier state]] in the [[Midwestern United States\|Midwest]] and keeping parts of Maine they captured (i.e., [[New Ireland (Maine)\|New Ireland]]) during the war,<ref>{{cite book \|first=Carl \|last=Benn \|title=The War of 1812 \|location=New York \|publisher=Routledge \|year=2002 \|page=82 \|isbn=1-84176-466-3 }}</ref><ref>Henry Adams, ''History of the United States of America during the Administration of James Madison'' (1890; Library of America edition, 1986) 2:127-145</ref> the final treaty left neither gains nor losses in land for the United States or the United Kingdom's Canadian colonies.		The [[War of 1812]] was fought between the [[United States]] and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland\|United Kingdom]], which was concluded with the [[Treaty of Ghent]] in 1814.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/essays/american-perspective/\|title=An American Perspective on the War of 1812\|author=Donald Hickey\|publisher=PBS\|access-date=January 28, 2013\|archive-date=15 May 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515124138/https://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/essays/american-perspective/\|url-status=dead}}</ref> During negotiations, British diplomats had suggested ending the war ''[[uti possidetis]]''.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/essays/treaty-ghent//\|title=Treaty of Ghent: War of 1812\|publisher=PBS\|access-date=January 28, 2013\|archive-date=16 June 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616222300/http://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/essays/treaty-ghent/\|url-status=dead}}</ref> While American diplomats demanded cession from [[British North America\|Canada]] and British officials also pressed for a pro-British [[Indian barrier state]] in the [[Midwestern United States\|Midwest]] and keeping parts of Maine they captured (i.e., [[New Ireland (Maine)\|New Ireland]]) during the war,<ref>{{cite book \|first=Carl \|last=Benn \|title=The War of 1812 \|location=New York \|publisher=Routledge \|year=2002 \|page=82 \|isbn=1-84176-466-3 }}</ref><ref>Henry Adams, ''History of the United States of America during the Administration of James Madison'' (1890; Library of America edition, 1986) 2:127-145</ref> the final treaty left neither gains nor losses in land for the United States or the United Kingdom's Canadian colonies.

	~~===Korean DMZ Conflict===~~
	The [[Korean War]] began with the Korean Peninsula split along the [[38th parallel north\|38th parallel]], with [[North Korea]] under [[Kim Il Sung]] being supported by the [[Soviet Union\|USSR]] and [[China]] while [[South Korea]] under [[Syngman Rhee]] being supported by the [[United States]]. After fighting ended with a cease-fire, the current border between [[North Korea]] and [[South Korea]] remained roughly along the 38th parallel, similar to the [[Division of Korea\|1948 partition]].<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Korean War and the change in position of the 38th parallel\|url=https://vocal.media/serve/korean-war-and-the-change-in-position-of-the-38th-parallel\|access-date=2021-04-21\|website=Serve\|language=en}}</ref>

	The [[Korean DMZ Conflict]], also referred to as the Second Korean War by some, was a series of low-level armed clashes between North Korean forces and the forces of South Korea and the United States, largely occurring between 1966 and 1969 at the Korean DMZ.

	===Football War===		===Football War===
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	===Indo-Pakistani War of 1965===		===Indo-Pakistani War of 1965===
	The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] was a culmination of skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 between Pakistan and India. The conflict began following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)\|Jammu and Kashmir]] to precipitate an insurgency against Indian rule. This war concluded in a stalemate with no permanent territorial changes (see [[Tashkent Declaration]]).<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2002/dec/21haji.htm\|title=Giving Haji Pir back to Pak a mistake: Gen Dyal\|first=Josy Joseph in\|last=Bangalore\|website=Rediff}}</ref>		The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] was a culmination of skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 between Pakistan and India. The conflict began following Pakistan's [[Operation Gibraltar]], which was designed to infiltrate forces into [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)\|Jammu and Kashmir]] to precipitate an insurgency against Indian rule. This war concluded in a stalemate with no permanent territorial changes (see [[Tashkent Declaration]]).<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2002/dec/21haji.htm\|title=Giving Haji Pir back to Pak a mistake: Gen Dyal\|first=Josy Joseph in\|last=Bangalore\|website=Rediff}}</ref>

	===Iran–Iraq War===		===Iran–Iraq War===
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	===Kargil War===		===Kargil War===
	The [[Kargil War]] was an armed conflict between India and [[Pakistan]] that took place in 1999 between 3 May and 26 July of the [[Kargil district]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)\|Jammu and Kashmir]] and elsewhere along the [[Line of Control]] (LoC). The war started with the infiltration of Pakistani soldiers and armed insurgents into positions on the Indian side of the LoC. After two months of fighting, the Indian military regained most of its positions on the Indian side, and the Pakistani forces withdrew to their peacetime positions. The war ended with no territorial changes on either side.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/kargil-99.htm\|title=1999 Kargil Conflict\|website=~~www.~~globalsecurity.org}}</ref>		The [[Kargil War]] was an armed conflict between India and [[Pakistan]] that took place in 1999 between 3 May and 26 July of the [[Kargil district]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)\|Jammu and Kashmir]] and elsewhere along the [[Line of Control]] (LoC). The war started with the infiltration of Pakistani soldiers and armed insurgents into positions on the Indian side of the LoC. After two months of fighting, the Indian military regained most of its positions on the Indian side, and the Pakistani forces withdrew to their peacetime positions. The war ended with no territorial changes on either side.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/kargil-99.htm\|title=1999 Kargil Conflict\|website=globalsecurity.org}}</ref>

	==References==		==References==

Soldier: Created status quo ante bellum

2023-09-08T07:48:22Z

Created status quo ante bellum

New page

{{short description|Latin phrase meaning "the state existing before the war"}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}

The term '''''status quo ante bellum''''' is a [[Latin]] phrase meaning "the situation as it existed before the war".<ref>{{Citation|last1=Fellmeth|first1=Aaron X.|title=Status quo ante bellum|date=2009|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195369380.001.0001/acref-9780195369380-e-1935|work=Guide to Latin in International Law|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195369380.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-536938-0|access-date=2020-06-19|last2=Horwitz|first2=Maurice}}</ref>
The term was originally used in [[treaty|treaties]] to refer to the withdrawal of enemy troops and the restoration of prewar leadership. When used as such, it means that no side gains or loses any territorial, economic, or political rights. This contrasts with ''[[uti possidetis]]'', where each side retains whatever territory and other property it holds at the end of the war.

==Historical examples==
An early example is the treaty that ended the [[Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628]] between the [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Roman]] and the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian Persian]] Empires. The Persians had occupied [[Asia Minor]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and [[Egypt]]. After a successful Roman counteroffensive in [[Mesopotamia]] finally ended the war, the integrity of Rome's eastern frontier as it was prior to 602 was fully restored. Both empires were exhausted after this war, and neither was ready to defend itself when the [[Early Muslim conquests|armies of Islam]] emerged from [[Arabia]] in 632.

Another example is the sixteenth-century [[Abyssinian–Adal war]] between the Muslim [[Adal Sultanate]] and Christian [[Ethiopian Empire]], which ended in a stalemate. Both empires were exhausted after this war, and neither was ready to defend itself against the [[the Great Oromo Migrations|Oromo Migrations]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gikes|first1=Patrick|title=Wars in the Horn of Africa and the dismantling of the Somali State|journal=African Studies|date=2002|volume=2|issue=2|pages=89–102|publisher=University of Lisbon|url=https://cea.revues.org/1280|access-date=7 November 2016|doi=10.4000/cea.1280 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Seven Years' War===
The [[Seven Years' War]] lasted from 1756 to 1763 and concluded in ''status quo ante bellum''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schweizer |first=Karl W.|title=England, Prussia, and the Seven Years War: Studies in Alliance Policies and Diplomacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rfacoIz38n0C&pg=PA250|year=1989 |location=[[Lewiston, New York]]|publisher= [[Edwin Mellen Press]] |isbn=9780889464650 |page=250}}</ref> During the war, [[Archduchy of Austria|Austria]] had tried to regain the region of [[Silesia]] from [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], which had been lost in the [[War of the Austrian Succession]] eight years earlier. Silesia ultimately remained in Prussian hands.

===War of 1812===
Another example of a war that ended in ''status quo ante bellum'' is the [[War of 1812]] between the [[United States]] and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], which was concluded with the [[Treaty of Ghent]] in 1814.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/essays/american-perspective/|title=An American Perspective on the War of 1812|author=Donald Hickey|publisher=PBS|access-date=January 28, 2013|archive-date=15 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515124138/https://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/essays/american-perspective/|url-status=dead}}</ref> During negotiations, British diplomats had suggested ending the war ''[[uti possidetis]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/essays/treaty-ghent//|title=Treaty of Ghent: War of 1812|publisher=PBS|access-date=January 28, 2013|archive-date=16 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616222300/http://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/essays/treaty-ghent/|url-status=dead}}</ref> While American diplomats demanded cession from [[British North America|Canada]] and British officials also pressed for a pro-British [[Indian barrier state]] in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]] and keeping parts of Maine they captured (i.e., [[New Ireland (Maine)|New Ireland]]) during the war,<ref>{{cite book |first=Carl |last=Benn |title=The War of 1812 |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |page=82 |isbn=1-84176-466-3 }}</ref><ref>Henry Adams, ''History of the United States of America during the Administration of James Madison'' (1890; Library of America edition, 1986) 2:127-145</ref> the final treaty left neither gains nor losses in land for the United States or the United Kingdom's Canadian colonies.

===Korean DMZ Conflict===
The [[Korean War]] began with the Korean Peninsula split along the [[38th parallel north|38th parallel]], with [[North Korea]] under [[Kim Il Sung]] being supported by the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] and [[China]] while [[South Korea]] under [[Syngman Rhee]] being supported by the [[United States]]. After fighting ended with a cease-fire, the current border between [[North Korea]] and [[South Korea]] remained roughly along the 38th parallel, similar to the [[Division of Korea|1948 partition]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Korean War and the change in position of the 38th parallel|url=https://vocal.media/serve/korean-war-and-the-change-in-position-of-the-38th-parallel|access-date=2021-04-21|website=Serve|language=en}}</ref>

The [[Korean DMZ Conflict]], also referred to as the Second Korean War by some, was a series of low-level armed clashes between North Korean forces and the forces of South Korea and the United States, largely occurring between 1966 and 1969 at the Korean DMZ.

===Football War===
The [[Football War]], also known as the Soccer War or 100 Hour War, was a brief war fought between El Salvador and Honduras in 1969. It ended in a ceasefire and ''status quo ante bellum'' due to intervention by the [[Organization of American States]].

===Indo-Pakistani War of 1965===
The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] was a culmination of skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 between Pakistan and India. The conflict began following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] to precipitate an insurgency against Indian rule. This war concluded in a stalemate with no permanent territorial changes (see [[Tashkent Declaration]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2002/dec/21haji.htm|title=Giving Haji Pir back to Pak a mistake: Gen Dyal|first=Josy Joseph in|last=Bangalore|website=Rediff}}</ref>

===Iran–Iraq War===
The [[Iran–Iraq War]] lasted from September 1980 to August 1988. "The war left the borders unchanged. Three years later, as war with the Western powers loomed, [[Saddam Hussein]] recognized Iranian rights over the eastern half of the [[Shatt al-Arab]], a reversion to the ''status quo ante bellum'' that he had repudiated a decade earlier."{{attribution needed|date=September 2018}} In exchange, Iran gave a promise not to invade Iraq while the latter was busy in [[Kuwait]].

===Kargil War===
The [[Kargil War]] was an armed conflict between India and [[Pakistan]] that took place in 1999 between 3 May and 26 July of the [[Kargil district]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and elsewhere along the [[Line of Control]] (LoC). The war started with the infiltration of Pakistani soldiers and armed insurgents into positions on the Indian side of the LoC. After two months of fighting, the Indian military regained most of its positions on the Indian side, and the Pakistani forces withdrew to their peacetime positions. The war ended with no territorial changes on either side.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/kargil-99.htm|title=1999 Kargil Conflict|website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Latin words and phrases]]