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{{Short description|2024 Indian Supreme Court case}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

{{Infobox court case
| name = The State of Punjab v. Davinder Singh
| court = [[Supreme Court of India]]
| image = Emblem of the Supreme Court of India 2025.svg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| full name = The State of Punjab & Ors. v. Davinder Singh & Ors.
| date_decided = 1 August 2024
| citations = 2024 INSC 562
| transcripts = [https://indiankanoon.org/doc/155595286/ (Indian Kanoon)]<br/>[https://www.scobserver.in/judgement/state-of-punjab-v-davinder-singh-judgment/ (SCObserver)]
| prior_actions = Appeal against the judgment of the Punjab and Haryana High Court which had struck down Section 4(5) of the Punjab Scheduled Castes and Backward Classes (Reservation in Services) Act, 2006, relying on ''[[E. V. Chinnaiah v. State of Andhra Pradesh]]''.
| subsequent_actions =
| judges = [[D. Y. Chandrachud]] (CJI), [[B. R. Gavai]], [[Vikram Nath]], [[Bela M. Trivedi]], [[Pankaj Mithal]], [[Manoj Misra]], and [[Satish Chandra Sharma]]
| number of judges = 7
| decision by = [[D. Y. Chandrachud]]
| Dissent = 1
| concurring = B. R. Gavai, Vikram Nath, Pankaj Mithal, Manoj Misra, and Satish Chandra Sharma
| dissenting = Bela M. Trivedi
| Overturned previous case = [[E. V. Chinnaiah v. State of Andhra Pradesh]]
}}
'''''The State of Punjab v. Davinder Singh'''''., 2024 INSC 562, is a landmark [[Supreme Court of India]] judgment by a seven-judge [[Constitution bench]], which held that state governments have the power to create sub-classifications within the [[Scheduled Castes]] (SCs) and [[Scheduled Tribes]] (STs) for the purpose of [[Reservation in India|reservation]] in public employment and education. In a 6:1 majority verdict delivered on 1 August 2024, the Court overruled its previous 2004 decision in ''[[E. V. Chinnaiah v. State of Andhra Pradesh]]'', which had held that Scheduled Castes form a homogenous group and cannot be subdivided for reservation benefits. The judgement affirmed state's power to make sub-classifications for the benefit of the most disadvantaged groups within the SC and ST lists under Articles 15 and 16 of the [[Constitution of India]], acknowledging that judicial decisions should not be divorced from 'social and economic reality'.<ref name="f137">{{cite book |last=Choragudi |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iat3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT103 |title=Caste Matters in Public Policy: Issues and Perspectives |last2=Pellissery |first2=S. |last3=Jayaram |first3=N. |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-000-63197-5 |page=103 |access-date=July 11, 2025}}</ref>

== Background ==
The case originated from a 1975 notification by the [[Government of Punjab, India|Punjab government]] that allocated 50% of the reserved seats for Scheduled Castes to the [[Valmiki]] and [[Mazhabi Sikh]] communities, which were considered the most backward among the SCs in the state.<ref name="the-indian-express-2024">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=Decode Politics: How Punjab came to be among first states to sub-categorise SCs, and has been fighting to retain it |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/decode-politics-punjab-sc-sub-categorisation-constitutional-bench-9152966/ |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2000, [[Andhra Pradesh]] legislature passed a similar law called "Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Castes (Rationalisation of Reservations) Act, 2000" organising SCs into sub-groups.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-01 |title=Explained: The 'quota within quota' debate |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/supreme-court-sc-st-reservation-quota-6572693/ |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> However, the constitutionality of this law was challenged in the High Court, where it was upheld, and appealed to Supreme Court of India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-01 |title=Who was E V Chinnaiah, lead petitioner in Supreme Court's SC sub-classification case? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/e-v-chinnaiah-lead-petitioner-supreme-court-sc-sub-classification-case-9489550/ |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2004, a five-judge bench of the Supreme Court in its judgement ''[[E. V. Chinnaiah v. State of Andhra Pradesh]],'' held that the President's list of Scheduled Castes under Article 341 constitutes a single, homogenous group, struck down the law as unconstitutional.<ref name="SCObserver_background">{{cite web |title=Validity of Sub-Classification Within Reserved Categories - Supreme Court Observer |url=https://www.scobserver.in/cases/punjab-davinder-singh-validity-of-sub-classification-within-reserved-categories-case-background/ |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=Supreme Court Observer}}</ref>

Following the ''Chinnaiah'' decision, the Punjab government passed the Punjab Scheduled Castes and Backward Classes (Reservation in Services) Act, 2006 in which Section 4(5) codified the "first-preference" reservation policy from 1975. The constitutionality of the act was challenged by the Chamar Mahasabha represented by Davinder Singh,<ref name="the-indian-express-2024" /> and it was struck down by the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] in several rulings relying on precedent in ''Chinnaiah''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-15 |title={50% reservation to Valmiki, Mazhabi Sikhs among SCs} MP Manish Tewari writes to Channi to reiterate Punjab's stand |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/50-reservation-to-valmiki-mazhabi-sikhs-among-scs-mp-manish-tewari-writes-to-channi-to-reiterate-punjab-s-stand-101636999103035.html |access-date=2025-07-10 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref> The state subsequently appealed the high court ruling in the Supreme Court which was heard by a five-judge bench in 2020 led by Justice Arun Mishra and comprising Justices Indira Banerjee, Vineet Saran, M.R. Shah, and Aniruddha Bose.<ref name="SCObserver_background" />

The division bench of the Supreme Court, hearing the appeal, expressed doubt about the correctness of the ''Chinnaiah'' verdict, noting its inconsistency with the principles laid down by a larger nine-judge bench in ''[[Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India]]''. The bench observed that both caste and class are dynamic, and that the benefits of reservation were often being cornered by a few dominant castes within the SC list, leaving the most marginalized without representation. Consequently, the matter was referred to a seven-judge bench to authoritatively decide the issue.<ref name="SCObserver_background" />

== Judgment ==
The seven-judge bench, headed by Chief Justice [[D. Y. Chandrachud]], delivered its judgment on 1 August 2024, with a 6:1 majority after hearing the arguments for three days. The majority opinion, authored by Chandrachud, held that the sub-classification of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes is constitutionally permissible.<ref name="LiveLaw_overruled">{{cite web |date=1 August 2024 |title=Scheduled Castes Not A Homogeneous Class, Sub-classification One Of The Means To Achieve Substantive Equality: Supreme Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/scheduled-castes-not-a-homogeneous-class-sub-classification-one-of-the-means-to-achieve-substantive-equality-supreme-court-263384 |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=LiveLaw}}</ref> Justices [[B. R. Gavai]], [[Vikram Nath]], [[Pankaj Mithal]], [[Manoj Misra]], and [[Satish Chandra Sharma]] wrote separate, concurring opinions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sub-Classification Within Reserved Categories {{!}} Judgement Summary |url=https://www.scobserver.in/reports/sub-classification-within-reserved-categories-judgement-summary/ |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Majority opinion ===
The judgment located the state's authority to sub-classify within Articles 15 and 16 of the Constitution, which it described as enabling provisions for the state to create special measures for backward classes. The Court distinguished this legislative power from the President's distinct power under Article 341, which is limited to identifying which castes are included in the SC list. The states, the Court held, are empowered to apportion reservation benefits among those identified castes to ensure equitable outcomes.<ref name="LiveLaw_overruled" /><ref name="LawBhoomi2">{{cite web |date=16 April 2025 |title=State of Punjab v. Davinder Singh - LawBhoomi |url=https://lawbhoomi.com/state-of-punjab-v-davinder-singh/ |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=LawBhoomi}}</ref> Based on this reasoning, the majority explicitly overruled the five-judge bench decision in ''E.V. Chinnaiah'', stating its interpretation was flawed because it did not recognize that equality principles require the state to address inequalities even within a broader class.<ref name="LiveLaw_overruled" /> However, the Court mandated that any such sub-classification by a state must be justified by quantifiable and empirical data that demonstrates the relative backwardness of a subgroup and its inadequate representation in public service.<ref name="WhiteBrief">{{cite web |date=16 October 2024 |title=The State of Punjab V. Davinder Singh (2024 SCC OnLine SC 1860) |url=https://whiteandbrief.com/state-of-punjab-v-davinder-singh-scc-sc-1860/ |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=White & Brief}}</ref><ref name="supreme-court-observer" /> In a further significant observation, the majority also endorsed the application of the "[[creamy layer]]" exclusion principle to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to ensure affirmative action benefits reach the most deserving members of these communities.<ref name="BarBench_creamy">{{cite web |date=29 August 2024 |title=Creamy layer: a proper yardstick to determine backwardness within Scheduled Castes/Tribes |url=https://www.barandbench.com/columns/creamy-layer-a-proper-yardstick-to-determine-backwardness-within-scheduled-castes-tribes |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=Bar and Bench}}</ref>

=== Dissenting opinion ===
Justice [[Bela M. Trivedi]] delivered the sole [[dissenting opinion]]. She argued that the Constitution makers intended the Scheduled Castes list to be a single, homogenous class for the purpose of reservations. In her view, any sub-classification by states would amount to tinkering with the Presidential list under Article 341, a power exclusively vested in the [[Parliament of India]].<ref name="LiveLaw_dissent">{{cite web |date=3 August 2024 |title=Sub-classification Of Castes Would Amount To States Tinkering With Presidential List : Justice Bela Trivedi's Dissent |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/sub-classification-of-castes-would-amount-to-states-tinkering-with-presidential-list-justice-bela-trivedis-dissent-263560 |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=LiveLaw}}</ref> She opined that allowing states to sub-classify would lead to political fragmentation and that the ''E.V. Chinnaiah'' judgment laid down the correct position of law.<ref name="Manupatra_analysis">{{cite web |title=Judgement Analysis: The State of Punjab & Ors. v. Davinder Singh & Ors. |url=https://www.manupatracademy.com/assets/pdf/legalpost/state-of-punjab-and-ors-vs-davinder-singh.pdf |access-date=10 July 2025 |publisher=Manupatra Academy}}</ref>

== Significance ==
The judgment is considered a major development in India's reservation jurisprudence.<ref name="supreme-court-observer">{{Cite web |title=Reservations and sub-classification of SC/STs: A mixed bag for substantive equality |url=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/reservations-and-sub-classification-of-sc-sts-a-mixed-bag-for-substantive-equality/ |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> It empowers state governments to implement targeted affirmative action policies focusing on the most deprived sections within the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.<ref name="jilp-2025">{{Cite web |last=JILP |date=2025-03-27 |title=Fragmentation or Fairness? The Indian Supreme Court's Judgment on Sub-Classification of SCs and STs – NYU JILP |url=https://nyujilp.org/fragmentation-or-fairness-the-indian-supreme-courts-judgment-on-sub-classification-of-scs-and-sts/ |access-date=2025-07-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> By allowing sub-quotas, the verdict aims to ensure a more equitable distribution of reservation benefits, which were allegedly being disproportionately accessed by more advanced groups within these communities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SC Sub-Quota Verdict: Revisiting the Long-Drawn Struggle for Reservation Justice |url=https://thewire.in/rights/sc-sub-quota-verdict-revisiting-the-long-drawn-struggle-for-reservation-justice |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref name="PCLS_blog">{{cite web |date=20 March 2025 |title=A Second Look: The Need to Reconsider the Supreme Court's Verdict on SC Sub-Classification |url=https://pcls.in/2025/03/20/a-second-look-the-need-to-reconsider-the-supreme-courts-verdict-on-sc-sub-classification/ |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=The PCLS Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Rajinder Puri |date=3 Feb 2022 |title=Who Gains From Reservation? |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/who-gains-from-reservation/237542 |work=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref>

The decision has also sparked debate on federalism. By interpreting Articles 15 and 16 as independent sources of legislative power for states to sub-classify, some legal analysts argue the Court has created potential for conflicts between Union and state laws concerning social welfare policies.<ref name="LSPR_federalism">{{cite web |date=18 November 2024 |title=State Of Punjab V. Davinder Singh: opening the floodgates to a new realm of contested Federalism |url=https://lawschoolpolicyreview.com/2024/11/18/state-of-punjab-v-davinder-singh-opening-the-floodgates-to-a-new-realm-of-contested-federalism/ |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=Law School Policy Review}}</ref>

The Court's strong endorsement of applying the creamy layer principle to SCs/STs is another significant outcome, potentially paving the way for future legislative or judicial action to exclude the most affluent individuals from the ambit of reservation.<ref name="supreme-court-observer" />

== See also ==
* [[Reservation in India]]
* [[E. V. Chinnaiah v. State of Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India]]
* [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{SCI-cases}}
[[Category:Indian constitutional case law]]
[[Category:2024 in Indian case law]]
[[Category:August 2024 in India]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases in 2024]]

State of Punjab v. Davinder Singh - Revision history

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