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Undid revision 1041247840 by 2405:201:4002:51CA:6DD6:C39D:8364:F132 (talk)

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{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Politics of India}}
'''[[State government]]s in India''' are the governments ruling over [[States and union territories of India|28 states]] and [[Union territory|8 union territories]] of India and the head of the [[Council of Ministers]] in a state is the [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]]. Power is [[Federation|divided]] between the [[Government of India|Union government]] and state governments. While the Union government handles [[Union List|defence, external affairs etc.]], the state government deals with internal security and [[State List|other state issues]]. Income for the Union government is from [[customs duty]], [[excise tax]], [[income tax]] etc., while state government income comes from [[sales tax]] (VAT), [[stamp duty]] etc.; now these have been subsumed under the various components of the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]]

Each state has a [[legislative assembly]]. A state legislature that has one house - [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assembly]] (Vidhan Sabha) - is a [[unicameral]] legislature.

A state legislature that has two houses - the State Legislative assembly and [[State Legislative Council (India)|State Legislative Council]] (Vidhan Parishad) - is a [[bicameral]] legislature. The Vidhan Sabha is the [[lower house]] and corresponds to the [[Lok Sabha]] while the Vidhan Parishad is the [[upper house]] and corresponds to the [[Rajya Sabha]] of the [[Parliament of India]].

The [[Sarkaria Commission]] was set up to review the [[Federalism in India|balance of power]] between states' and the Union governments. The Union government can dissolve a state government in favour of [[President's rule]] if necessary, subject to certain conditions, as ruled by the [[Supreme Court of India]] in ''S. R. Bommai v. Union of India''. It is for 5 years only.

== Legislative Assembly ==

For every state, there is a legislature, which consists of a Governor and either one or two houses.<ref>[http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/profile.php?id=20]</ref> [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Telangana]], and [[Uttar Pradesh]] have bicameral legislatures, with the remaining states having a unicameral one. Parliament may, by law, provide for the abolition of an existing Legislative Council or for the creation of one where it does not exist, if the proposal is supported by a resolution of the Legislative Assembly of the state concerned.

The Legislative Council of a state comprises not more than one-third of the total number of members in the legislative assembly of the state and in no case fewer than 40 members. About one-third of members of the [[Council]] are elected by members of the legislative assembly from amongst persons who are not its members, one-third by electorates consisting of members of [[municipalities]], district boards and other local authorities in the state, one-twelfth by an electorate consisting of persons who have been, for at least three years, engaged in teaching in [[Educational institution|educational institutions]] within the state not lower in standard than secondary school and a further one-twelfth by registered graduates of more than three years' standing. Remaining members are nominated by the [[Governor]] from among those who have distinguished themselves in [[literature]], [[science]], [[art]], [[cooperative movement]] and [[Social services|social service]]. Legislative Councils are not subject to dissolution but one-third of their members retire every second year.

The Legislative Assembly of a state consists of not more than 500 and not fewer than 60 members (Legislative Assembly of [[Sikkim]] has 32 members, while [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] has 33, [[Goa]] and [[Mizoram]] have 40 seats each vide Article 371F of the Constitution) chosen by direct election from territorial constituencies in the state. Demarcation of territorial constituencies is to be done in such a manner that the ratio between population of each constituency and number of seats allotted to it, as far as practicable, is the same throughout the state. The term of an assembly is five years unless it is dissolved earlier.

===Powers and Functions===

[[State legislature (India)|State legislature]] has exclusive powers over subjects enumerated in the State List (List II of the Seventh Schedule) of the Constitution and concurrent powers over those enumerated in sub List III. [[Financial power|Financial powers]] of legislature include authorization of all expenditure, [[taxation]] and borrowing by the state government. The Legislative Assembly alone has the power to originate money bills. The Legislative Council can only make recommendations in respect of changes it considers necessary within a period of fourteen days of the receipt of money bills from the Legislative Assembly, which can accept or reject these recommendations.

The Governor of a state may reserve any Bill for the consideration of the President. Bills relating to subjects like the compulsory acquisition of property, measures affecting powers and position of High Courts and the imposition of taxes on storage, distribution and sale of water or electricity in Inter-state River or river valley development projects should necessarily be so reserved. No Bills seeking to impose restrictions on inter-state trade can be introduced in a state legislature without the previous sanction of the President.

State legislatures, apart from exercising the usual power of financial control, use all normal parliamentary devices like questions, discussions, debates, adjournments and no-confidence motions and resolutions to keep a watch over day-to-day work of the executive. They also have their own committees on estimates and public accounts to ensure that grants sanctioned by the legislature are properly utilised.

There are, overall, 4,121 legislative assembly seats in states and Union territories of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/data/few-women-ministers/article6898938.ece|title=Glass ceilings in State Cabinets}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/seat_in_legislativeassembilies.aspx|title=Election Commission of India|website=eci.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://socialjustice.nic.in/pdf/tab111.pdf|title= Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment - Government of India|website=socialjustice.nic.in}}</ref> [[Andhra Pradesh]] abolished its Legislative Council in 1984, but set up a new Legislative Council following elections in 2007.<ref name="aplegislature.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.aplegislature.org/web/legislative-council|title=Legislature|website=www.aplegislature.org}}</ref>

===Membership and terms of office===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan ="2" | State/Union Territory
! rowspan ="2" | Legislature type
! colspan="3" | Size
! colspan="2" | Current term
|-
! Lower
! Upper
! Total
! From
! To
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature|Bicameral]]
| align="center" | 175
| align="center" | 58<ref name="aplegislature.org" />
| align="center" | 233
|Jun 2019
|Jun 2024
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Unicameral]]
| align="center" | 60
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" | 60
| Jun 2019
| Jun 2024
|-
| [[Assam]]
| [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Unicameral]]
| align="center" | 126
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" | 126
| May 2021
| May 2026
|-
| [[Bihar]]
| [[Bihar Legislature|Bicameral]]
| align="center" | 243
| align="center" | 75
| align="center" | 318
|Nov 2020
|Nov 2025
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
| [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Unicameral]]
| align="center" | 90
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" | 90
| Jan 2019
| Jan 2024
|-
| [[Delhi]]
| [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Unicameral]]
| align="center" | 70
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" | 70
| Feb 2020
| Feb 2025
|-
| [[Goa]]
| [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Unicameral]]
| align="center" | 40
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" | 40
| Mar 2017
| Mar 2022
|-
| [[Gujarat]]
| [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Unicameral]]
| align="center" | 182
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" | 182
| Dec 2017
| Dec 2022
|-
| [[Haryana]]
| [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Unicameral]]
| align="center" | 90
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" | 90
| Nov 2019
| Nov 2024
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Unicameral]]
| align="center" | 68
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" | 68
| Dec 2017
| Dec 2022
|-
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Unicameral]]
| align="center" | 85
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" | 85
|Dec 2014
|Dec 2020*
|-
| [[Jharkhand]]
| [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Unicameral]]
| align="center" | 81
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" | 81
| Dec 2019
| Dec 2024
|-
| [[Karnataka]]
| [[Karnataka Legislature|Bicameral]]
| align="center" | 224
| align="center" | 75
| align="center" | 299
| Jul 2019
| Jul 2024
|-
| [[Kerala]]
| [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Unicameral]]
| align="center" | 140
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" | 140
| May 2021
| May 2026
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Unicameral]]
| align="center" | 230
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" | 230
| Jan 2019
| Dec 2024
|-
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maharashtra Legislature|Bicameral]]
| align="center" | 288
| align="center" | 78
| align="center" | 366
|Nov 2019
|Nov 2024
|-
| [[Manipur]]
| [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Unicameral]]
| align="center" | 60
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" | 60
| Mar 2017
| Mar 2022
|-
| [[Meghalaya]]
| [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Unicameral]]
| align="center" | 60
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" | 60
| Mar 2018
| Mar 2023
|-
| [[Mizoram]]
| [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Unicameral]]
| align="center" | 40
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" | 40
| Dec 2018
| Dec 2023
|-
| [[Nagaland]]
| [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Unicameral]]
| align="center" | 60
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" | 60
| Mar 2018
| Mar 2023
|-
| [[Odisha]]
| [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Unicameral]]
| align="center" | 147
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" | 147
| Jun 2019
| Jun 2024
|-
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Unicameral]]
| align="center" | 33
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" | 33
| May 2021
| May 2026
|-
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Unicameral]]
| align="center" | 117
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" | 117
| Mar 2017
| Mar 2022
|-
| [[Rajasthan]]
| [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Unicameral]]
| align="center" | 200
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" | 200
| Jan 2019
| Dec 2024
|-
| [[Sikkim]]
| [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly|Unicameral]]
| align="center" | 32
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" | 32
| Jun 2019
| Jun 2024
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Unicameral]]
| align="center" | 234
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" | 234
| May 2021
| May 2026
|-
| [[Telangana]]
| [[Telangana Legislature|Bicameral]]
| align="center" | 119
| align="center" | 40<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telangana.gov.in/Legislature/MLCs|title=Telangana State Portal/ Members of Legislative Council|website=www.telangana.gov.in}}</ref>
| align="center" | 159
|Dec 2018
|Dec 2023
|-
| [[Tripura]]
| [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Unicameral]]
| align="center" | 60
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" | 60
| Mar 2018
| Mar 2023
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| [[Uttar Pradesh Legislature|Bicameral]]
| align="center" | 403
| align="center" | 100
| align="center" | 503
|Mar 2017
|Mar 2022
|-
| [[Uttarakhand]]
| [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Unicameral]]
| align="center" | 70
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" | 70
| Mar 2017
| Mar 2022
|-
| [[West Bengal]]
| [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Unicameral]]
| align=center | 294
| {{n/a}}
| align="center" | 294
| May 2021
| May 2026
|-
| Total
| align="center" | {{em dash}} || align="center" | 4,121 || align="center" | 426 || align="center" | 4,547 || align="center" |{{em dash}} || align="center" | {{em dash}}
|}

=== Politics ===
{{Main|List of recognised political parties in India}}

{{Update|part=Map of state governments|date=February 2021}}[[File:State Governments - April 2020.png|370px|thumb|State Govt February 2021]]
Current ruling parties in state governments of India:
{{legend|#ff9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (10)}}{{legend|#ffc969|[[National Democratic Alliance|Coalition with BJP]] (7)}}
{{legend|#00ebff|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (3)}}
{{legend|#ACACE6|[[United Progressive Alliance|Coalition with INC]] (3)}}
{{legend|#00FF7F|[[Aam Admi Party|AAP]] (1) ([[Federal Front]])}}
{{legend|#2E8B57|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] (1) ([[Federal Front]])}}
{{legend|#967117|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] (1)}}
{{legend|#ff0000|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (1)}}
{{legend|#FF00FF|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]] (1) ([[Federal Front]])}}
{{legend|#4682B4|[[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]] (1)}}
{{legend|purple|[[Mizo National Front|MNF]] (1)}}
{{legend|#003366|[[President's rule]] (1)}}
{{legend|#003366|[[Union territory|No legislature]] (5)}}

The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] is in power in 17 states/union territories; the [[Indian National Congress]]-led [[United Progressive Alliance]] is in power in 6 states/union territories; 3 states are governed by the [[Federal Front]] consisting of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]], [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]] and [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]; 4 states are ruled by other parties/alliances; 5 union territories do not have a legislative assembly. The newly formed Union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] hasn't had elections to form a government and [[President's rule]] has been imposed there.

== Executive ==

'''State Executive'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/profile.php?id=20|title=The Polity : The States -Profile - Know India: National Portal of India|website=knowindia.gov.in}}</ref> consists of '''Governor''' and the '''Council of Ministers''' with the '''Chief Minister''' as its head. The Governor of a state is appointed by the President for a term of five years and holds office during his pleasure. Only Indian citizens above 35 years of age are eligible for appointment to this office. Executive power of the state is vested in Governor.

'''Council Of Ministers'''

The [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]] is appointed by the [[Governor (India)|Governor]], who also appoints other ministers on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly of the state.

The Council of Ministers with the Chief Minister as its head aids and advises the Governor in exercise of his functions except in so far as he is by or under the Constitution required to exercise his functions or any of them at his discretion. In respect of [[Nagaland]], its Governor has special responsibility under Article 371 A of the Constitution with respect to law and order and even though it is necessary for him to consult Council of Ministers in matters relating to law and order, he can exercise his individual judgement as to the action to be taken.

Similarly, in respect of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], its Governor has special responsibility under Article 371H of the Constitution with respect to law and order and in discharge of his functions in relation thereto. The Governor exercises his individual judgement as to the action to be taken after consulting the Council of Ministers. These are, however, temporary provisions. If the [[President of India]], on receipt of a report from Governor or otherwise is satisfied that it is no longer necessary for the Governor to have special responsibilities with respect to law and order, he may so direct by an order.

Likewise, in the Sixth Schedule which applies to tribal areas of Assam, [[Meghalaya]], [[Tripura]] and [[Mizoram]] as specified in para 20 of that Schedule, discretionary powers are given to the Governor in matters relating to sharing of royalties between the district councils and the state government. The Sixth Schedule vests additional discretionary powers in the [[Governor of Mizoram|Governors of Mizoram]] and [[Tripura]] in almost all their functions (except approving regulations for levy of taxes and money lending by non-tribal district councils) since December 1998. In Sikkim, the Governor has been given special responsibility for peace and social and economic advancement of different sections of population.

All [[Governor|Governors]] are obligated to discharge their constitutional functions such as the appointment of the Chief Minister of a state, sending a report to the President on the failure of the Constitutional machinery in a state or in respect of matters relating to assent to passing a bill in the
state assembly.

== Judiciary ==
State [[High courts of India|High courts]] have [[jurisdiction]] over the whole state, but report to the [[Supreme Court of India]], which may override the high court's judgments and rulings.

== See also ==
* [[List of current Indian governors]]
* [[List of current Indian chief ministers]]
* [[List of current Indian chief justices]]
* [[Federalism in India]]
* [[Politics of India]]
* [[Elections in India]]
* [[List of Indian state legislative assembly elections]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Government of India by state or territory}}
{{Current Indian ministries}}
{{Government of India}}

[[Category:State governments of India| ]]
[[Category:Public governance]]

State governments of India - Revision history

imported>Dhruv edits: Undid revision 1041247840 by 2405:201:4002:51CA:6DD6:C39D:8364:F132 (talk)