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{{Short description|Eastern Orthodox Christian spiritual figure}}
A '''starets''' ({{lang-ru|стáрец|p=ˈstarʲɪt͡s}}; fem. {{lang|ru|ста́рица}}) is an elder of an [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] monastery who functions as venerated adviser and teacher. ''Elders'' or ''spiritual fathers'' are charismatic spiritual leaders whose wisdom stems from God as obtained from ascetic experience. It is believed that through [[asceticism|ascetic struggle]], prayer and [[hesychasm]], the [[Holy Spirit]] bestows special gifts onto the elder including the ability to [[Faith healing|heal]], [[Prophet|prophesy]], and most importantly, give effective spiritual guidance and direction. Elders are looked upon as being an inspiration to believers and an example of saintly virtue, steadfast faith, and spiritual peace.

Elders are not appointed by any authority; they are simply recognized by the faithful as being people "of the Spirit". An elder, when not in prayer or in voluntary seclusion, receives visitors (some who travel very far) and spends time conversing with them, offering a blessing (if the elder is an [[Ordination|ordained]] cleric) and confession, and praying. People often petition the elder for intercessionary prayers, believing that the prayer of an elder is particularly effective.

Personal [[Confession (religion)|confession]]s to elders are encouraged, although not all of them are ordained to the [[priest]]hood. Many of them have a reputation among believers of being able to know the secrets of a person's heart without having ever previously met the visitor, and having the ability to discern God's plan for a person's life. This, as all of the elder's gifts, is believed to come from the [[Holy Spirit]] acting through the elder.

==Derivation, history and application==
[[File:Amphilohij.jpg|thumb|Hieromonk Amphilochius (1749-1824)]]
[[File:Xenia romanova3.jpg|thumb|[[Xenia Shestova|Martha Shestova]] (1560-1631)]]
The institution may be traced to the beginnings of Christian monasticism in the 4th century. The original Greek term ''geron'' (meaning "elder", as in ''[[gerontology]]'') was rendered by the [[Russian language|Russian]] word ''starets'', from [[Old Church Slavonic]] ''starĭtsĭ'', "elder", derived from ''starŭ'', "old". The Greek tradition has a long unbroken history of elders and disciples, such as [[Sophronius of Jerusalem|Sophronius]] and [[John Moschos]] in the seventh century, [[Symeon the Elder]] and [[Symeon the New Theologian]] in the eleventh century, and contemporary charismatic ''gerontes'' such as [[Porphyrios (Bairaktaris) of Kafsokalivia|Porphyrios]] and [[Elder Paisios of Mount Athos|Paisios]]. [[Sergius of Radonezh]] and [[Nil Sorsky]] were two most venerated ''startsy'' of Old [[Grand Duchy of Moscow|Muscovy]]. The revival of elders in the Slavic world is associated with the name of [[Paisius Velichkovsky]] (1722{{ndash}}1794), who produced the [[Church Slavonic]] translation of selected texts of the ''[[Philokalia]]''. The most famous Russian ''starets'' of the early 19th century was [[Seraphim of Sarov]] (1759{{ndash}}1833), who went on to become one of the most revered Orthodox saints.

The [[Optina Pustyn]] near [[Kozelsk]] used to be celebrated for its ''startsy'' (Schema-Archimandrite Moses, Schema-Hegumen Anthony, [[Lev of Optina|Hieroschemamonk Leonid]], [[Macarius of Optina|Hieroschemamonk Macarius]], Hieroschemamonk Hilarion, [[Ambrose of Optina|Hieroschemamonk Ambrose]], Hieroschemamonk Anatole (Zertsalov)).<ref>[http://orthochristian.com/65171.html Optina Elders in English version of Orthodox Portal "Pravoslavie.ru"]</ref> Such writers as [[Nikolay Gogol]], [[Aleksey Khomyakov]], [[Leo Tolstoy]] and [[Konstantin Leontyev]] sought advice from the elders of this monastery. They also inspired the figure of Zosima in [[Dostoyevsky]]'s novel ''[[The Brothers Karamazov]]''. [[Grigori Rasputin]] was styled ''starets'' by his followers, although he was not generally recognised as one. A more modern example of a ''starets'' is Archimandrite [[John Krestiankin]] (1910-2006) of the [[Pskov Monastery of the Caves]] who was popularly recognized as such by many Orthodox living in Russia.

The concept of the elder may be familiar to many Western readers through [[J. D. Salinger]]'s ''[[Franny and Zooey]]''. In the novel, one of the characters refers to the 19th century [[Anonymous work|anonymous]] [[Russia]]n work, ''[[The Way of a Pilgrim]]''. The title character of ''The Way of a Pilgrim'' (ostensibly, the author) is advised in the progress of his spiritual life by an elder, who uses the [[Jesus Prayer]] as a starting point for spiritual discipline.

==Other meanings==
In [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] and several other South Slavic languages the word translates literally to "old man". A word with a meaning closer to the translation in Russian would be ''stareishina'' ({{lang-bg|старейшина}}).

==In culture==
===Filmography===
* [[The Island (2006 film)|The Island (2006)]]
==See also==
*[[Desert Fathers]]
*[[Guru]]
*[[Hermit]]
*[[Hesychasm]]
*[[Poustinia]]
*[[Theosis (Eastern Orthodox theology)]]
*[[theoria]]
*[[Spiritual warfare]]
*[[Spiritual direction]]
*[[Ambrose of Optina]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.pigizois.net/agglika/What_is_an_Elder.htm What is an Elder]

[[Category:Starets| ]]
[[Category:Christian mystics]]
[[Category:Eastern Christian ecclesiastical offices]]
[[Category:Hesychasm]]
[[Category:Russian Orthodox monks]]

Starets - Revision history