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Disambiguating links to Cover (link removed) using DisamAssist.

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{{refimprove|date=January 2018}}
'''Standoff distance''' is a security term that refers to measures to prevent unscreened and potentially threatening people and vehicles from approaching within a certain distance of a [[building]], [[car]], or other [[shelter (building)|shelter]], roadblock or other location, or to a person such as a law enforcement officer or VIP, or to a friendly area / location.<ref>[https://www.army.mil/article/63316/army_seeks_safe_soldier_solutions_through_research T'Jae Gibson, Army Research Laboratory (August 15, 2011) Army seeks safe Soldier solutions through research]
* See also Gen. [[David G. Perkins]] ''Win in a complex world'', and other TRADOC doctrine</ref> ''See [[Power projection]], [[Identification friend or foe]], [[Display behavior]]''

Standoff distance is used when a [[violence|violent]] [[criminal]] is in a fortified position, when [[hostage]]s are under armed threat from [[Kidnapping|kidnappers]], when a [[bomb]] is believed to have been placed, or when other unspecified dangers may be lurking. It is a measure of distance used by government, law enforcement, or military operatives handling the situation to protect their own agents and civilians from physical injury or death while the situation is resolved.

Standoff distance may be ensured using fixed physical barriers such as fences or bollards; temporary placement of items to block access (e.g., using law enforcement vehicles or police tape to block a road or bridge); physical features other than barriers (these may appear innocuous, such as the [[White House]] lawn or adding an ornamental pond); armed guards or positions (e.g., a police [[sniper]] in [[Overwatch (military tactic)|overwatch]]); or deploying police officers with carbines such as an [[M4 carbine|M-4]], instead of just a service sidearm. When police officers have carbines the standoff distance is increased because an attacker who poses a threat can be fired upon from greater distances.

==Firearms==

When an armed and violent criminal is sheltered in a location not easily reachable by a [[tranquilizer]] round or [[disabling shot]] - or lethal ammunition, if authorized by mission leaders - police, military, and counterterrorism officers maintain distance (often out of the direct [[Sightline|line of sight]] and behind cover) while often using a [[megaphone]] to call for backup, the arrest of the subject, or to take him/her into custody.

[[Sniper]] coverage is used often in these situations, and standard procedure for officers or operatives (or citizens taking part in a [[citizen's arrest]]) is to call for heavily [[armor]]ed backup while maintaining cover themselves. In the wake of active shooter scenarios, some law enforcement agencies have switched to moving in on the suspects, to prevent the gunmen from harming civilians. [[therapy|Therapeutic]] interventions or [[diplomacy|diplomatic]] techniques may be used to [[talk down]] the suspects or identified threats and assailants.

==Hostage situations==

In a hostage situation, the primary goal is the safe recovery of the hostages, who are usually held under threat of [[violence]] or other prolonged physical harm ([[starvation]], [[poison]]ing, [[bleeding]], [[illness]]) from [[kidnapping|kidnappers]]. Thus the situation is treated similarly to situations with other armed attackers under cover, but with even more caution. [[Sniper]]s are often employed to attempt to provide leverage against the hostage-takers or to fire at the hostage takers if an imminent risk of harm to the hostages is identified.

Unless all kidnappers can be hit and killed by sniper gunfire almost simultaneously, generally extreme prejudice (e.g., shooting at gunmen) is not used as freely due to the danger of other kidnappers killing the hostages, as in the [[Munich massacre|1972 Munich]] example.

This is not true in [[lone wolf (terrorism)|lone wolf]] situations, where the hostage taker is often shot by a snipers with armor-piercing or wall-piercing ammunition if talk or negotiation resolution is impossible. In all situations the preferred method is to talk the kidnappers into releasing the hostages for [[ransom]] or otherwise talking them down using [[therapy|therapeutic]] or [[diplomacy|diplomatic]] techniques, to protect the safety of the hostages and, ideally, have the suspect surrender peacefully.

==Bombs==
With bomb threats, the standoff distance used by law enforcement officers depends on the size and type of the bomb. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.slideshare.net/OFFSHC/offshc-gets-briefed-on-ieds |title=Office for Bombing Prevention: Improvised Explosive Device Awareness |author= |date= 2014-10-06|website=www.slideshare.net |publisher=Homeland Security |access-date=15 January 2017 |quote=}} </ref>
The smallest standoff distances, about 70 feet from the threat, are used for small [[pipe bomb]]s with about five pounds of explosives. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.slideshare.net/OFFSHC/offshc-gets-briefed-on-ieds |title=Office for Bombing Prevention: Improvised Explosive Device Awareness |author= |date= 2014-10-06|website=www.slideshare.net |publisher=Homeland Security |access-date=15 January 2017 |quote=}} </ref> A human suicide bomber with about 20 pounds of explosives strapped to his/her body has a standoff distance of 110 feet.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.slideshare.net/OFFSHC/offshc-gets-briefed-on-ieds |title=Office for Bombing Prevention: Improvised Explosive Device Awareness |author= |date= 2014-10-06|website=www.slideshare.net |publisher=Homeland Security |access-date=15 January 2017 |quote=}} </ref> A briefcase or suitcase bomb with about 50 pounds of explosives has a 150 foot standoff distance.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.slideshare.net/OFFSHC/offshc-gets-briefed-on-ieds |title=Office for Bombing Prevention: Improvised Explosive Device Awareness |author= |date= 2014-10-06|website=www.slideshare.net |publisher=Homeland Security |access-date=15 January 2017 |quote=}} </ref> Larger car bombs or truck bombs have a much larger standoff distance, as the blast radius is bigger. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.slideshare.net/OFFSHC/offshc-gets-briefed-on-ieds |title=Office for Bombing Prevention: Improvised Explosive Device Awareness |author= |date= 2014-10-06|website=www.slideshare.net |publisher=Homeland Security |access-date=15 January 2017 |quote=}} </ref> A car bomb with a 500 pound bomb has a 320 foot standoff distance.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.slideshare.net/OFFSHC/offshc-gets-briefed-on-ieds |title=Office for Bombing Prevention: Improvised Explosive Device Awareness |author= |date= 2014-10-06|website=www.slideshare.net |publisher=Homeland Security |access-date=15 January 2017 |quote=}} </ref> A small delivery truck-based truck bomb with a 1,000 pound bomb has a 640 foot standoff distance.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.slideshare.net/OFFSHC/offshc-gets-briefed-on-ieds |title=Office for Bombing Prevention: Improvised Explosive Device Awareness |author= |date= 2014-10-06|website=www.slideshare.net |publisher=Homeland Security |access-date=15 January 2017 |quote=}} </ref> A huge 18-wheeler truck-sized truck bomb with over 60,000 pounds of explosives has a 1,570 foot standoff distance.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.slideshare.net/OFFSHC/offshc-gets-briefed-on-ieds |title=Office for Bombing Prevention: Improvised Explosive Device Awareness |author= |date= 2014-10-06|website=www.slideshare.net |publisher=Homeland Security |access-date=15 January 2017 |quote=}} </ref>

Standoff distance is also intended to deter terrorists from using [[car bomb]]s by making it more difficult for them to cause catastrophic damage. In the wake of the [[Oklahoma City bombing]], many high-risk federal buildings began enforcing standoff distances. It is based on the concept that a blast shock load is essentially a [[high-pressure front]] that moves out radially and decays very quickly<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://govtsecurity.com/mag/blastresistant_facilities_even/ |title = 404 Page}}</ref> - because blast falloff is thus often more [[exponentiation|exponential]] than [[linear]] (indeed [[Vector (geometric)|radial]] - any given explosive must cover a circular-shaped area but blast power generally only increases linearly with explosive strength){{citation needed|date=December 2014}}, any standoff distance helps increases survival chances for passersby and minimizes danger, though [[Fragmentation (weaponry)|shrapnel]] mitigates this effect if present.

Hydraulic [[roadblock]]s (sometimes wedge-shaped), or [[bollard]]s can be raised to block approaching vehicles; these can be designed to prevent even a heavy, fast-moving truck from getting through. [[Jersey barrier]]s and concrete planters filled with dirt have also been used to maintain separation between screened and unscreened traffic. Certain infrastructure at risk of terrorist attack, such as bridges, may not be well-suited to standoff distances since their purpose is for traffic to travel along them.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.asisonline.org/councils/BlastResistantStandards_1.pdf

[[Category:Counter-terrorism]]
[[Category:Law enforcement]]
[[Category:Security]]
[[Category:Architecture]]

Standoff distance - Revision history

>Lennart97: Disambiguating links to Cover (link removed) using DisamAssist.