Bot: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

2022-12-18T19:08:13Z

robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

New page

{{short description|Allied attack into the Lombardy Plain during WWII}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Operation Grapeshot
| partof = the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]] of the [[Second World War]]
| image = The British Army in Italy 1945 NA24308.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = British troops of the [[5th (Huntingdonshire) Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment]], part of [[11th Infantry Brigade and Headquarters South East|11th Brigade]] of [[78th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|78th Division]], pick their way through the ruins of Argenta, 18 April 1945.
| date = 6 April 1945 – 2 May 1945
| place = [[Emilia-Romagna]], [[Lombardy]] and the [[Veneto]] regions, northern [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]
| result = Allied victory
* Fall of the [[Italian Social Republic]]
* Axis forces in Italy surrender
| combatant1 = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
* {{flag|British India}}
* {{flag|Mandatory Palestine|maritime|name=Palestine}}
{{flag|United States|1912}} {{flagdeco|Poland|1928}} [[Polish Armed Forces in the West|Poland]] {{flagicon|Vargas Era|1930}} [[Brazilian Expeditionary Force|Brazil]] {{flagcountry|Dominion of New Zealand}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg}} [[Italian resistance movement|Italian Resistance]]}} {{flagcountry|Union of South Africa}} {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Italian Co-belligerent Army|Italy]] ''[[Allies of World War II|...and others]]''
| combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}} {{flag|Italian Social Republic|war}}
| commander1 = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|Harold Alexander]]}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Richard McCreery]]}} {{flagicon|USA|1912}} [[Mark W. Clark|Mark Clark]] {{flagicon|USA|1912}} [[Lucian Truscott]]
| commander2 = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Heinrich von Vietinghoff|H. von Vietinghoff]]{{surrendered}}}} {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Traugott Herr]] {{surrendered}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Joachim Lemelsen]] {{surrendered}}}} {{flagicon|Italian Social Republic|war}} [[Benito Mussolini]]{{Executed|Death of Benito Mussolini}} {{flagicon|Italian Social Republic|war}} [[Rodolfo Graziani]]{{surrendered}}
| units1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[15th Army Group]]
* {{flagicon|USA|1912}} [[United States Army North|5th Army]]
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|8th Army]] ''[[Operation Grapeshot order of battle|...and others]]''
| units2 = {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Army Group C]]
* {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[10th Army (Wehrmacht)|10th Army]]
* {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[14th Army (Wehrmacht)|14th Army]]
* {{flagicon|Italian Social Republic|war}} [[Army Group Liguria|Army Liguria]] ''[[Operation Grapeshot order of battle|...and others]]''
| strength1 = '''Total:''' 1,333,856<ref name="Jackson230">Jackson, p. 230.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Including lines of communication and support troops|group=nb}} '''5th Army:''' 266,883 fighting strength<ref name="Jackson230"/> '''Eighth Army:''' 632,980 fighting strength<ref name="Jackson223"/>
| strength2 = '''Total:''' 585,000<ref name="Jackson236"/>
* 394,000 fighting strength<ref name="Jackson236">Jackson, p. 236.</ref>
* 100,000 local police units<ref name="Jackson236"/>
* 91,000 lines of communication and [[Anti-aircraft warfare|AA troops]]<ref name="Jackson236"/>
| casualties1 = 16,258 casualties{{#tag:ref|From 9 April 1945 until the end of Operation Grapeshot, thus casualties exclude those suffered during the preliminary operations. 5th Army: 7,965 casualties. American: 6,834 (1,288 killed, 5,453 wounded and 93 missing) casualties; South African: 537 (89 killed, 445 wounded and 3 missing) casualties; Brazilian: 594 (65 killed, 482 wounded and 47 missing) casualties. 8th Army: 7, 193 casualties. British: 3,068 (708 killed, 2,258 wounded and 102 missing) casualties; New Zealand: 1,381 (241 killed and 1,140 wounded) casualties; Indian: 1,076 (198 killed, 863 wounded and 15 missing) casualties; Colonial: 46 (11 killed and 35 wounded) casualties; Polish: 1,622 (260 killed, 1,355 wounded and 7 missing) casualties. Italians fighting with both armies: 1,100 (242 killed, 828 wounded and 30 missing) casualties.<ref name="Jackson334">Jackson, p. 334</ref>|group=nb}} incl. 2.860 killed <ref name="Jackson334">Jackson, p. 334</ref>
| casualties2 = 30–32,000 casualties{{#tag:ref|British estimated around 30,000 casualties were inflicted upon the Axis forces during this offensive, while a German staff officer estimated 32,000 casualties suffered during Operation Grapeshot.<ref name="Jackson334"/>|group=nb}}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox 1945 Spring Offensive}}{{Campaignbox Italy}}
| campaign =
}}
The '''spring 1945 offensive in Italy''', codenamed '''Operation Grapeshot''', was the final [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] attack during the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]] in the final stages of the [[Second World War]].<ref>Jackson, p. 253</ref> The attack into the [[Lombardy|Lombard Plain]] by the [[15th Army Group|15th Allied Army Group]] started on 6 April 1945 and ended on 2 May with the [[Surrender of Caserta|surrender of German forces in Italy]].

==Background==
The [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] had launched their last big offensive on the [[Gothic Line]] in August 1944, with the British [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]] ([[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] [[Oliver Leese]]) attacking up the coastal plain of the [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] and the U.S. [[United States Army North|Fifth Army]] ([[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]] [[Mark W. Clark|Mark Clark]]) attacking through the central [[Apennine Mountains]]. Although they managed to breach the formidable Gothic Line defences, the Allies narrowly failed to break into the [[Po Valley]] before the winter weather made further progress impossible. The Allied forward formations spent the rest of the winter in highly inhospitable conditions while preparations were made for a spring offensive in 1945.

===Command changes===
When [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] [[Sir]] [[John Dill]], the head of the British Mission in [[Washington, D.C.]], died on 5 November, Field Marshal Sir [[Henry Maitland Wilson, 1st Baron Wilson|Henry Maitland Wilson]] was appointed his replacement. [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|Harold Alexander]], having been promoted to Field Marshal, replaced Wilson as Allied Supreme Commander Mediterranean on 12 December. Clark succeeded Alexander as commander of the [[Allied Armies in Italy|Allied forces in Italy]] (renamed [[15th Army Group]]) but without promotion. Lieutenant General [[Lucian Truscott]] the commander of the U.S. [[VI Corps (United States)|VI Corps]] from the [[Battle of Anzio]] and the capture of [[Rome]] to [[Alsace]], having landed in the South of France during [[Operation Dragoon]], returned to Italy to assume command of the Fifth Army.

On 23 March [[Albert Kesselring]] was appointed Commander-in-Chief Army Group West, replacing General-Field Marshal [[Gerd von Rundstedt]]. [[Heinrich von Vietinghoff]] returned from the Baltic to take over from Kesselring and [[Traugott Herr]], the experienced commander of the [[German LXXVI Panzer Corps|LXXVI Panzer Corps]] took over the [[10th Army (Wehrmacht)|10th Army]]. [[Joachim Lemelsen]], who had commanded temporarily the 10th Army, returned to the command of the [[14th Army (Wehrmacht)|14th Army]].

===Orders of battle===
{{Further|Operation Grapeshot order of battle}}
Allied manpower shortages continued; in October 1944, the [[4th Infantry Division (India)|4th Indian Infantry Division]] had been sent to [[Greek Civil War|Greece]] and the British [[4th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|4th Infantry Division]] had followed them in November, with the [[139th (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire) Brigade|139th Brigade]] of the British [[46th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|46th Infantry Division]]. The rest of the division followed in December along with the [[3rd Greek Mountain Brigade]]. In early January 1945 the British [[History of the British 1st Division during the World Wars|1st Infantry Division]] was sent to [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]] and at the end of the month the [[I Canadian Corps]] and the British [[5th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|5th Infantry Division]] were ordered to [[North West Europe Campaign|north-west Europe]], reducing the Eighth Army, now commanded by Lieutenant-General [[Richard McCreery]], to seven divisions. Two other British divisions were to follow them to north-west Europe but Alexander was able to keep them in Italy.

The U. S. Fifth Army had been reinforced between September and November 1944 with the [[Brazilian Expeditionary Force (FEB)|1st Brazilian Division]] and in January 1945 with the specialist U.S. [[10th Mountain Division (United States)|10th Mountain Division]].<ref>Clark, 1950 pp. 607–609</ref> Allied strength amounted to 17 divisions and eight independent brigades (including four Italian groups of volunteers from the [[Italian Co-Belligerent Army]], equipped and trained by the British), equivalent to just under 20 divisions. The 15th Army Group ration strength was 1,334,000 men, the Eighth Army having an effective strength of 632,980 men and the Fifth Army 266,883.<ref name="Jackson223">Jackson, p. 223.</ref><ref name="Jackson230"/>

The Axis had 21 much weaker German divisions and four Italian {{lang|it|[[Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano]]}} (ENR) divisions with about 349,000 German and 45,000 Italian troops on 9 April. There were another 91,000 German troops on the lines of communication and the Germans commanded about 100,000 Italian police.<ref>Blaxland, p. 242</ref><ref name="Jackson236">Jackson, p. 236.</ref> Three of the Italian divisions were allocated to the Ligurian Army under [[Rodolfo Graziani]] guarding the western flank facing France and the fourth was with the 14th Army, in a sector thought less likely to be attacked.<ref>Blaxland, p. 243</ref>

===Plan of attack===
[[File:SpringOffensiveItaly1945.jpg|thumb|Allied Spring Offensive April 1945: Note that 21 ID NZ is actually the [[2nd New Zealand Division]]]]
Clark set out his battle plan on 18 March. Its objective was "...to destroy the maximum number of enemy forces south of the Po, force crossings of the Po and capture Verona".<ref name="Jackson203">Jackson, p. 203.</ref> In ''Phase I'' the Eighth Army would cross the [[Senio]] and [[Santerno]] rivers and then make a dual thrust, one towards Budrio parallel to the Bologna road, Route 9 (the Via Emilia) and the other north west along Route 16, the {{lang|it|Via Adriatica}}, towards Bastia and the Argenta Gap, a narrow strip of dry terrain through the flooded land west of Lake Comacchio. An amphibious operation across the lake and parachute drop would bring pressure to bear on the flank and help to break the Argenta position. Depending on the relative success of these actions a decision would be made on whether Eighth Army's prime objective would become Ferrara on the {{lang|it|Via Adriatica}} or remain Budrio. The U.S. Fifth Army was to launch the Army Group's main effort at 24 hours notice from two days after the Eighth Army attack and break into the Po valley. The capture of Bologna was given as a secondary task.<ref name="Jackson203"/>

In ''Phase II'', the Eighth Army was to drive north west to capture Ferrara and Bondeno, blocking routes of potential retreat across the Po. The U.S. Fifth Army was to push past Bologna north to link with Eighth Army in the Bondeno region to complete an encirclement of German forces south of the Po. The Fifth Army was also to make a secondary thrust further west towards Ostiglia, the crossing point on the Po of the main route to Verona.<ref name="Jackson204">Jackson, p. 204.</ref> ''Phase III'' involved the establishment of bridgeheads across the Po and exploitation north.

The Eighth Army plan ([[Operation Buckland]]) had to deal with the difficult initial task of getting across the Senio, with its raised artificial banks varying between {{cvt|20|ft|m|0|order=flip}} and {{cvt|40|ft|m|0|order=flip}} in height, honeycombed with tunnels and bunkers front and rear. V Corps were ordered to make an attack on the salient formed by the river into the Allied line at Cotignola. On the right of the river's salient was [[8th Infantry Division (India)|8th Indian Infantry Division]], reprising the role they played crossing the Rapido in the final [[Battle of Monte Cassino]]. To the left of the 8th Indian Division, on the left of the salient, the [[2nd New Zealand Division]] would attack across the river to form a pincer. To the left of V Corps, on Route 9, the [[II Corps (Poland)|II Polish Corps]] would widen the front further by attacking across the Senio towards Bologna. The Poles had been desperately under strength in the autumn of 1944 but had received 11,000 reinforcements during the early months of 1945, mainly from Polish conscripts in the German Army taken prisoner in the [[Operation Overlord|Battle of Normandy]] the previous summer .<ref>Blaxland, p. 247</ref>

Once across the Senio the assault divisions were to advance to cross the Santerno. Once the Santerno was crossed, the British [[78th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|78th Infantry Division]] would also reprise their Cassino role and pass through the bridgehead established by the Indians and New Zealanders and drive for Bastia and the Argenta gap, {{cvt|14|mi|km|order=flip}} behind the Senio, where the dry land narrowed to a front of only {{cvt|3|mi|km|0|order=flip}}, bounded on the right by Lake Comacchio, a huge lagoon running to the Adriatic coast, and on the left by marshland. At the same time the British [[56th (London) Division|56th (London) Infantry Division]] would launch the amphibious flank attack along Lake Comacchio. On the left flank of [[V Corps (United Kingdom)|V Corps]], the New Zealand Division would advance to the left of the marshland on the west side of Argenta while the 8th Indian Infantry Division would pass in army reserve.<ref name="Jackson225">Jackson, p. 225.</ref>

The Fifth Army plan (Operation Craftsman) envisaged an initial thrust by [[IV Corps (United States)|IV Corps]] along Route 64 to straighten the army front and to draw German reserves away from Route 65. [[II Corps (United States)|II Corps]] would then attack along Route 65 towards Bologna. The weight of the attack would then switch westward again to break into the Po valley skirting Bologna.<ref name="Jackson228">Jackson, p. 228.</ref>

==Battle==
[[File:The British Army in Italy 1945 NA23041.jpg|left|thumb|Men of the [[Jewish Brigade]] ride on a Churchill tank in the Mezzano-Alfonsine sector, 14 March 1945.]]
In the first week of April, diversionary attacks were launched on the extreme right and left of the Allied front to draw German reserves away from the main assaults. This included [[Operation Roast]], an assault by [[2nd Special Service Brigade|2nd Commando Brigade]] and tanks to capture the seaward isthmus of land bordering Lake Comacchio and seize Port Garibaldi on the lake's north side. Damage to other transport infrastructure having forced Axis forces to use sea, canal and river routes for supply, Axis shipping was being attacked in bombing raids such as [[Operation Bowler]].

The build-up to the main assault started on 6 April with a heavy artillery bombardment of the Senio defenses. In the early afternoon of 9 April, 825 heavy bombers dropped fragmentation bombs on the support zone behind the Senio followed by medium and fighter bombers. From 15:20 to 19:10, five heavy artillery barrages were fired, each lasting 30 minutes, interspersed with fighter bomber attacks. In support of the New Zealand operations, 28 [[Churchill Crocodile]]s and 127 [[Universal Carrier|Wasp]] flamethrower vehicles were deployed along the front.<ref>Fletcher, ''Churchill Crocodile'' p. 35</ref><ref>approximately one flamethrower vehicle every {{cvt|64|m|yd|order=flip}} along an {{cvt|8|km|mi|order=flip}}-long front</ref> The 8th Indian Infantry Division, 2nd New Zealand Division and [[3rd Carpathian Rifle Division (Poland)|3rd Carpathian Division]] (on the Polish Corps front at Route 9) attacked at dusk. In fighting in which there were two [[Victoria Cross]]es won by the 8th Indian Infantry Division, they had reached the Santerno, {{cvt|3.5|mi|km|1|order=flip}} beyond, by dawn on 11 April. The New Zealanders had reached the Santerno at nightfall on 10 April and succeeded in making a crossing at dawn on 11 April. The Poles had closed on the Santerno by the night of 11 April.<ref>Blaxland, pp. 256-258</ref>

By late morning of 12 April, after an all night assault, the 8th Indian Infantry Division was established on the far side of the Santerno and the 78th Infantry Division started to pass through to make the assault on Argenta. In the meantime the [[24th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|24th Guards Brigade]], part of the 56th (London) Infantry Division, had launched an amphibious flanking attack from the water and mud to the right of the Argenta Gap. Although they gained a foothold, they were still held up at positions on the Fossa Marina on the night of 14 April. The 78th Infantry Division was also held up on the same day on the [[Reno River]] at Bastia.

[[File:IVCorpsApr45.jpg|thumb|5th Army offensive, April 1945]]
The Fifth Army began its assault on 14 April after a bombardment by 2,000 heavy bombers and 2,000 guns, with attacks by IV Corps (1st Brazilian, 10th Mountain and [[1st Armored Division (United States)|1st Armored Divisions]]) on the left. This was followed on the night of 15 April by II Corps attacking with 6th South African Armoured Division and the 88th Infantry Division advancing towards Bologna between Highway 64 and 65, the 91st and 34th Infantry Divisions along Highway 65.<ref>Popa, pp. 10–12</ref> Progress against a determined German defence was slow but ultimately superior Allied firepower and lack of German reserves told and by 20 April both corps had broken through the mountain defences and reached the plains of the Po valley. The 10th Mountain Division was directed to bypass Bologna on the right and push north leaving II Corps to deal with Bologna along with Eighth Army units advancing from their right.<ref>Popa, p. 15</ref>

By 19 April, on the Eighth Army front, the [[Battle of the Argenta Gap|Argenta Gap]] had been forced, and the [[6th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|6th Armoured Division]] was released through the left wing of the advancing 78th Infantry Division to swing left to race north west along the line of the river Reno to [[Bondeno]] and link up with the Fifth Army to complete the encirclement of the German armies defending Bologna.<ref>Blaxland, pp. 267-8</ref> On the same day, the Italian [[National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy]], in command of the [[Italian resistance movement]], ordered a general insurrection; in the following days, fighting between Italian partisan and German and RSI forces broke out in [[Turin]] and [[Genoa]] (as well as in many other towns across Northern Italy), while German forces prepared to withdraw from [[Milan]].<ref name="Basil Davidson 1980 pp. 340, 360">Basil Davidson, ''Special Operations Europe: Scenes from the Anti-Nazi War (1980)'', pp. 340, 360</ref> On all fronts the German defence continued to be determined and effective but Bondeno was captured on 23 April. The 6th Armoured Division linked with the 10th Mountain Division the next day at [[Finale Emilia|Finale]] some {{cvt|5|mi|km}} upstream along the river [[Panaro (river)|Panaro]] from Bondeno. [[Battle of Bologna|Bologna was entered]] in the morning of 21 April by the 3rd Carpathian Infantry Division of the II Polish Corps and the {{lang|it|Friul}} Combat Group of the [[Italian Co-belligerent Army]] advancing up the line of Route 9, followed two hours later by II US Corps from the south.<ref>Blaxland, p. 271</ref> On 24 April, [[Parma]] and [[Reggio Emilia]] were liberated by the partisans.<ref name="Basil Davidson 1980 pp. 340, 360"/>
[[File:Brazilian Troops - Infantry & M10 Crew, Italy April 1945.jpg|thumb|[[Brazilian Expeditionary Force|Brazilian infantry]] resting beside a US [[M10 tank destroyer|M10]] [[tank destroyer]], April 1945]]
IV Corps had continued its northwards advance and reached the Po river at [[San Benedetto Po|San Benedetto]] on 22 April. The river was crossed the next day, and they advanced north to [[Verona]] which they entered on 26 April. To the right of Fifth Army on Eighth Army's left wing, [[XIII Corps (United Kingdom)|XIII Corps]] crossed the Po at [[Ficarolo]] on 22 April, while V Corps were crossing the Po by 25 April, heading towards the [[Venetian Line]], a defensive line built behind the line of the river [[Adige]]. As Allied forces pushed across the Po, on the left flank the Brazilian Division, 34th Infantry Division and 1st Armored Division of IV Corps were pushed west and north-west along the line of Highway 9 towards [[Piacenza]] and across the Po to seal possible escape routes into Austria and Switzerland via [[Lake Garda]].<ref>Evans, Chapter 14 [https://books.google.com/books?id=yKNCSerPJmwC&pg=PT340&dq=bryn+evans+lead+divisions&hl=pt-BR&sa=X&ei=BKNkUqKnJPHu0gW_zICACw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=bryn%20evans%20lead%20divisions&f=false View on Google Books].</ref><ref>Popa, p. 20</ref> On 27 April, the 1st Armored Division entered Milan, liberated by the partisans on 25 April and the IV Corps commander [[Willis D. Crittenberger]] entered the city on 30 April.<ref name="Basil Davidson 1980 pp. 340, 360"/> Turin was also liberated by partisan forces on 25 April, after five days of fighting and on 27 April General Günther Meinhold surrendered his 14,000 troops to the partisans in Genoa.<ref name="Basil Davidson 1980 pp. 340, 360"/> To the south of Milan, at [[Battle of Collecchio|Collecchio-Fornovo]], the Brazilian Division bottled up the remaining effectives of two German divisions along with the last units of the {{lang|it|Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano}}, taking 13,500 prisoners on 28 April.<ref>Popa, p. 23</ref> On the Allied far right flank, V Corps, met by lessening resistance, traversed the Venetian Line and entered [[Padua]] in the early hours of 29 April, to find that partisans had locked up the German garrison of 5,000.<ref name="Blaxland 277">Blaxland, p. 277</ref>

==Aftermath==
Secret surrender negotiations between representatives of the Germans and Western Allies had taken place in Switzerland ([[Operation Crossword]]) in March but had resulted only in protests from the Soviets that the Western Allies were attempting to negotiate a separate peace. On 28 April, Vietinghoff sent emissaries to Allied Army headquarters. On 29 April, they signed an instrument of surrender at the [[Royal Palace of Caserta]] to the effect that hostilities would formally end on 2 May.<ref name="Blaxland 277"/> Confirmation from Vietinghoff of the arrangements did not reach the 15th Army Group headquarters until the morning of 2 May. It emerged that Kesselring had his authority as Commander of the West extended to include Italy and had replaced Vietinghoff with General [[Friedrich Schulz]] from [[Army Group G]] on hearing of the plans. After a period of confusion during which the news of [[Death of Adolf Hitler|Hitler's death]] arrived, Schulz obtained Kesselring's agreement to the surrender and Vietinghoff was reinstated to see it through.<ref>Blaxland, pp. 279-80</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|World War II}}
* [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II]]
* [[Italian campaign (World War II)]]
* [[Surrender of Caserta]]
* [[European Theatre of World War II]]
* [[Gothic Line order of battle]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |first=Gregory |last=Blaxland| title=Alexander's Generals (the Italian Campaign 1944-1945)| publisher=William Kimber & Co|location=London |year=1979 |isbn=0-7183-0386-5}}
* {{cite book |first=Rudolf |last=Böhmler |title=Monte Cassino: a German View |publisher=Cassell |location=London |year=1964 |oclc=2752844}}
* {{cite book | author-link=Michael Carver, Baron Carver |first=Field Marshal Lord |last=Carver |title=The Imperial War Museum Book of the War in Italy 1943–1945 |publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson |location=London |year=2001 |isbn=0-330-48230-0}}
* {{cite book |first=Mark |last=Clark |title=Calculated Risk |publisher=Enigma Books |year=2007 |orig-year=1950 |isbn=978-1-929631-59-9}}
* {{cite book |first=Richard |last=Doherty |title=Victory in Italy: 15th Army Group's Final Campaign 1945 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-78346-298-8}}
* {{cite book |first=Bryn |last=Evans |title=With the East Surreys in Tunisia and Italy 1942–1945: Fighting for Every River and Mountain |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |year=2012 |orig-year=1988 |isbn=978-1-84884-762-0}}
* {{cite book |first=W. G. |last=Hingston |title=The Tiger Triumphs: The Story of Three Great Divisions in Italy |publisher=HMSO for the Government of India |year=1946 |oclc=29051302}}
* {{cite book |first1=W. G. F. |last1=Jackson |author1-link=William Jackson (British Army officer) |first2=T. P. |last2=Gleave |editor-first=Sir James |editor-last=Butler |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East: Part III - November 1944 to May 1945 |volume=VI |series=History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series |orig-year=1988| year=2004 |publisher=HMSO |location=London |edition=Naval & Military Press, Uckfield |isbn=1-84574-072-6}}
* {{cite book |first=Clayton D. |last=Laurie |url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/romar/72-20.htm |title=Rome-Arno 22 January – 9 September 1944 |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] |location=Washington DC |series=WWII Campaigns |year=c. 1990 |id=CMH Pub 72-20 |access-date=1 July 2010 |archive-date=20 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420065740/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/romar/72-20.htm |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |last=Muhm |first=Gerhard |title=German Tactics in the Italian Campaign |url=http://www.larchivio.org/xoom/gerhardmuhm2.htm }}
* {{cite book |last=Muhm |first=Gerhard |title=La Tattica tedesca nella Campagna d'Italia, in Linea Gotica avanposto dei Balcani |trans-title=German Tactics in the Italian Campaign, in the Gothic Line outpost of the Balkans |publisher=(Hrsg.) Amedeo Montemaggi |edition=Edizioni Civitas |location=Roma |year=1993 |language=it}}
* {{cite book |first=Dwight D. |last=Oland |url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/nap/72-34.htm |title=North Apennines 1944–1945 |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] |location=Washington DC |series=WWII Campaigns |year=1996 |id=CMH Pub 72-34 |access-date=2010-07-01 |archive-date=2015-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222071939/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/nap/72-34.htm |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book | first=Douglas |last=Orgill | title=The Gothic Line (The Autumn Campaign in Italy 1944) |publisher=Heinemann |location=London |year=1967 |oclc=906106907}}
* {{cite book |first=Thomas A. |last=Popa |url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/po/72-33.htm |title=Po Valley 1945 |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] |series=WWII Campaigns |year=1996 |id=CMH Pub 72-33 |isbn=0-16-048134-1 |access-date=2010-07-01 |archive-date=2011-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521220046/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/po/72-33.htm |url-status=dead }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Spring 1945 offensive in Italy}}

{{World War II}}

{{coord missing|Italy}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Spring 1945 Offensive In Italy}}
[[Category:Italian campaign (World War II)]]
[[Category:World War II defensive lines]]
[[Category:World War II operations and battles of the Italian Campaign]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving Germany]]
[[Category:1945 in Italy]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1945]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving the United States]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving India]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving Poland]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving New Zealand]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving South Africa]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Brazil]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Italy]]
[[Category:April 1945 events]]
[[Category:May 1945 events]]

Spring 1945 offensive in Italy - Revision history

Theodore2940: Updated formatting and improved readability

CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script

Bot: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:53, 15 August 2023
Line 84:		Line 84:

	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{Portal\|World War II}}~~
	* [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II]]		* [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II]]
	* [[Italian campaign (World War II)]]		* [[Italian campaign (World War II)]]