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{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{short description|Method of turning fiber into yarn or thread}}
{{About|forming yarn from fibers|forming fibers from a fluid|Spinning (polymers)}}
'''Spinning''' is a twisting technique to form [[yarn]] from [[fiber]]s. The fiber intended is drawn out, twisted, and wound onto a [[bobbin]]. A few popular fibers that are spun into yarn other than cotton, which is the most popular, are bamboo, and synthetic polyester. Originally done by hand using a [[spindle whorl]], starting in the 500s AD the [[spinning wheel]] became the predominant spinning tool across Asia and Europe. The [[spinning jenny]] and [[spinning mule]], invented in the late 1700s, made mechanical spinning far more efficient than spinning by hand, and especially made cotton manufacturing one of the most important industries of the [[Industrial Revolution]].

==Process==
[[File:An ancient tradition.jpg|thumb|Traditional spinner in her family's house in [[Old Bagan]], [[Myanmar]] (2019).]]
The [[yarn]] issuing from the [[drafting roller]]s passes through a thread-guide, round a [[Ring spinning#How it works|traveller]] that is free to rotate around a ring, and then onto a tube or [[bobbin]], which is carried on to a [[Spindle (textiles)|spindle]], the axis of which passes through a center of the ring.
The spindle is driven (usually at an angular velocity that is either constant or changes only slowly), and the traveller is dragged around a ring by the loop of yarn passing round it.
If the drafting rollers were stationary, the angular velocity of the traveller would be the same as that of the spindle, and each revolution of the spindle would cause one turn of a twist to be inserted in the loop of yarn between the roller nip and the traveller.
In spinning, however, the yarn is continually issuing from the rollers of the drafting system and, under these circumstances, the angular velocity of the traveller is less than that of the spindle by an amount that is just sufficient to allow the yarn to be wound onto the bobbin at the same rate as that at which it issues from the drafting rollers.

Each revolution of the traveller now inserts one turn of twist into the loop of yarn between the roller nip and the traveller but, in equilibrium, the number of turns of twist in the loop of yarn remains constant as the twisted yarn is passing through the traveller at a corresponding rate.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

==Types of fibre==
Artificial fibres are made by extruding a polymer through a spinneret into a medium where it hardens. Wet spinning ([[rayon]]) uses a coagulating medium. In dry spinning ([[acetate]] and triacetate), the polymer is contained in a solvent that evaporates in the heated exit chamber. In melt spinning (nylons and [[polyester]]s) the extruded polymer is cooled in gas or air and sets.<ref>{{Harvnb|Collier |1970|p=33}}</ref> All these fibres will be of great length, often kilometers long.

Natural fibres derive from animals (sheep, goat, [[Angora wool|rabbit]], [[silk]]worm), minerals ([[asbestos]]), or plants (cotton, [[flax]], [[sisal]]). These vegetable fibres can come from the seed (cotton), the stem (known as bast fibres: [[flax]], [[hemp]], [[jute]]) or the leaf ([[sisal]]).<ref name="Collier 1970 5">{{Harvnb|Collier |1970|p=5}}</ref> Many processes are needed before a clean even [[Staple (textiles)|staple]] is obtained. With the exception of silk, each of these fibres is short, only centimetres in length, and each has a rough surface that enables it to bond with similar staples.<ref name="Collier 1970 5"/>

Artificial fibres can be processed as long fibres or batched and cut so they can be processed like a natural fibre.

==Methods==
[[File:Ring spinning machine in the 1920s.jpg|thumb|Ring spinning]]
{{Main|Cotton-spinning machinery}}
[[Ring spinning]] is one of the most common spinning methods in the world.{{citation needed|reason=ring spinning is being replaced by open-ended spinning – a reference would be good to state which is now dominant|date=February 2016}} Other systems include air-jet and [[open-end spinning]], a technique where the [[Staple (textiles)|staple fiber]] is blown by air into a rotor and attaches to the tail of formed yarn that is continually being drawn out of the chamber. Other methods of break spinning use needles and [[electrostatic]] forces.<ref>{{Harvnb|Collier |1970|p=80}}</ref>

The processes to make short-staple yarn (typically spun from fibers from {{convert|0.75| to |2.0|in|cm|order=flip}}) are blending, opening, [[carding]], pin-drafting, [[roving]], spinning, and—if desired—plying and [[dyeing]]. In long staple spinning, the process may start with stretch-break of tow, a continuous "rope" of synthetic fiber. In open-end and air-jet spinning, the roving operation is eliminated. The spinning frame winds yarn around a bobbin.<ref>{{Harvnb|Collier |1970|pp=71}}</ref> Generally, after this step the yarn is wound to a cone for knitting or weaving.

[[File:Catalonia Terrassa mNATEC Selfactina.jpg|thumb|Mule spinning]]
In a [[spinning mule]], the roving is pulled off bobbins and sequentially fed through rollers operating at several different speeds, thinning the roving at a consistent rate. The yarn is twisted through the spinning of the bobbin as the carriage moves out, and is rolled onto a cop as the carriage returns. Mule spinning produces a finer thread than ring spinning.<ref name="RingMule">{{Citation|url=http://www.textile-technology.com/SST_Seminars/Jeremy.pdf |work=SST Seminars |title= Technological Evolution in Cotton Spinning, 1878–1933 |last=Saxonhouse |first=Gary |publisher= Stanford University |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110716213233/http://www.textile-technology.com/SST_Seminars/Jeremy.pdf |archive-date= July 16, 2011}}</ref> Spinning by the mule machine is an intermittent process as the frame advances and returns. It is the descendant of a device invented in 1779 by [[Samuel Crompton]], and produces a softer, less twisted thread that is favored{{by whom|date=May 2017}} for fines and for [[Warp and woof|weft]].

The ring was a descendant of the Arkwright [[water frame]] of 1769 and creates yarn in a continuous process. The yarn is coarser, has a greater twist, and is stronger, making it more suitable for [[Warp and woof|warp]]. Ring spinning is slow due to the distance the thread must pass around the ring. Similar methods have improved on this including flyer and bobbin and cap spinning.

The pre-industrial techniques of [[hand spinning]] with a spindle or [[spinning wheel]] continue to be practiced as handicraft or hobby and enable wool or unusual vegetable and animal staples to be used.


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==History and economics==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2017}}
{{Globalize|section|England|date=May 2017}}
[[File:Isaac Claesz. van Swanenburg - Het spinnen, het scheren van de ketting, en het weven.JPG|thumb|1595 painting illustrating [[Leiden]] textile workers]]

The cultivation of cotton as well as the knowledge of its spinning and weaving in [[Meroë]] reached a high level around the 4th century BC. The export of textiles was one of the sources of wealth for Meroë.<ref>{{cite book | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gB6DcMU94GUC&q=cultivation+cotton+Meroe&pg=PA310 | title= Ancient civilizations of Africa |author= G. Mokhtar | publisher= Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa |page= 310 |via = Books.google.com |access-date= June 19, 2012 |isbn= 9780435948054|date= January 1, 1981}}</ref>
[[File:Spinning jenny.jpg|thumb|Spinning jenny]]
[[Hand spinning]] was an important cottage industry in medieval Europe, where the wool spinners (most often women and children) would provide enough yarn to service the needs of the men who operated the looms or to sell on in the [[putting-out system]].  After the invention of the [[spinning jenny]] [[water frame]] the demand was greatly reduced by mechanization. Its technology was specialized and costly and employed water as motive power. Spinning and weaving as cottage industries were displaced by dedicated manufactories, developed by industrialists and their investors; the spinning and weaving industries, once widespread, were concentrated where the sources of water, raw materials, and manpower were most readily available, particularly [[West Yorkshire]]. The [[British government]] was very protective of the technology and restricted its export.{{when|date=May 2017}} After [[World War I]] the colonies where the cotton was grown started to purchase and manufacture significant quantities of cotton spinning machinery. The next breakthrough was with the move over to [[Open end spinning|break or open-end spinning]], and then the adoption of [[Synthetic fiber|artificial fibres]]. By then{{when|date=May 2017}} most production had moved to Asia.

During the [[Industrial Revolution]], spinners, [[doffer]]s, and sweepers were employed in spinning mills from the 18th to 20th centuries. Many mill owners preferred to employ children due to their small size and agility.

== See also ==

* [[Wet processing engineering]]
* [[Textile manufacturing]]
* [[Clothing technology]]
* [[Dref Friction Spinning]]
* [[Spinster]]
* [[Blend (textile)]]
* [[Yarn realisation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==

*{{Citation |last=Collier |first= Ann M. |title=A Handbook of Textiles |publisher=Pergamon Press |year=1970 |pages=258|isbn=0-08-018057-4}}

==External links==

{{Commons category|Spinning (textiles)|Spinning}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121024015243/http://trowbridgemuseum.co.uk/spinning/ Trowbridge medieval spinning industry]
{{spinning}}
{{textile arts}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Textile engineering]]
[[Category:Spinning| ]]
[[Category:History of the textile industry]]

Spinning (textiles) - Revision history

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