Special Bureau for India - Revision history

Thereforedesignpune: minor cleanup

2025-02-04T21:44:13Z

minor cleanup

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:14, 5 February 2025
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=September ~~2022~~}}		{{Short description\|Nazi Germany Foreign Office section}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=September ~~2022~~}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=September 2016}}
	[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J08486, Berlin, Feier der Zentrale Freies Indien.jpg\|thumb\|right\|The director of the Special Bureau for India, and Secretary of State, [[Wilhelm Keppler]], conveying "the greeting of German foreign minister [[Joachim Ribbentrop]]" at a function in Hotel Kaiserhof on 18 November 1943. The function was held to celebrate the formation in [[Singapore]] of the [[Azad Hind\|Provisional Government of Free India]] by Indian nationalist [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], who had left Germany six months earlier.]]		{{Use Indian English\|date=September 2016}}
	'''Sonderreferat Indien''',{{Sfn\|Klemperer\|1994\|p=275}}{{Sfn\|Gordon\|1990\|p=445}}{{Sfn\|Kuhlmann\|2003\|p=158}} variously translated into English as, '''Special Bureau for India''',{{Sfn\|Gordon\|1990\|p=445}} '''Special India Bureau''',{{Sfn\|Hayes\|2011\|p=57}} or '''Section for Indian Affairs''',{{Sfn\|Klemperer\|1994\|p=275}} was a section or bureau established within the Information Department of the [[Foreign Office (Germany)\|Foreign Office]] of [[Nazi Germany]] in late spring 1941 in response to a proposal or memorandum written by the Indian nationalist [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], who had arrived in Germany in early April of that year.{{Sfn\|Kuhlmann\|2003\|p=158}} The main function of the bureau was to aid Bose in his work,{{Sfn\|Klemperer\|1994\|p=275}} to liaise with Bose,{{Sfn\|Gordon\|1990\|p=445}} and to mobilize an [[Indische Legion\|Indian Legion]], comprising Indian ~~POWs~~ captured by [[Erwin Rommel]]'s [[Afrika Korps]], to aid the German military in a future land invasion of India.{{Sfn\|Klemperer\|1994\|p=275}} A military ''intervention'' in India, one of the two major points in Bose's proposal, had at first received a lukewarm response from the German Foreign Minister [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]], but shortly afterwards it received the unexpected support of [[Adolf Hitler]], who saw the battle for India as the natural aftermath of a successful German invasion of Russia and a chance to deliver the ultimate blow to the British Empire.{{Sfn\|Hayes\|2011\|pp=38–39}}		[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J08486, Berlin, Feier der Zentrale Freies Indien.jpg\|thumb\|right\|The director of the Special Bureau for India, and Secretary of State, [[Wilhelm Keppler]], conveying "the greeting of German foreign minister [[Joachim Ribbentrop]]" at a function in Hotel Kaiserhof on 18 November 1943. ]]
			'''Sonderreferat Indien''',{{Sfn\|Klemperer\|1994\|p=275}}{{Sfn\|Gordon\|1990\|p=445}}{{Sfn\|Kuhlmann\|2003\|p=158}} variously translated into English as, '''Special Bureau for India''',{{Sfn\|Gordon\|1990\|p=445}} '''Special India Bureau''',{{Sfn\|Hayes\|2011\|p=57}} or '''Section for Indian Affairs''',{{Sfn\|Klemperer\|1994\|p=275}} was a section or bureau established within the Information Department of the [[Foreign Office (Germany)\|Foreign Office]] of [[Nazi Germany]] in late spring 1941 in response to a proposal or memorandum written by the Indian nationalist [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], who had arrived in Germany in early April of that year.{{Sfn\|Kuhlmann\|2003\|p=158}} The main function of the bureau was to aid Bose in his work,{{Sfn\|Klemperer\|1994\|p=275}} to liaise with Bose,{{Sfn\|Gordon\|1990\|p=445}} and to mobilize an [[Indische Legion\|Indian Legion]], comprising Indian [[Prisoner of war\|prisoners of war]] captured by [[Erwin Rommel]]'s [[Afrika Korps]], to aid the German military in a future land invasion of India.{{Sfn\|Klemperer\|1994\|p=275}} A military ''intervention'' in India, one of the two major points in Bose's proposal, had at first received a lukewarm response from the German Foreign Minister [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]], but shortly afterwards it received the unexpected support of [[Adolf Hitler]], who saw the battle for India as the natural aftermath of a successful German invasion of Russia and a chance to deliver the ultimate blow to the British Empire.{{Sfn\|Hayes\|2011\|pp=38–39}}

	[[Wilhelm Keppler]], then an under-secretary of State in the German Foreign Office, who had direct access to Ribbentrop, was appointed director of the bureau.{{Sfn\|Gordon\|1990\|p=445}} Most of the day-to-day work, however, became the responsibility of [[Adam von Trott zu Solz]], an anti-Nazi official, who had some knowledge of India.{{Sfn\|Gordon\|1990\|p=445}} Immediately under von Trott was his longtime friend Alexander Werth, who earlier had been imprisoned by the Nazis for a few years~~.{{Sfn\|Gordon\|1990\|p=445}} The~~ remaining staff in the bureau included F. J. Furtwaengler, A. F. Richter, H. T. Leipoldt, Prof Dr Alsdorf (an [[Indologist]], who, during his tenure at the bureau, published ''Deutsch-Indische Geistesbeziehungen'' (German-Indian Intellectual Connections) (1942) and ''Indien und Ceylon'' (1943){{Sfn\|McGetchin\|2009\|p=179}}), Mrs Kruse, Dr. Kretschmer, Baron von Zitzewitz, Baron von Lewinski, Mr Assmann, and Mr Trump.{{Sfn\|Gordon\|1990\|p=445}} Bose was required to be addressed as "His Excellency" by order of the senior officials in the Foreign Office.{{Sfn\|Klemperer\|1994\|p=276}}		[[Wilhelm Keppler]], then an under-secretary of State in the German Foreign Office, who had direct access to Ribbentrop, was appointed director of the bureau.{{Sfn\|Gordon\|1990\|p=445}} Most of the day-to-day work, however, became the responsibility of [[Adam von Trott zu Solz]], an anti-Nazi official, who had some knowledge of India.{{Sfn\|Gordon\|1990\|p=445}} Immediately under von Trott was his longtime friend Alexander Werth, who earlier had been imprisoned by the Nazis for a few years, along with ten other remaining members of staff.{{Sfn\|Gordon\|1990\|p=445}} Bose was required to be addressed as "His Excellency" by order of the senior officials in the Foreign Office.{{Sfn\|Klemperer\|1994\|p=276}}

	In time, the bureau became a refuge for anti-Nazis, especially von Trott himself, who used his position as a cover for his "clandestine activities abroad."{{Sfn\|Klemperer\|1994\|pp=275–276}}{{Sfn\|Gordon\|1990\|p=445}} Von Trott travelled to "Switzerland, Turkey, Scandinavia and throughout Nazi-occupied Europe" ostensibly on Special Bureau business, but in actuality attempting to reach out to German military officers opposing Nazi policies, and in the process risking his life.{{Sfn\|Gordon\|1990\|p=446}} Von Trott would be executed by the Nazis in 1944. Bose was probably not aware of von Trott's anti-Nazi work,{{Sfn\|Gordon\|1990\|p=446}} in part because Bose and von Trott did not develop a personal friendship or mutual trust,{{Sfn\|Gordon\|1990\|p=446}} though some later scholars attempted to portray Bose as an anti-Nazi by suggesting a friendship.{{Sfn\|Hayes\|2011\|p=210}} According to the historian [[Leonard A. Gordon]], von Trott, "... feeling that Bose did not understand the Nazi tyranny and how it was destroying what was best in the German tradition, ... withheld his deeper sympathy and intimate friendship from Bose."{{Sfn\|Gordon\|1990\|p=446}}		In time, the bureau became a refuge for anti-Nazis, especially von Trott himself, who used his position as a cover for his "clandestine activities abroad."{{Sfn\|Klemperer\|1994\|pp=275–276}}{{Sfn\|Gordon\|1990\|p=445}} Von Trott travelled to "Switzerland, Turkey, Scandinavia and throughout Nazi-occupied Europe" ostensibly on Special Bureau business, but in actuality attempting to reach out to German military officers opposing Nazi policies, and in the process risking his life.{{Sfn\|Gordon\|1990\|p=446}} Von Trott would be executed by the Nazis in 1944. Bose was probably not aware of von Trott's anti-Nazi work,{{Sfn\|Gordon\|1990\|p=446}} in part because Bose and von Trott did not develop a personal friendship or mutual trust,{{Sfn\|Gordon\|1990\|p=446}} though some later scholars attempted to portray Bose as an anti-Nazi by suggesting a friendship.{{Sfn\|Hayes\|2011\|p=210}} According to the historian [[Leonard A. Gordon]], von Trott, "... feeling that Bose did not understand the Nazi tyranny and how it was destroying what was best in the German tradition, ... withheld his deeper sympathy and intimate friendship from Bose."{{Sfn\|Gordon\|1990\|p=446}}

Bot: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

2022-10-26T02:56:27Z

robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:26, 26 October 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=September ~~2016~~}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=September 2022}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=September ~~2016~~}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=September 2022}}
	[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J08486, Berlin, Feier der Zentrale Freies Indien.jpg\|thumb\|right\|The director of the Special Bureau for India, and Secretary of State, [[Wilhelm Keppler]], conveying "the greeting of German foreign minister [[Joachim Ribbentrop]]" at a function in Hotel Kaiserhof on 18 November 1943. The function was held to celebrate the formation in [[Singapore]] of the [[Azad Hind\|Provisional Government of Free India]] by Indian nationalist [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], who had left Germany six months earlier.]]		[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J08486, Berlin, Feier der Zentrale Freies Indien.jpg\|thumb\|right\|The director of the Special Bureau for India, and Secretary of State, [[Wilhelm Keppler]], conveying "the greeting of German foreign minister [[Joachim Ribbentrop]]" at a function in Hotel Kaiserhof on 18 November 1943. The function was held to celebrate the formation in [[Singapore]] of the [[Azad Hind\|Provisional Government of Free India]] by Indian nationalist [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], who had left Germany six months earlier.]]
	'''Sonderreferat Indien''',{{Sfn\|Klemperer\|1994\|p=275}}{{Sfn\|Gordon\|1990\|p=445}}{{Sfn\|Kuhlmann\|2003\|p=158}} variously translated into English as, '''Special Bureau for India''',{{Sfn\|Gordon\|1990\|p=445}} '''Special India Bureau''',{{Sfn\|Hayes\|2011\|p=57}} or '''Section for Indian Affairs''',{{Sfn\|Klemperer\|1994\|p=275}} was a section or bureau established within the Information Department of the [[Foreign Office (Germany)\|Foreign Office]] of [[Nazi Germany]] in late spring 1941 in response to a proposal or memorandum written by the Indian nationalist [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], who had arrived in Germany in early April of that year.{{Sfn\|Kuhlmann\|2003\|p=158}} The main function of the bureau was to aid Bose in his work,{{Sfn\|Klemperer\|1994\|p=275}} to liaise with Bose,{{Sfn\|Gordon\|1990\|p=445}} and to mobilize an [[Indische Legion\|Indian Legion]], comprising Indian POWs captured by [[Erwin Rommel]]'s [[Afrika Korps]], to aid the German military in a future land invasion of India.{{Sfn\|Klemperer\|1994\|p=275}} A military ''intervention'' in India, one of the two major points in Bose's proposal, had at first received a lukewarm response from the German Foreign Minister [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]], but shortly afterwards it received the unexpected support of [[Adolf Hitler]], who saw the battle for India as the natural aftermath of a successful German invasion of Russia and a chance to deliver the ultimate blow to the British Empire.{{Sfn\|Hayes\|2011\|pp=38–39}}		'''Sonderreferat Indien''',{{Sfn\|Klemperer\|1994\|p=275}}{{Sfn\|Gordon\|1990\|p=445}}{{Sfn\|Kuhlmann\|2003\|p=158}} variously translated into English as, '''Special Bureau for India''',{{Sfn\|Gordon\|1990\|p=445}} '''Special India Bureau''',{{Sfn\|Hayes\|2011\|p=57}} or '''Section for Indian Affairs''',{{Sfn\|Klemperer\|1994\|p=275}} was a section or bureau established within the Information Department of the [[Foreign Office (Germany)\|Foreign Office]] of [[Nazi Germany]] in late spring 1941 in response to a proposal or memorandum written by the Indian nationalist [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], who had arrived in Germany in early April of that year.{{Sfn\|Kuhlmann\|2003\|p=158}} The main function of the bureau was to aid Bose in his work,{{Sfn\|Klemperer\|1994\|p=275}} to liaise with Bose,{{Sfn\|Gordon\|1990\|p=445}} and to mobilize an [[Indische Legion\|Indian Legion]], comprising Indian POWs captured by [[Erwin Rommel]]'s [[Afrika Korps]], to aid the German military in a future land invasion of India.{{Sfn\|Klemperer\|1994\|p=275}} A military ''intervention'' in India, one of the two major points in Bose's proposal, had at first received a lukewarm response from the German Foreign Minister [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]], but shortly afterwards it received the unexpected support of [[Adolf Hitler]], who saw the battle for India as the natural aftermath of a successful German invasion of Russia and a chance to deliver the ultimate blow to the British Empire.{{Sfn\|Hayes\|2011\|pp=38–39}}
Line 31:		Line 31:

	*{{citation\|last=Werth \|first=Alexander		*{{citation\|last=Werth \|first=Alexander
	\|title=Der Tiger Indiens: Subhas Chandra Bose ; ein Leben für die Freiheit des Subkontinents\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_s3HAAAAIAAJ\|year=1971\|publisher=Bechtle-Verlag\|location=München\|isbn=978-3-7628-0150-4}}		\|title=Der Tiger Indiens: Subhas Chandra Bose ; ein Leben für die Freiheit des Subkontinents\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_s3HAAAAIAAJ\|year=1971\|publisher=Bechtle-Verlag\|location=München\|isbn=978-3-7628-0150-4}}

	{{Subhas Chandra Bose}}		{{Subhas Chandra Bose}}

imported>Bellerophon5685: /* References */

2019-01-11T21:57:09Z

References

New page

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J08486, Berlin, Feier der Zentrale Freies Indien.jpg|thumb|right|The director of the Special Bureau for India, and Secretary of State, [[Wilhelm Keppler]], conveying "the greeting of German foreign minister [[Joachim Ribbentrop]]" at a function in Hotel Kaiserhof on 18 November 1943. The function was held to celebrate the formation in [[Singapore]] of the [[Azad Hind|Provisional Government of Free India]] by Indian nationalist [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], who had left Germany six months earlier.]]
'''Sonderreferat Indien''',{{Sfn|Klemperer|1994|p=275}}{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=445}}{{Sfn|Kuhlmann|2003|p=158}} variously translated into English as, '''Special Bureau for India''',{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=445}} '''Special India Bureau''',{{Sfn|Hayes|2011|p=57}} or '''Section for Indian Affairs''',{{Sfn|Klemperer|1994|p=275}} was a section or bureau established within the Information Department of the [[Foreign Office (Germany)|Foreign Office]] of [[Nazi Germany]] in late spring 1941 in response to a proposal or memorandum written by the Indian nationalist [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], who had arrived in Germany in early April of that year.{{Sfn|Kuhlmann|2003|p=158}} The main function of the bureau was to aid Bose in his work,{{Sfn|Klemperer|1994|p=275}} to liaise with Bose,{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=445}} and to mobilize an [[Indische Legion|Indian Legion]], comprising Indian POWs captured by [[Erwin Rommel]]'s [[Afrika Korps]], to aid the German military in a future land invasion of India.{{Sfn|Klemperer|1994|p=275}} A military ''intervention'' in India, one of the two major points in Bose's proposal, had at first received a lukewarm response from the German Foreign Minister [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]], but shortly afterwards it received the unexpected support of [[Adolf Hitler]], who saw the battle for India as the natural aftermath of a successful German invasion of Russia and a chance to deliver the ultimate blow to the British Empire.{{Sfn|Hayes|2011|pp=38–39}}

[[Wilhelm Keppler]], then an under-secretary of State in the German Foreign Office, who had direct access to Ribbentrop, was appointed director of the bureau.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=445}} Most of the day-to-day work, however, became the responsibility of [[Adam von Trott zu Solz]], an anti-Nazi official, who had some knowledge of India.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=445}} Immediately under von Trott was his longtime friend Alexander Werth, who earlier had been imprisoned by the Nazis for a few years.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=445}} The remaining staff in the bureau included F. J. Furtwaengler, A. F. Richter, H. T. Leipoldt, Prof Dr Alsdorf (an [[Indologist]], who, during his tenure at the bureau, published ''Deutsch-Indische Geistesbeziehungen'' (German-Indian Intellectual Connections) (1942) and ''Indien und Ceylon'' (1943){{Sfn|McGetchin|2009|p=179}}), Mrs Kruse, Dr. Kretschmer, Baron von Zitzewitz, Baron von Lewinski, Mr Assmann, and Mr Trump.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=445}} Bose was required to be addressed as "His Excellency" by order of the senior officials in the Foreign Office.{{Sfn|Klemperer|1994|p=276}}

In time, the bureau became a refuge for anti-Nazis, especially von Trott himself, who used his position as a cover for his "clandestine activities abroad."{{Sfn|Klemperer|1994|pp=275–276}}{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=445}} Von Trott travelled to "Switzerland, Turkey, Scandinavia and throughout Nazi-occupied Europe" ostensibly on Special Bureau business, but in actuality attempting to reach out to German military officers opposing Nazi policies, and in the process risking his life.{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=446}} Von Trott would be executed by the Nazis in 1944. Bose was probably not aware of von Trott's anti-Nazi work,{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=446}} in part because Bose and von Trott did not develop a personal friendship or mutual trust,{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=446}} though some later scholars attempted to portray Bose as an anti-Nazi by suggesting a friendship.{{Sfn|Hayes|2011|p=210}} According to the historian [[Leonard A. Gordon]], von Trott, "... feeling that Bose did not understand the Nazi tyranny and how it was destroying what was best in the German tradition, ... withheld his deeper sympathy and intimate friendship from Bose."{{Sfn|Gordon|1990|p=446}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
* {{citation|last=Buschak |first=Willy
|title=Franz Josef Furtwängler: Gewerkschafter, Indienreisender, Widerstandskämpfer : eine politische Biografie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99JGAQAAIAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Klartext Verlagsges. Mbh|isbn=978-3-8375-0387-6}}

* {{citation|last=Gordon |first=Leonard A.
|title=Brothers against the Raj: a biography of Indian nationalists Sarat and Subhas Chandra Bose|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J8s-AQAAIAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-07442-1}}

* {{citation|last=Hayes |first=Romain
|title=Subhas Chandra Bose in Nazi Germany: Politics, Intelligence and Propaganda 1941-1943|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRt9mgEACAAJ|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932739-3}}

*{{citation|last=Klemperer |first=Klemens von
|title=German Resistance Against Hitler: The Search for Allies Abroad 1938-1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zyCRWRWpbpUC|year=1994|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-151334-3}}

*{{citation|last=Kuhlmann |first=Jan
|title=Subhas Chandra Bose und die Indienpolitik der Achsenmächte|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D6Dq68iB5L8C|year=2003|publisher=Verlag Hans Schiler|location=Berlin; Tübingen|isbn=978-3-89930-064-2}}

*{{citation|last=McGetchin |first=Douglas T.
|title=Indology, Indomania, and Orientalism: Ancient India's Rebirth in Modern Germany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHVRDSM-tyMC|year=2009|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press|isbn=978-0-8386-4208-5}}

*{{citation|last=Werth |first=Alexander
|title=Der Tiger Indiens: Subhas Chandra Bose ; ein Leben für die Freiheit des Subkontinents|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_s3HAAAAIAAJ|year=1971|publisher=Bechtle-Verlag|location=München|isbn=978-3-7628-0150-4}}

{{Subhas Chandra Bose}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Special Bureau For India}}
[[Category:Indian National Army]]
[[Category:Subhas Chandra Bose]]