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{{Short description|Overview of Indian space sector}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
'''India's Space Industry''' is predominantly driven by the national [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO).{{sfn|Pardoe|1987|pp=14}} The industry includes over 500 private suppliers and other various bodies of the [[Department of Space]]{{sfn|Sadeh|2013|pp=303-}} in all commercial, research and arbitrary regards.<ref name="Researchgate"/> There are relatively few independent private agencies, though they have been gaining an increased role since the start of the 21st century. In 2019, the space industry of India accounted for $7 billion or 2% of the [[Space industry|global space industry]] and employed more than 45,000 people.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/india-s-aerospace-start-ups-eye-rocket-launches-and-planetary-missions-120062601687_1.html|title=India's aerospace start-ups eye rocket launches and planetary missions|first=Peerzada Abrar Samreen Ahmad & Gireesh|last=Babu|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=June 26, 2020|via=Business Standard}}</ref> [[Antrix Corporation]] expects the industry to grow up to $50 billion by 2024 if provided with appropriate policy support.<ref name="ForecastBS"/>

[[File:PSLV C45 EMISAT campaign 09.jpg|right|thumb|290px|Integration of [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] underway]]

In 2021, the [[Government of India]] launched the [[Indian Space Association]] (ISpA) to open the Indian space industry to private sectors and start-ups. Several private companies like [[Larsen & Toubro]], Nelco ([[Tata Group]]), [[OneWeb]], [[MapmyIndia]], [[Walchandnagar Industries]] are founding members of this organisation.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi launches Indian Space Association for govt, pvt coordination |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/pm-modi-launches-indian-space-association-for-govt-pvt-coordination-7566992/ |access-date=22 November 2021 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=12 October 2021}}</ref> [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Anil Kumar Bhatt]] was appointed as the Director General of ISpA.<ref>{{cite news |title=Space sector to become engine of growth for economy: ISpA's DG |url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/space-sector-to-become-engine-of-growth-for-economy-ispas-dg/86930937 |access-date=22 November 2021 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=11 October 2021}}</ref>

The Government of India forayed into [[space exploration]] when scientists started to launch [[sounding rockets]] from [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]] (TERLS), [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name="BBC"/><ref name="Better India"/> The establishment of the space agency lead to the development of small launch vehicles [[SLV-3]] and [[ASLV]], followed by larger [[PSLV]] and [[GSLV]] rockets in the 90s, which allowed India to shift larger payloads and undertake commercial launches for the international market. Private firms started to emerge later as subcontractors for various rocket and [[satellite]] components. Reforms liberalising the space sector and nondisclosure agreements came in the late 2010s, leading to the emergence of various private spaceflight companies.

By 2019, India had launched more than 300 satellites for various foreign states.<ref name="TOISat19"/> There were more than 40 startups in India in early 2021 in various stages of developing their own [[Launch vehicle|launch vehicles]], designing satellites and other allied activities.<ref name="hindustantimes"/><ref name="deccan"/>

{{TOC limit}}

== History ==
=== Early decades ===
India's interest in space travel began in the early 1960s, when scientists launched a [[Nike-Apache]] rocket from [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station|TERLS]], [[Kerala]].<ref name="BBC">{{cite news| title = The dawn of a new space race?| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4208176.stm | work=BBC News | date=2005-10-14 | access-date=2010-01-01}}</ref><ref name="Better India">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thebetterindia.com/74283/first-rocket-india-thumba-vikram-sarabhai-abdul-kalam/|title=Transported on a Bicycle, Launched from a Church: The Amazing Story of India's First Rocket Launch|date=2016-11-08|work=The Better India|access-date=2017-07-04|language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Indian National Committee for Space Research]] was subsequently set up, which later became the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isros-golden-jubilee-50-years-of-space-explorations/sky-is-no-limit/slideshow/70698063.cms|title=Isro's golden jubilee: 50 years of space explorations|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817192441/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isros-golden-jubilee-50-years-of-space-explorations/sky-is-no-limit/slideshow/70698063.cms|archive-date=17 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> functioning under a new independent [[Department of Space]] (DoS) in the 1970s under the [[Prime Minister of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/department-of-space-and-isro-hq |title=Department of Space and ISRO HQ - ISRO |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328053630/https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/department-of-space-and-isro-hq |archive-date=28 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Sadeh|2013|pp=303}}

ISRO joined the [[Interkosmos]] program to launch its first [[satellite]], [[Aryabhata (satellite)|Aryabhata]], from the former Soviet Union in 1975.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/aryabhata-1|title=Aryabhata – ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815200808/https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/aryabhata-1|archive-date=15 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[SLV-3]], a locally developed space rocket, was introduced in 1979, enabling India to undertake orbital launches.<ref name=ISRO>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/58-SI-Jul-Sep-05/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf|title=First Successful Launch of SLV-3 - Silver Jubilee|publisher=ISRO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523115130/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/58-SI-Jul-Sep-05/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf|archive-date=23 May 2022}}</ref> Experience gained from SLV-3 was used to develop an [[Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle]] to develop technologies for launching satellites in [[geostationary orbit]], but this ended up having very limited success and was eventually discontinued.<ref name=ITASLV>{{cite news|last=Menon|first=Amarnath|title=Setback in the sky|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/failure-of-aslv-mission-comes-a-major-blow-to-india-ambitious-space-programme/1/336942.html|access-date=19 February 2021|newspaper=India Today|date=15 April 1987}}</ref> However, the study of a homegrown [[medium-lift launch vehicle]] went on, which lead to the realisation of the [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (PSLV).<ref name="New Scientist">{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbbMj56ht8sC&pg=PA215|title=Indian ambitions in space go sky-high|date=22 January 1981|publisher=New Scientist|page=215}}</ref>

=== Introduction of PSLV and commercial space missions ===
[[Antrix Corporation]] was set up in 1992 to market ISRO's technology, launch services and transfer technology to Indian private firms, dawning the commercial space sector in India.<ref name="AntrixISRO">{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-09/india/28547101_1_isro-eads-astrium-antrix-corporation|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130426170804/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-09/india/28547101_1_isro-eads-astrium-antrix-corporation|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Antrix responsible for marketing ISRO tech|access-date=21 February 2021}}</ref> The PSLV rocket, introduced in 1993, enabled India to launch its polar satellites. Despite initial failures in its first two flights, PSLV had no further failures and emerged as ISRO's primary workhorse for launching domestic and foreign satellites.<ref>{{cite web|title=India (Launchers)|url=http://claudelafleur.qc.ca/Indians-launchers.html|publisher=Spacecraft Encyclopedia|access-date=12 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PSLV|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/pslv.htm|website=Gunter's Space Page|access-date=12 November 2014}}</ref> The development of [[GSLV]] and [[GSLV Mk III]] subsequently began in the 1990s and 2000s to attain the capability to launch [[communication satellites]]. However, the launchers didn't become operational until decades later, as India initially faced a great problem in the development of [[Cryogenic engine|cryogenic engines]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=GSLV Launched Successfully| journal=Current Science|date=May 2001| volume=80| issue=10| page=1256| url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/may252001/1254.pdf| access-date=12 December 2013}}</ref><ref name=flGSLVQuest>{{cite news| last=Subramanian| first=T S| title=The GSLV Quest| url=http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1806/18060820.htm |access-date=21 February 2021| newspaper=Frontline| date=March 17–31, 2001}}</ref><ref name="sawf">{{Cite web|url = http://www.sawfnews.com/Health/70695.aspx|title = India's GSLV Mk-3 First Flight Pushed Back to April 2014|date = 4 April 2013|access-date = 21 February 2021|website = Sawfnews|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130410172341/http://www.sawfnews.com/Health/70695.aspx|archive-date = 10 April 2013}}</ref> Later, [[NewSpace India Limited]] (NSIL) replaced Antrix as the commercial arm of ISRO.<ref>{{cite news|title=New Company for Commercial Exploitation of Research and Development (Under The Company Act 2013) |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1576000|newspaper=Press Information Bureau|access-date=3 March 2021|date=27 June 2019}}</ref>

=== Emergence of the private sector ===
{{Main|Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre|Space Activities Bill}}
The Indian space program emerged as an economic sector with government-backed investments with official institutions in the military and civilian administrations over decades of engineering. Over four decades, ISRO continued transferring technologies to [[small and medium enterprises]] (SMEs), leading to there being over 500 suppliers of various components in 2017.{{sfn|Rajagopalan|Prasad|2017|pp=1-2}}

In the 1980s, various foreign multinational companies started to work with Indian firms to market their geospatial products in India. [[India's IT industry]] started engaging in this sector in the 1990s. The Department of Space actively promoted the growth of the sector, leading to the establishment of the manufacturing of various systems. Large mapping projects for various civilian and military requirements were outsourced by the government, which drove the growth of India's private space sector. However, the private sector still played a supporting role, while the government continued to dominate the space sector.{{sfn|Rajagopalan|Prasad|2017|pp=54}}

In the late 2010s, a large number of startups started to emerge throughout the country with their own proposals and concepts to develop various satellite technologies and rockets.<ref name="Week17">{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Abhinav|date=2017-07-02|title=Space no bar|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/business/indias-young-space-entrepreneurs.html|newspaper=The Week|access-date=2021-03-04}}</ref><ref name="Mint19">{{Cite news|last1=Ravikumar|first1=Sachin|last2=Shakil|first2=Ismail|date=2019-06-23|title=India's space startups ignite investor interest|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-s-space-startups-ignite-investor-interest-1561269988291.html|newspaper=LiveMint|via=Reuters|access-date=2021-03-04}}</ref><ref name="Forbes19">{{Cite news|last=Arakali|first=Harichandan|date=2019-09-09|title=Space-tech startups in India are gaining ground|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/startups/spacetech-startups-in-india-are-gaining-ground/55181/1|newspaper=Forbes India|access-date=2021-03-04}}</ref>

A range of initiatives to deregulate the private space sector were introduced by [[Narendra Modi]]'s cabinet in June 2020, and the [[Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre]] (INSPACe) was established for incubating technology into private firms, known as Non-Government Private Entities (NGPEs) by DOS.<ref name="FE20">{{Cite news|date=2020-06-26|title=India opens space sector to private players: What it means for ISRO|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/science/india-opens-space-sector-to-private-players-what-it-means-for-isro/2005105/|newspaper=Financial Express|access-date=2021-03-04}}</ref><ref name="Reforms2020">a) {{Cite web|title='UNLOCKING INDIA'S POTENTIAL IN SPACE SECTOR'|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/unlocking-india%E2%80%99s-potential-space-sector}}; 
b) {{Cite web|title=Emerging trend in Space Sector|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/unlocking-india%E2%80%99s-potential-space-sector/emerging-trend-space-sector}}; 
c) {{Cite web|title=Opening Up Indian Space Sector For Private Sector –Reforms|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/unlocking-india%E2%80%99s-potential-space-sector/opening-indian-space-sector-private-sector-%E2%80%93reforms}}; 
d) {{Cite web|title=Space Activities By NGPEs|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/unlocking-india%E2%80%99s-potential-space-sector/space-activities-ngpes}}; 
e) {{Cite web|title=Enabling Mechanism For NGPEs To Carry Out Space Activities|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/unlocking-india%E2%80%99s-potential-space-sector/enabling-mechanism-ngpes-to-carry-out-space-activities}}; 
Indian Space Research Organisation - Government of India. Retrieved on 4 March 2021.</ref> NGPEs were included as a crucial part of ISRO's Space Communication Policy draft issued in October 2020.<ref name="Spacecom">{{Cite report|date=2020-10-15|title=No.C.19013/48/2012-Sec.3 (Vol.III) Spacecom Policy - 2020 and Spacecom NGP-2020|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/draft_spacecom_policy_2020.pdf|publisher=Department of Space |page= |docket= |access-date=2021-03-04|quote=}}</ref> As of 2021, a new [[Space Activities Bill]] and a space policy are being drafted by [[NALSAR University of Law|NALSAR Centre for Aerospace and Defence laws]] to regulate space manufacturing and the legal aspects of the industry in India.<ref name="ETSpacebill">{{Cite news|date=2020-07-05|title=Space policy, Space Activities Bill in final stages: ISRO chairman|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/science/space-policy-space-activities-bill-in-final-stages-isro-chairman/articleshow/76800775.cms|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=2021-03-04}}</ref><ref name="Reddy20">{{Cite interview |last=Reddy|first=V Balakista |subject-link= |interviewer=Preeti Biswas|title=‘Space Activities Bill reflects years of research … it will bring clarity and synergy to both Indian and foreign companies' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/the-interviews-blog/space-activities-bill-reflects-years-of-research-it-will-bring-clarity-and-synergy-to-both-indian-and-foreign-companies/ |publisher= |location= |date=2020-09-30|work=The Times of India |access-date=2021-03-04}}</ref>

Throughout this time, various nondisclosure agreements and tech transfers have been taking place between ISRO and private entities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2021/2/12/-ISRO.amp.html|title=In a first of ISRO's history, it tests its first private satellite|date=12 February 2021|publisher=News Bharati}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-03|title=Non-Disclosure Agreement signed with M/s Agnikul|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/03-dec-2020/non-disclosure-agreement-signed-with-m-s-agnikul|work=ISRO - Government of India|access-date=2021-03-04}}</ref>

== Overview ==
ISRO and DoS continue to remain dominant in the national space sector, having launched more than 100 domestic and more than 300 foreign satellites for 33 countries,<ref name="TOISat19">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-milestone-300-satellites-from-33-nations-put-in-space-in-20-years/articleshow/72268186.cms|title=Isro milestone: 300 satellites from 33 nations put in space in 20 years|publisher=Times of India|date=28 November 2019}}</ref> while private firms have gradually been gaining ground.{{sfn|Pardoe|1987|pp=14}}{{sfn|Sadeh|2013|pp=303-}}<ref name="Researchgate">{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5146359/evolving-indian-space-ecosystem-attracting-new|title=Evolving Indian Space Ecosystem Attracting New Space Participants in the Industry, 2020|first=Research and Markets|last=ltd|website=www.researchandmarkets.com}}</ref> In 2019, the space industry of India accounted for $7 billion or 2% of the global space industry and employed more than 45,000 people.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/india-s-aerospace-start-ups-eye-rocket-launches-and-planetary-missions-120062601687_1.html|title=India's aerospace start-ups eye rocket launches and planetary missions|first=Peerzada Abrar Samreen Ahmad & Gireesh|last=Babu|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=June 26, 2020|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="Reforms2020"/> Antrix Corporation expects the industry to grow up to $50 billion by 2024 if provided with appropriate policy support.<ref name="ForecastBS">{{Cite news|last=Narasimhan|first=TE|date=2020-01-31|title=Space sector can hit $50 bn by 2024, needs policy support: Antrix-PwC study|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/budget/article-amp/space-sector-can-hit-50-bn-by-2024-needs-policy-support-antrix-pwc-study-120013101493_1.html|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=2021-02-18}}</ref>

In February 2020, there were 35 startups that came up in the space sector, of which three focused on designing rockets, 14 on designing satellites, and the rest on drone-based applications and services sector. The number further grew to over 40 in January 2021.<ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/startups-to-play-key-role-in-indian-space-industry/story-UI0VNbXOivXicQRicvIhgO.html|title='Startups to play key role in Indian space industry'|date= 28 February 2020|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref name="deccan">{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/india-lagging-behind-us-china-in-space-sector-over-40-start-ups-working-with-govt-economic-survey-945053.html|title=India lagging behind US, China in space sector; over 40 start-ups working with govt: Economic Survey|date=29 January 2021|publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> Two companies, [[Skyroot Aerospace]] and [[AgniKul Cosmos]], have tested their own engines and are in advanced stages of developing their own launch vehicles,<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-28|title=Skyroot tests solid propulsion rocket engine, aims at a rocket by 2021 end|url=https://m.economictimes.com/tech/startups/skyroot-tests-solid-propulsion-rocket-engine-aims-at-a-rocket-by-2021-end/articleshow/79991647.cms|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=2021-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-02-11|title=Agnikul Cosmos fires single-piece, 3D printed rocket engine|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/agnikul-cosmos-fires-single-piece-3d-printed-rocket-engine-6491661.html|newspaper=MoneyControl|access-date=2021-03-04}}</ref> while others have their launchers in the production pipeline and have launched satellites using ISRO rockets.

== List of notable companies ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
|+Major conglomerates and organisations
|-
! Name
! Established
! Ownership
! Services
! Portals
|-
|[[Indian Space Research Organisation|Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)]]
|1969
|State-owned
|
* [[Launch vehicle]]s
* [[Rocket engine]]s
* [[Satellite]]s
* [[Spacecraft]]
* Technology
* [[Booster (rocketry)|Rocket boosters]]
|[https://www.isro.gov.in/]
|-
|[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]
|1964
|State-owned
|
* [[Military transport aircraft|Transport aircraft]]
* [[Fighter aircraft]]
* [[Helicopter|Helicopters]]
* Crew capsule ([[Gaganyaan]])
|[https://hal-india.co.in/]
|-
| [[Data Patterns (India) Ltd]]
| 1985
| Private
|
* [[Satellite]] systems
* Small Satellites
* Ground Stations
| [https://www.datapatternsindia.com/product/productinner.php?prodid=25]

|-
| [[Antrix Corporation]]
| 1992
| State-owned
|
* [[Satellite]] systems

*[[Launch vehicle|Launch vehicles]]
*Technology and consultancy
| [https://www.antrix.co.in/]
|-
| [[Godrej Group|Godrej Aerospace]]
| 1897
| Private
|
*[[Rocket engines]]
*[[Thrusters (spacecraft)|Spacecraft thrusters]]
| [https://www.godrej.com/aerospace-and-defence]
|-
| [[Larsen & Toubro]]
| 1938
| Private
|
*[[Booster (rocketry)|Rocket boosters]]
*[[Spacecraft]]
*Space infrastructure
| [https://www.ltts.com/industry/transportation/aerospace-engineering]
|-
| [[NewSpace India Limited]]
| 2019
| State-owned
|
*[[Satellite]] systems
*[[Launch vehicle|Launch vehicles]]
*Technology and consultancy
| [https://www.nsilindia.co.in/]
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
|+Other notable companies and startups
|-
! Name
! Established
! Ownership
! Services
! Ref(s)
|-
| [[AgniKul Cosmos]]
| 2017
| Private
| [[Launch vehicle|Launch vehicles]]
| [https://agnikul.in/#/]
|-
| [[Bellatrix Aerospace]]
| 2015
| Private
|
*[[Spacecraft propulsion|Satellite propulsion systems]]
*[[SpaceX launch vehicles|Launch vehicles]]
| [https://www.bellatrix.aero/]
|-
| [[Dhruva Space]]
| 2012
| Private
| [[Satellite|Satellites]]
| [https://www.dhruvaspace.com/]
|-
| [[Spaceover Corp]]
| 2023
| Private
| [[Explore|Research]]
| [https://aipark.netfy.org/]

|-
| [[Pixxel]]
| 2019
| Private
| [[Earth observation satellite|Earth imaging]] satellites
| [https://pixxel.space/]
|-
| [[Satellize]]
| 2018
| Private
| [[Satellite|Satellites]]
| [https://satellize.com/]
|-
| [[Skyroot Aerospace]]
| 2018
| Private
| [[Launch vehicle|Launch vehicles]]
| [https://skyroot.in/]
|-
| [[Manastu Space]]
| 2017
| Private
|
*Satellites and spacecraft components
*[[Spacecraft propulsion|Satellite propulsion systems]] and [[Thrusters (spacecraft)|thrusters]]
*Propellants
*Safety systems
*Spacecraft refueling
*Life-extension
*D-orbiting
| [https://www.manastuspace.com/]
|-
| [[Erisha Space]]
| 2022
| Private
|
*Satellites and Satellite Launch Vehicles
*[[Spacecraft propulsion|Satellite propulsion systems]] and [[Thrusters (spacecraft)|thrusters]]
*Propellants
*Safety systems
*Drones
*Ground Stations
*Satellite applications
| [https://www.erishaspace.com/]
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of private spaceflight companies]]
* [[List of Indian satellites]]
* [[List of foreign satellites launched by India]]
* [[Commercialization of space]]
* [[Space manufacturing]]
* [[Space colonisation]]
* [[Defence industry of India]]
* [[Economy of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|last=Pardoe|first=Geoffrey Keith Charles|title=Space Industry International: Markets, Companies, Statistics and Personnel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5JFAAAAYAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-0-582-00314-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Sadeh|first=Eligar|year=2013|title=Space Strategy in the 21st Century: Theory and Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u4nXqDvgGrIC&pg=PA303|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-22623-6|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161252/https://books.google.com/books?id=u4nXqDvgGrIC&pg=PA303|archive-date=6 March 2016|url-status=live}}

* {{cite book|last1=Rajagopalan|last2=Prasad|first1=Rajeshwari Pillai|first2=Narayan|title=Space India 2.0: Commerce, Policy, Security and Governance Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iwtNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72|year=2017|publisher=[[Observer Research Foundation]]|isbn=978-81-86818-28-2}}
{{refend}}

{{Politics of outer space}}
{{Spaceflight}}

[[Category:Space industry]]
[[Category:Space programme of India]]
[[Category:Indian Space Research Organisation]]
[[Category:Indian private spaceflight companies]]
[[Category:Economy of India]]

Space industry of India - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article